environmental pollution

To reduce the environmental Pollution emissions caused by market activities, cold chain logistics companies also considered the emission of harmful gases for better service in satisfying customers’ demands. In the cold supply chain, goods are supplied and distributed that become corrupt and degraded over time. Therefore, to keep such goods fresh, the temperature must be constantly and continuously controlled, which in turn requires more fuel consumption. Also, in vehicle routing problem, the travel time of a route and fuel consumption does not only depend on the distance traveled, but also on the speed and time of day when that route is traveled. In this study, a new mixed-integer optimization model of the vehicle routing problem in a cold supply chain concerning congestion is presented with the aim is to minimize costs of Pollution emissions. In this model, in addition to the cost of the environmental Pollution emissions, other costs are considered, including the vehicle operating cost, transportation, loss of quality, product freshness, and penalty cost for arriving outside the customer's time window. In continuing, a solution method based on Benders decomposition is applied to solve the proposed model for large size networks. The computational results showed that the presented model provides the optimal route and travel time of the vehicle by considering the reduction of pollution and the appropriate speed. Also, the implementation of the solution algorithm on several test instances with different sizes showed the efficiency of the algorithm in reducing the solution time and obtaining a good solution.

Residential buildings consume a major part of energy, soil and natural materials and play a large role in environmental pollution. Energy consumption in Iran is increasing by 270% in the last 20 years. One of the basic solutions to reduce use of fossil fuels, soil and natural materials is the implementation of green buildings. Green buildings reduce the use of natural sand and soil and are generally replaced by micro-produced waste from various industries and mines. Unfortunately, unlike many countries in world, Iran does not have a native green standard and most investors do not have information about benefits of this type of building. In this research, using opinions of experts in the first stage to identify the advantages and obstacles of the implementation of green buildings and in the second stage, using 6 green standards of the world, a total of 68 items in 5 seasons of site, water, energy, materials and the quality of the indoor environment. It has been identified for the native green standard in Iran. The results of 103 questionnaires indicate that the lack of knowledge about green buildings is the biggest obstacle and the high potential of renewable energy production is introduced as the biggest necessity for the implementation of green buildings. Also, among the total number of green standard items, the optimal performance of energy consumption and the use of renewable energies have been identified as the most influential parameters. Finally, based on artificial intelligence, the total green standard score has been calculated.

Public bodies endeavor to reduce air pollution to improve citizens' quality of life the main interest of social innovations in the area of environment is reducing society’s environmental impact It is the ambition of many social innovation initiatives to bring new solutions to environmental problems in providing a local context to often global environmental problems. Today, bike sharing systems that can be used as a solution to reduce environmental pollution. This new bike sharing system gains in popularity, and develops dramatically all across world. The rapid development of bicycle-sharing systems around the world has been hailed as a sign of environmental movement, with positive implications for transportation, the economy and health in urban areas. The purpose of this article focuses on investigating what the roles of this new bike sharing system are urban mobility in Iran specifically in Tehran and its impact on society. We choose the bike sharing Service Company - bdood, as our case study object to investigate the bike sharing system in Iran major cities, specifically in Tehran. Research method, qualitative type based on library study, interview and discussion with the founders and experts of Bdood were selected in a targeted manner. Descriptive statistics and step-by-step coding with qualitative data analysis software MAXQDA.The findings show that, Traditional bicycle trade still plays an important role in many parts of the world. Unfortunately, the average use of personal bicycles is very low. Public bicycles provided by the government complemented public transportation in a more sustainable manner. However, ..

In the present century, the use of various petroleum products and fossil fuels has been an integral part of industry and human progress. Nowadays the major concern, in addition to the use of petroleum products, is their uncontrolled diffusion in various parts such as extraction, processing, transfer and use. The other problem with the utilization of these products has arisen in the field of geotechnical engineering includes environmental pollution and the creation of problematic contaminated soils. Many solutions to these problems have been investigated and presented separately. In the present study, the microbiologically induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) method, as a solution to purify contaminated soils and to improve its reduced bearing capacity with two petroleum products, diesel and engine oil, has been proposed. The bacterium used in this process was Sporsarcina pasteuri, which was added to the contaminated soil as a flocculate bacterium. In two stages; purification evaluation (using chromatographic results) and geotechnical improvement (using direct shear and permeability test results) were performed. With the aid of FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) analysis and chromatographic diagrams, a reduction of peaks of the identified components in the treated sample in comparison to the standard sample (prepared from diesel or engine oil) was observed. On the other hand, improving the geotechnical properties of contaminated soils was one of the most important effects observed in the treated samples.

Environmental pollution is one of the factors affecting it and it is one of the important issues in the economy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of economic growth on environmental pollution in the transportation sector during the years 1368 to 1394. Therefore, firstly the theoretical discussions on the effect of economic growth on environmental pollution have been investigated, then this issue has been empirically investigated in the road transport sector and the Kuznets 1 environmental contamination curve has been extracted. Also, Microfit software has been used to analyze and analyze the data using the Distributed Disturbance Pattern (ARDL) pattern. The results of estimating the model indicate that there is a positive relationship between per capita income and environmental pollution and the negative relationship between per capita income and environmental pollution in the transportation sector. Therefore, Kuznets' environmental hypothesis is true in the country's road transport sector, and also the curve return point shows that Iran's road transport sector has not yet reached the point of return to the Kuznets environmental curve. There is also a positive correlation between the use of oil products and environmental pollution in the road transport sector. Therefore, according to the results of the study, it is suggested that the policies necessary to move towards green and clean technologies will be made as it will lead the country to a sustainable growth path.

