آب مصرفی

Wheat, with the scientific name Triticum aestivum L., is the world's first agricultural product, which is consumed by 35% of the world's population as the main food source. The cultivation area of this crop in the world is 219153830 ha, of which about 48% of it is under irrigation. The area of wheat cultivation in Iran is 6908545 ha, and about 34.3% of it is under irrigation. The area of irrigated wheat crop in Kermanshah is about 102236 ha. Based on the statistics of the crop year 2021-2022, Kermanshah province ranks sixth, fourth and third in the country in terms of the amount of cultivated area, production and yield of water wheat. Wheat plant is one of the main and major agricultural products of Kermanshah province and it is cultivated under irrigation in a large area of their lands. Therefore, determining wheat physical water productivity is an important indicator in wheat production planning. Considering the increase in population, climate changes, lack of water resources, and the increasing need for wheat production and food supply, it is necessary to improve the wheat water productivity. To improve water productivity, the first step is to know and determine its amount. Unfortunately, there is no accurate information about its amount in Kermanshah province, and only information related to the results of research projects in certain conditions is available, which cannot be generalized due to the difference between those conditions and the conditions of farmers' fields. The purpose of this research is to determine the water productivity of wheat crops in cold, moderate and hot climates of Kermanshah province.

Kermanshah province is located in the geographical position of 45° 25ʹ to 48° 6ʹ East longitude and 33° 41ʹ to 35° 17ʹ North latitude. Kermanshah province with an area of 24434.25 km2 covers about 1.5% of the country's area and its average height is 1200 m above sea level. This province generally has three climates: cold, moderate and hot. Based on the statistics of the agricultural year of 2020-2021of the Organization of Agricultural Jahad of Kermanshah province, and in the mentioned climates, Sonqor, Kermanshah and Sarpol Zahab cities respectively have the largest area under wheat cultivation and were selected as the research areas. To carry out the current research, 34 farms were selected under the conditions of farmers and during the growing season, the total volume of irrigation water of each farm was measured. The effective precipitation was determined using the data of the closest synoptic meteorological station to the selected farms and the USDA relationship. The volume of water consumed by each selected farm during the growing season was also calculated from the sum of the total volume of irrigation water and effective precipitation. After harvesting the crop and determining the yield of wheat by dividing it by the amount of water consumed, the amount of physical water productivity in each of the farms was determined. Then, the data obtained in the studied cities were statistically analyzed using SPSS software.

The results showed that the average total volume of irrigation water measured in Sonqor, Kermanshah and Sarpol Zahab cities was 5204, 5795, and 4236 m3 ha-1, respectively, and the average volume of wheat water consumption was 6297, 7737, and 5844 m3 ha-1, respectively. Therefore, the total volume of wheat irrigation water in Sarpol Zahab city was 19% and 27% less than in Sonqor and Kermanshah cities, respectively, due to the short duration of the wheat growth period and growth in the cool months of the year. This causes the amount of wheat water consumption volume in this city to be 7 and 24% less than the two cities of Sonqor and Kermanshah, respectively. The average yield of wheat in the mentioned cities was 5799, 7082 and 4937 kg ha-1, respectively. The average physical water productivity of wheat in the mentioned cities was 0.97, 0.95 and 0.86 kg m-3, respectively. Therefore, the results showed that the amount of physical water productivity of wheat in Sarpol Zahab city was lower than the other two cities, and the most important reason was the low yield of wheat in this city.

In this research, the values of the total volume of irrigation water, the volume of wheat water consumption and the physical water productivity of wheat in cold, moderate and hot climates of Kermanshah province were determined. The results generally showed that the total volume of irrigation water and the volume of wheat water consumption in the hot climate of the province were less than in the cold and moderate climates of the province due to the short growth period of wheat and the growth of this plant in the cool months of the year. Therefore, due to the smaller amount of the volume of wheat water consumption in hot climate, it was expected that the physical water productivity of wheat in this climate would be higher than the other two climates of the province. However, due to the lower yield of wheat in the hot climates, this did not happen and the physical water productivity of wheat in the hot climate of Kermanshah province was lower than the two cold and moderate climates of the province. Therefore, it is possible to increase the yield and finally increase the physical water productivity of wheat by managing agronomic and breeding in this city.

