ordered logit model

Walking is a sustainable transportation method that can alleviate traffic congestion and reduce air pollution. However, various barriers still hinder walking, especially during business trips. This study investigates the factors contributing to the reluctance to walk among citizens in Qazvin city, focusing on five specific barriers: laziness or the desire to wake up late, physical disorders, lack of interest in walking, concerns about maintaining a neat appearance at work, and reluctance to be seen on the street. Using ordered logit models, these barriers were analyzed across three categories: socio-economic, travel, and environmental characteristics. The analysis, based on 60 questionnaires, revealed that socio-economic characteristics had the highest number of significant variables, with six being particularly influential. Notably, the walkability index negatively correlated with laziness or the desire to wake up late, lack of interest in walking, and concerns about appearance, while the total time spent had a positive correlation with physical disorders, lack of interest, neat appearance, and reluctance to be seen on the street. The findings suggest that lower walkability in residential areas increases concerns about appearance due to factors like sweating, which discourages walking. Improving infrastructure and reducing travel time could enhance walkability and encourage more walking. Urban planners should consider these factors when designing city layouts to ensure that workplaces and amenities are accessible by foot, thereby promoting walking as a viable mode of transportation.

Bike-sharing systems are clean transportation modes that contribute to reducing traffic congestion, air pollution, and improving access to public transportation. The use of clean transportation, especially bike-sharing systems, are considered an effective solution for addressing traffic-related problems, air pollution, and improving the quality of life around the world. Unfortunately, in Iran, this mode of transportation has not been given much attention, and Low share of intra-city trips is made using bike-sharing systems. To adopt effective transportation policies in this regard, it is necessary to identify the factors affecting the choice of bike-sharing systems. In this study, the choice of using bike-sharing systems was modeled using a ordered logit model to identify the factors affecting the maximum duration for using bike-sharing systems in Tehran city. Data were collected using a questionnaire, with a total of 418 completed questionnaires, which were reduced to 400 after cleaning the data. According to the results, factors such as providing a safe environment for cycling (constructing dedicated bike lanes), air cleanliness, Road aesthetics, very low environmental gradients on the last trip, resulted in using bike-sharing systems for more than 15 minutes. Factors such as the feeling of social deprivation while riding a bike, physical weakness, lack of interest in bike-sharing systems, commuting for work purposes, resulted in not using or using bike-sharing systems for less than 15 minutes.

The walk oriented pattern is an alternative travel pattern for daily trips; that a person walks more than her/his regular pattern. In order to examine the tendency to this pattern, it is necessary to examine the role of different types of barriers on pedestrian walking. This study intends to address the role of personal barriers which avoid people to walk more in their daily work trips. The studied barriers include laziness/tend to wake up late, physical and health problems, not interested in more walking, the importance of neat appearance at work and not feeling good about being seen on streets. For this purpose, a sample of 432 employees living in Rasht has been used. Therefore, the studied variables are classified into three categories: socio-economic, travel and environmental characteristics. Five ordered logit models have been calibrated to investigate the importance of personal barriers including 11 variables of socio-economic characteristics, 6 variables of travel characteristics and 5 variables of environmental characteristics. The results show that firstly, the effect of socio-economic characteristics on each of the personal barriers studied is different and secondly, the contribution of these characteristics on each of the five barrier: laziness/tend to wake up late, physical and health problems, not interested in more walking, the importance of neat appearance at work and not feeling good about being seen on streets are 41, 30, 13, 7 and 8 percent, respectively.

Given the continuity of Covid-19, the urban transportation system has undergone remarkable changes. Besides, increased risks related to crowded places together with social distancing measures in public and shared transportation probably affect the usual choices of vehicles by passengers. In the present article, by using questionnaire design and online questionnaire in Tehran, attempts have been made to estimate the use of internet taxis by people during the pandemic. To this end, in order to specify the factors affecting the use of internet taxis, ordered and dual logit models were established using 233 data obtained from online inquiries and based on the amount of use and changes in using them before and after Covid-19. The results indicate that Covid-19 pandemic has had a negative effect on the use of internet taxis. Increasing the petrol prices and the lack of parking places at the destination have positively encouraged the use of internet taxis. Moreover, people who own a car use internet taxi less than those who do not. The number of these people not using internet taxis has been also reduced after the pandemic.

Once pedestrians decide to cross the streets, it is inevitable that they will conflict with motor vehicles. While crossing the streets, pedestrians may get into collisions by inaccurate judgments about the selected time to collision and speed of approaching vehicle. Thus, the aim of the current study is to investigate and identify factors affecting on pedestrians’ risk intensity based on mixed index ranking selected time to collision and speed of approaching vehicle when crossing intersections in urban streets. For this purpose, time to collision and speed of approaching vehicle for 800 pedestrians were collected by using an observational survey of six signalized and un-signalized intersections located in Qazvin city. The critical combination of these two parameters were considered as an indicator of risk. After rating the risk intensity, the ordered logit model was used for modeling. Results of this study showed that the average time to collision selected by male pedestrians (9.5 seconds) is less than women pedestrians (6.6 seconds), but the average speed of approaching vehicle selected by their (25 k/h) is similar for every two gender. The speed of approaching vehicle as the most important criteria in prioritizing pedestrians risk intensity were identified. More than 70 percent of the pedestrians while speed of approaching vehicle was 40 km/h, they taking risk. It is also indicated that factors such as gender, age, pedestrian speed, using mobile, time to collision and speed of approaching vehicles have significantly affect pedestrians risk taking behaviors. Elasticity analysis showed that the speed of approaching vehicle is the most effective variables in risk taking of pedestrians.

This study aims to predict the pedestrian accident severities and affecting factors in rural roads. An ordered logit model was applied for analyzing the factors affecting the death or injury of pedestrianaccidents in Tehran province rural roads during years 1388 to 1390. More than 50 variables were selected for describing the dependent variable. Further analysis on these variables showed that variables such as driver characteristics; time of accident; the vehicle involved in the accident; pedestrian role in accident; distance from the nearest police station; the cause of the accident scene; and the number of vehicles involved in the accident are significant in model and should be considered for predicting model. The results indicated that the type of vehicles involved in the accident, location of accident, time of accident and pedestrian guilt have a significant role in the severity of pedestrian accidents. Finally, with respect to nature of the studied variables, recommendations were proposed for enhancing the safety of pedestrians crossing thepedestrians crossing the road in Tehran province rural road.