Today, the greenhouse gas emission from industry and transport is the most important factors in the destruction of ecosystems and natural resources. One of the main sources of pollution is industries related to construction, maintenance and improvement of transport infrastructure. The production of cleaner asphalt needs to reduction of temperature in the asphalt mixture, without a reduction in mechanical performance levels. The reuse of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) in the production of new asphalt preserves natural resources and reduces environmental pollution. In this study, the use of RAP in producing hot and warm mix asphalt mixtures and effects of two additives (Sasobit and Zycotherm) was evaluated. The amount of RAP in the mixture was 50, and 75% and percentage of Sasobit and Zycotherm were 2 and 0.1% respectively. The addition of Sasobit improves the compressibility and strength of asphalt mixture effectively, so the sample containing 75% of RAP had better compressibility and strength, but Zycotherm caused improvement of compressibility and considerable decrease in air void range and increase stability of mixtures containing 75% RAP. Generally, partial strength values of WMA with 75% RAP is not very different from HMA. Finally, TSR test results have increased along with the increase in the percentage of sub-asphalt materials ratio which shows low sensitivity to moisture in the recycled mix.

According to the national vision of the country twenty years, the overall economic policies of resistance to jihadist approach, flexibility, opportunity, and leading was notified. The overall economic structure of the resistance from the Leader of the heads of the three branches and the head of the Expediency Council was notified on 24 paragraphs. Therefore, Paragraphs 3, 5, 10, 11 overall economic policy of strength in the location, survey, installation and support of recycling and papers of ships and authorities is considered the supreme leader. So, the first segment of this paper, the author endeavors to describe about the required Conventions related to the safe and sound ship recycling activities. The IMO has in 2009 adopted the Hong Kong International Convention in this regards, the Hong Kong Convention needs to be ratified by at least 15 major flag and recycling countries in order to enter into force. In March 2010, the Parties of the Basel Convention adopted the assessment which was submitted by the EU as "An assessment of the link between the IMO Hong Kong Convention for the safe and environmentally sound recycling of ships, the Basel Convention and the EU waste shipment regulation". After reviewing the related Conventions, the next part of this article is designated to evaluate the creation of a ship recycling yard at the Iran Southern Ports with a focus on the Arvand Free Zone in order to increase the Iran’s economic growth. It should be noted that in this research, the Kolmogorov –Smirnov test was used to test for normality of the distribution, samples are standardized and compared with a standard normal distribution. As result of that for the statistical hypothesis test which the test statistic follows a Student's t-distribution under the null hypothesis, therefore the research variables verified by the Binomial test.

Energy consumption, economic growth, and pollution are all three components of the economic system the relationship between the three of them those planners to provide appropriate solutions to achieve economic goals with conservation brings. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the short-run and long-term relationships between energy consumption, economic growth and environmental pollution in the rail transport sector. Therefore, using the approach to auto regressive distributed Lag and error correction model to study the relationship between these variables is investigated in time period 2004 – 2015. The results show that the elasticity of energy consumption in the railway transportation sector in the short and long-term is 27 and 43, respectively, relative to the environmental pollution of the railway transportation sector It indicates that with the increase in energy consumption, the index of environmental pollution in the rail transport sector of the country increases. Also, the elasticity of GDP in the transport sector in the short and long run is about 0.4 and 0.8, respectively, relative to environmental pollution, therefore, this indicates that with the increase of GDP in the rail transport sector of the country, environmental pollution will increase in this sector. Also, the error Coefficient correction symbol is negative, as expected. This shows that imbalances are adjusted in the short run to create a long-term equilibrium relationship. The value of this coefficient is -0.36, which means a 36 percent adjustment in each period to a long-term equilibrium.

In this research, waste stone sludge obtained from slab stone processing from stone washing plants were recycled to Stabilization of clayey soil with lime. Fine-powdered stone sludge was mixed with clay soil and lime. Thus, the effectiveness of using waste stone powder and lime in stabilizing fine-grained clayey soil (CL) was investigated in the laboratory. The soil samples in natural state and when mixed with varying percentages of lime and waste stone powder were used to laboratory tests that included atterberg limits tests, grain size analysis, standard Proctor compaction tests, unconfined compression tests and California bearing ratio tests. The results show significant reduction in plasticity and changed the optimal moisture and maximum dry density of clayey soil with increasing amount of waste stone powder and lime. The results of the unconfined compressive strength tests and California bearing ratio tests show that in the different curing time, the addition of waste stone powder and lime caused an increase in the value of UCS up to 6% waste stone powder content and 7% lime content, and increase in the value of CBR until 6% waste stone powder content and 9% lime content, for further percentages, the value of UCS and CBR decreased.