Agriculture is the largest consumer of water worldwide, using 70% of all freshwater resources. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important legume that is of great economic importance in many countries. Common beans constitute about half of the world's consumed legumes and play a major role in providing protein in the human diet. Water resources are a scarce and limiting factor for the expansion of crop cultivation and production in many arid and semi-arid regions. Proper and efficient water delivery can help increase crop yield and improve water and fertilizer use efficiency. Improving water use productivity without any reduction in yield is considered a very important issue to meet current and future food security, which may help reduce water use, reduce irrigation water losses, and increase cultivated area. Phosphorus is one of the most essential nutrients in plant growth and is a vital element of biological compounds such as nucleic acids, nucleotides, phospholipids, and phosphoproteins. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of irrigation interval management and different levels of phosphorus fertilizer on yield, water use efficiency, and production function estimation in bean plants in Guilan province.

This research was conducted in Gilan province and in Astaneh-Ashrafiyeh county with latitude 37 degrees and 25 minutes, longitude 49 degrees and 94 minutes and average altitude -5 meters above sea level as a split-plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the crop years 2022 and 2023. Irrigation management included without irrigation and irrigation at intervals of 6, 12, and 18 days as the main factor and foliar application of phosphorus fertilizer (P2O5 at 50%) at 0, 1, 2, and 3 liters per thousand liters of water as the secondary factor; which was considered at intervals of 10 days.

The effect of irrigation intervals and phosphorus fertilizer and their interaction at the 1% level on biomass, pod and seed yield was significant, and the highest biomass, pod and seed yield was obtained in the 6-day irrigation interval and 1 liter fertilizer treatment per thousand liters of water with an average of 11996, 6518 and 2809 kg/ha, respectively. The highest water use productivity based on seed yield was 0.53 kg/m3 in the without irrigation condition and 1 liter fertilizer treatment. The highest relative leaf water content was 85.4 percent in the 6-day irrigation condition and 1 liter phosphorus fertilizer treatment per thousand liters of water.

The results of the study showed that using appropriate amounts of phosphorus and irrigation intervals determined based on crop requirements are very important for achieving maximum yield in beans and minimizing avoidable costs and negative effects of water shortage. Simple correlation coefficients of agronomic traits showed that biomass yield, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant and 100-seed weight had a positive and significant correlation with seed yield. The results of stepwise regression between seed yield and other agronomic traits in beans showed that pod yield, number of pods per plant, harvest index, biomass yield, and root depth were the most effective traits, explaining 98.7 and 98.6 percent of the data changes in 1401 and 1402, respectively.

Potato is a sensitive crop to drought stress, especially in the stage of tuber formation. Correct management of irrigation in the field has an important role in increasing the water use efficiency; and by preventing yield reduction, the amount of disease contamination is reduced and the quality of the tuber production is also improved (Wilson et al., 2001; Johansen et al., 2015). Given the limited annual rainfall in Hamedan province (averaging 310 mm) and its poor distribution, combined with the potato's high water requirements, agronomic methods are essential for preserving and sustaining production. In this regard, uagae of superabsorbent materials and inoculation with mycorrhizal biofertilizers are suitable tools for water management, as these materials increase the competitive power of the potato crop by creating the desired growth power. They can lead to a quantitative and qualitative increase of the product by creating more favorable growth and avoiding stress during the critical stages of growth. Limited research has been done on the effect of superabsorbent materials and mycorrhiza, especially in deficit irrigation of potatoes. There are very few reports on the effect of combined application of superabsorbent and mycorrhiza in potato crop. Therefore, this experiment investigated the effects of separate and combined applications of superabsorbent materials and mycorrhizal biofertilizers on water use efficiency, potato yield, and tuber appearance quality (deformity and scab infection index) under low irrigation conditions.

Experimental model The experiment employed a Strip Factorial design nested within a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Irrigation levels were manipulated in horizontal plots, with treatments including 100%, 75%, and 50% of optimal water requirements based on the Penman-Mantith evapotranspiration formula. The second factor involved four levels: control, superabsorbent and mycorrhiza seperately, and a combination of both, arranged as sub-plots. The Agria potato cultivar was used for the study.

Verification of the physical model:

Superabsorbent material named Trawat200A was applied at 80 kg per hectare directly to the tubers at planting time. The tubers were also inoculated with mycorrhizal inoculum containing 120 CFU/g of active propagules. Irrigation commenced at the beginning of the growing season, immediately following planting. Irrigation amounts were determined using the modified Penman-Mantith formula, adjusted for 90% irrigation efficiency. Yield was assessed at harvest by randomly selecting two 1-square-meter plots within each replication and treatment.

Dimensional analysis:

the harvested tubers were divided according to their size into three sizes groups (smaller than 35, 35 to 55 mm, and larger than 55 mm), weighed and counted. The number of deformed and malformed tubers with secondary growth as well as decayed tubers were counted and weighed in different treatments. The effect of treatments on the percentage of tubers infected with common scab disease was investigated using Hao et al.'s method (Hao et al., 2009).

Variance analysis of the data demonstrated that irrigation levels, mycorrhizal biofertilizer, and their interactive effect were significantly influential (p ≤ 0.01) on the number of tubers categorized by size (seed, edible, and small), the scab disease infection index, tuber dry matter percentage, and water use efficiency.Secondary growth in potato tuber influenced by the simple effect of irrigation treatment at the probability level of 5% (p≤0.05). Irrigation treatment had a significant effect (p≤0.01) on the amount of tuber dry matter and total yield. Using of superabsorbent and mycorrhiza affected the performance at the level of 1% (p≤0.01). The number of large tubers increased at different irrigation levels and with separate and combined application of mycorrhiza and superabsorbent compared to the control treatment. Using of mycorrhizae and superabsorbent and also their combination increased the yield compared to the control treatment in all three irrigation levels. Nevertheless, only in combination treatment a significant difference was created. Phosphorus is a critical element for plant metabolism, particularly in carbohydrate processes. Moreover, mycorrhizal fungi excel at phosphorus absorption, especially under water-stressed conditions. This can be a convincing reason for increasing the dry matter of the plant and as a result the dry matter of the tubers under the conditions of using mycorrhizal biofertilizer. Based on other published data from this research (Parvizi et al., 2022), it was determined that the separate application of mycorrhiza and the combined application of mycorrhiza and superabsorbent had a significant effect on phosphorus uptake in potatoes compared to the superabsorbent and control treatments in all three irrigation levels. These positive effects of mycorrhiza on phosphorus uptake and its increase in the foliage and ultimately the potato tuber were directly related to the severity of water stress and were highest in the 50% irrigation requirement treatment. The amount of secondary growth in the tubers was directly related to the reduction of irrigation. So the control treatments had the highest amount of secondary growth in the tuber at two irrigation levels of 50 and 75%. However, with the use of mycorrhizal and superabsorbent biofertilizers, the amount of secondary growth in these irrigation treatments was greatly reduced. In two irrigation levels of 75 and 50%, separate application of superabsorbent and mycorrhizal biofertilizer, and their combination were able to significantly reduce the intensity of scab contamination index. Of course, these reduction effects were more significant in their combined application. In total, in all three irrigation treatments, the combined effects of superabsorbent and mycorrhizal biofertilizer were more effective in reducing scab than their separate application.

The positive effects of mycorrhizae and superabsorbent were more evident in increasing tuber dry matter, reducing secondary growth and tuber deformity, as well as reducing the rate of infection with scab disease in conditions of severe lack of irrigation. In total, the water use efficiency with the use of mycorrhiza and superabsorbent in both low irrigation conditions (Irrigation treatments at 50% and 75% of potato water requirements) increased significantly compared to the control treatment.

This research was done to investigate the effect of irrigation intervals and organic fertilizer levels on yield and yield components of Hashemi rice in Guilan province. The experiment was done as split plots in the basis of randomized complete block design in three replications in the crop year of 2022 in Guilan province. The main factor included irrigation intervals (3 and 12 days) and the secondary factor included poultry manure at levels (0, 1000, 1500 and 4000 kg/ha). The results of research showed that the effect of irrigation and poultry manure at the level of 1% on paddy, straw and biological yields, plant height, number of productive tillers, length of panicle and weight of a single panicle were significant. Interaction effect of irrigation and poultry manure on the number of productive tillers and the weight of a single panicle was significant at the 1% level, but it was not significant on the height of the plant and the length of the panicle per plant. The highest number of tillers per plant and weight of a single panicle were obtained by the interaction effect of irrigation and poultry manure in irrigation intervals of 3 days and consumption of 1500 kg/ha with an average of 588 and 1.4 g, respectively. The interaction effect of irrigation and organic poultry manure demonstrated that, irrigation Interval 3 days and consumption of 1500 kg/ha organic poultry manure gained the highest yield of paddy, straw and biological yield were respectively with an average of 5957.5, 4613.8 and 10571.3 kg/ha.

AbstractConducting various studies on potato cultivation in relation to the effects of cultivar on yield and water use efficiency has a long history and in this regard has been associated with dispersion and many differences in thier results. With the aim of investigating the effects of the cultivar on the yield and water consumption efficiency of potatoes, the research conducted in different regions of the country, in the 20-years period from the beginning of 2000 to 2019 AD or from the beginning of 1379 to the end of 1398 SH, was extracted and analyzed through the meta-analysis model. Studies on cultivar type were divided into early to mid-early and mid-late to late groups and in the early group Sante cultivar and in the late group Agria cultivar were considered as controls. The results of meta-analysis of cultivars in the studies showed that in the group of mid-late to late cultivars there was no statistically significant difference between the cultivars used and the control Agria cultivar in yield (P≥0.05). The mean yield of other mid-late to late cultivars and control Agria cultivar were very close with a slight difference (0.61 t / ha). In the early to mid-early group, although the difference between other early and control cultivars of Sante was not statistically significant in general studies, but Sante cultivar had a higher average yield (2.93 tons per hectare) compared to other cultivars in its group. In general, in all the studies, although mid-late to late cultivars had a yield increase of 2.3 tons per hectare compared to early to semi-early cultivars, but due to the long growing period and the number of times of irrigation (at least 2 up to 3 times), they have less ability in water consumption efficiency. IntroductionAchieving food security and preventing price fluctuations requires the introduction of suitable potato cultivars for reliable production in all seasons and for different uses (Hassan-panah and Hassan-Abadi, 2018). So far, a lot of research has been done on the effect of cultivar on the yield and water efficiency of potato crops in order to achieve maximum production with minimum water consumption in a scattered manner and with different goals. However, there are always differences of opinion regarding the amount of water consumed during the growth period of different potato cultivars, which hinders the determination to promote specific cultivat or cultivars for better adaptation in the region and to achieve the improvement of water consumption efficiency in the region. Therefore, performing a meta-analysis (meta-analysis) by combining the results of comparison tests of cultivars (with identical control cultivars) in different regions of the country provides access to a single guideline that can draw a more specific and regular model. Materials and MethodsIn this research, firstly, researches were conducted in different regions of Iran, in a period of 20 years from the beginning of 2000 to 2019 from WOS foreign data bank and internal data bank and official websites of Iran DOC. , Fipak, Magiran.Com and SID were searched. In the following, screening was done among the searched researches. Then, the final sources were extracted which had a lot to do with the issue of cultivar and its effects on yield and water efficiency. In the investigation of the cultivar type in the conducted studies, it was found that the set of studies could be separated into two evaluation groups of early and late cultivars in potato. For this purpose, the full text of the extracted sources was fully examined and the required statistical data from each of the studies including mean, standard deviation and sample size were extracted from the control cultivar and other experimental cultivars in each independent studies. Finally, the resulting data were combined and subjected to meta-analysis using Stata/SE version 11.1, StataCrop., Lp, Station, TX software. To evaluate the homogeneity of the study results, the I2 index and the Q test (Hedges et al, 1999; Higgins and Thompson, 2002) were used.Results and DiscussionThe results of the meta-analysis of cultivars in the studies showed that in the group of late cultivars, there was no statistically significant difference in yield between Agria control cultivar and other used cultivars. The yield average of other late cultivars and the control cultivar of Agria were very close with a slight difference (0.61 tons per hectare). In the early group, although the difference between the other early cultivars and the Sante control was not significant in the total of studies, the Sante cultivar had a higher average yield (2.93 tons per hectare) compared to other cultivars in its group. totally, in all studies, although the late cultivars had a yield increase of 2.3 tons per hectare compared to the early cultivars, they were less capable in terms of water consumption efficiency as compared with early ripening cultivars. Usually, in late cultivars, the length of the irrigation period and the amount of water consumption is two to three times higher than that of early cultivars. This amount is usually 10 to 15% of the water requirement of potatoes. If we consider the efficiency of water consumption in the sprinkle irrigation system of 250 liters and in the drip system of 150 liters per kilogram of potato production (Gadami Firouzabadi and Parvizi, 2017), in this case, in late cultivars, on average, 594 cubic meters per hectare more water is consumed compared to early ripening cultivar.ConclusionBased on the results of this meta-analysis and in order to achieve the optimal yield and water efficiency in terms of the type of potato cultivar, it is necessary to cultivate cultivars with a shorter growing period and with High functional capacity and resistant to stress and water deficiency such as Sante should be prioritized. In addition, the superiority of Sante variety among the studied early ripening cultivars was higher than the average in all studies, therefore, it can be considered in breeding programs to produce new cultivars.

The effect of temperature fluctuations on the growth and abnormalities of tubers and their unfavorable quality in a specific geographical area that are being relate to the climatic characteristics of the region, is largely beyond to the control of farmers (Parvizi et al., 2011). However, by adopting the appropriate planting date in each region, it is possible to avoid the collision of growth stages by preventing damage qualify to the produced tubers and, at the same time, a better quantity of production would be accomplished (Hassanpanah and Hassanabadi, 2012; Siddique et al., 1990; Rabinowitch and Levy., 2001). With this description, is it possible to postpone the peak water consumption of potatoes to a time in early to mid-September when there is a lower level of evaporation and transpiration by delaying the cultivation in potatoes, while the quantitative and qualitative performance can be acceptable? Therefore, this research was done in order to answer the questions raised and investigate the possibility of realizing the positive effects of delayed cultivation in Hamadan province.

In order to investigate the possibility of delayed cultivation of potatoes in Hamedan and also to compare with its usual cultivation in June on the amount of water consumption and the quantitative and qualitative yield of potatoes, an experiment conducted during the two growing years of 2018 and 2019 at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center. Revenue implementation. In this experiment, three potato cultivars, including Sante (medium-early), Arinda (early), and Banba (semi-late) cultivars, with four planting dates: 1- June 15 (the usual cultivation of the region), 2- 1st of July, 3- July 15 and 4- July 30 planted in the form of Splited Strip Plot design . Tape irrigation system was used in this experiment. The measured traits included the time required to achieve 90% germination, the number of main stems per plant, the time of full coverage and flowering, total yield, secondary growth and tuber deformity percentage, tuber dry matter percentage, and the efficiency of water consumption.

Based on the results of compound variance analysis, we found that the effects of variety and planting date on all growth traits, total yield and water consumption efficiency were significant. The interaction effect of cultivar and planting date was significant in most of the growth traits as well as tuber yield and tuber dry matter percentage. Results of this research showed that the delay in planting date of potato has positive effects on the speed of germination and the acceleration of canopy formation. The speed of reaching full overlapping canopy with a difference of 7 days in delayed cultivation date (30th July) provides suitable conditions for better competition of potato crop with weeds and faster tuber formation. The lowest rate of secondary growth with an average of 6.00% related to the planting date of July 30 (delayed planting), it showed a statistically significant difference with the other three planting dates at the 5% level of Duncan's test. By comparing the mean results, it was found that in all three cultivars, the average increase in tuber yield by planting on June 15 was more significant than delayed cultivation (30th July) The amount of secondary growth in the tubers was directly related to the delay in planting time. So that with the delay in planting time especially in the delayed cultivation on July 30. The intensity of secondary growth on the tubers and their deformity was significantly reduced.in three cultivars (with an average of 6.2%), although three cultivars showed different reactions. On the other hand, the efficiency of water consumption in the delayed cultivation date (30th July) increased by 1.53 kg per cubic meter of water (27%) compared to regular cultivation (June 15). Water use efficiency was different in the investigated cultivars and in the planting dates. The planting date of July 30 with an average production of 7 kg of tubers per cubic meter of water used had the highest water use efficiency. The results of this research showed that with the delay in potato planting date in Hamedan province, the critical stage of potato growth (tuber bulking) did not coincide with the sudden increase in temperature in the province (July and early August). This condition leads to reducing the amount of growth abnormalities in the tuber and increasing the tuber's appearance quality.Key words: Water consumption, Potato, Growth index, Delay planting date, Tuber yield

The water productivity index (WP), which is defined as the crop produced per unit of consumed water, has been considered as a key indicator for the optimal use of water in the agricultural sector. It has been heavily relied upon in the Iran's agricultural water policies and plans. However despite several years have passed since the introduction of this concept and index, unfortunately, water crisis still exists and is expanding in the country and measures to increase WP in agricultural products have not yet been able to effectively solve the country's water issues. In this review-analytical paper, the issues and challenges of using this index in practice have been discussed and the shortcomings, challenges, measures, and infrastructure necessary for the proper use of this index have been discussed and analyzed. According to the results, there are hidden issues and challenges (in 8 groups) in its application. The most important of which are the need to deeply understand the concept and definition of WP in the country's expert and management community, and the problems and issues of using the index from the aspect of lack of the required infrastructure for the proper impacts of improving WP in mitigating water scarcity. According to the identified issues and challenges, it was concluded that improving WP could not be a sole measure to solve the country's water crisis, because it fulfills just initial conditions. In order to fulfill conditions sufficiently and to implement related comprehensive measures and interventions, the necessary hardware, software, legal, and policy infrastructures must be provided.

Water and nitrogen are the most important factors affecting the quantitative and qualitative performance of medicinal plants. Since the performance of the fertilizer level depends on the appropriate amount of irrigation water, it is important to examine the water and nutritional requirements of medicinal plants in order to achieve the desired quantitative and qualitative performance and the physical and economic water productivity indexes of these plants. Celandin (Chelidonium majus L.) plant is one of the very old medicinal plants, and all its parts, especially its sap and root, were used in the treatment of skin disorders, especially leprosy, toothache, and also as a choleretic, and in recent years most of its aerial parts, which are collected during the flowering stage, are used to treat some diseases, especially cancers of the digestive system. Also, all the parts of this plant contain orange sap rich in alkaloids Chelerythrine, Chelidonine, Sangunarin, Berberine, etc., which increases the importance of the production of this plant. There are many reports about the effect of irrigation interval and nitrogen fertilizers level in relation to various agricultural, garden and medicinal plants, but there is still no comprehensive and complete information about the effect of these factors and their optimal levels for the cultivation of Celandin medicinal plants. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the yield and indexes of physical and economic productivity of water in Celandin medicinal plant at different levels of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer.

In order to investigate the effect of the irrigation interval and ammonium nitrate on the yield and indexes of physical and economic water productivity of Celandin (Chelidonium majus L.) medicinal plant, an experiment was conducted as a factorial in the form of a completely randomized design in three replications in the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of University of Guilan in 2017. The factors include irrigation interval in three levels (4, 8 and 12 days) respectively as I1, I2 and I3 and nitrogen fertilizer based on ammonium nitrate in five levels (0, 45, 60, 75 and 95 kg per hectare) as respectively was N0, N45, N60, N75 and N95. To prepare the planting bed, the top soil of the garden, dune sand, and animal manure were mixed in the ratio (1:1:1) and filled in pots with an average diameter of 20 cm and a height of 18 cm. After preparing the soil sample, some physical properties (soil moisture coefficients of FC and PWP using a pressure plate device, soil texture using the hydrometric method and dry bulk density using the core sampler method) and chemical properties of the soil (calcium, potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen, organic carbon, pH and ECe) were determined. At the end of the experiment, when the plants flowered (about 225 days after transplanting), to calculate the weight of the roots and aerial parts, the plants were removed from the pot and their roots were separated from the aerial part. After washing the roots, each one was weighed separately with a sensitive digital scale (Sartorius model) with an accuracy of 0.001 grams. Then, with regarding the amount of water consumed in each irrigation treatment, the physical and economic water productivity indexes were determined based on the wet weight of the whole plant, which includes the root and aerial parts of the plant.

The results of variance analysis of data showed that the interaction effect of irrigation interval and amount of ammonium nitrate on yield and indexes of physical and economic water productivity was significant at the 5% probability level. Thus, the highest plant fresh weight was obtained with 92.92 g/plant in an 8-day irrigation interval with a fertilizer level of 95 kg/ha, and the lowest with 45.36 g/plant in a 12-day irrigation interval with a fertilizer level of 60 kg/ha. Also, the highest indexes of physical and economic water productivity based on benefit per drop and net benefit per drop based on the fresh weight of the total plant with 8.65 kg/m3 and 3463932999 and 17319665 rials/m3 respectively in the 8-day irrigation interval treatment with fertilizer level 95 kg/ha, and the lowest of them was obtained with 2.44 kg/m3, 9774464 and 4887232 rials/m3 respectively in the 4-day irrigation interval treatment with zero fertilizer level. In addition, 50% water consumption was saved in the 8-day irrigation interval treatment compared to the 4-day irrigation interval treatment. Therefore, I2 irrigation interval treatment with N95 ammonium nitrate fertilizer level is the most suitable option in terms of yield and physical and economic water productivity indexes for the production of the medicinal plant Celandin in greenhouse conditions.

The basic strategy to mitigate water crisis is to save agricultural water consumption by increasing productivity, which will result in more income for farmers and sustainable production. Due to the economic importance of barley production in the country, it is necessary to study the volume of irrigation water and water productivity to produce this strategic product. Based on extensive field research on irrigation water management and application of different irrigation methods in barley farms, the innovations of this research were: a) measuring water consumed and determining water use efficiency in barley production, b) the up-to-date of the measurements and research findings, c) findings applicability for application in agricultural planning at the national and regional levels, d) the ability to development the findings in barley farms at the national level to improve water use efficiency. The hypotheses of this research are: a) barley irrigation water is various in different regions, b) water applied in barley farms is more than the required one, c) the water use efficiency of barley is different in the main production areas, and d) The applied water of barley is not the same in different irrigation methods. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to determine the water consumed and water use efficiency in barley production; to measure the water applied to barley farms in the main production areas; to compare the water measured in the production areas with the net irrigation requirement; and finally to determine water use efficiency of the barley in the main production areas in the Iran.

 For this purpose, the volume of irrigation water and barley yield in 296 selected farms in 12 provinces (about 75% of the area under cultivation and production of barley in Iran) including Khuzestan, East Azerbaijan, Ardabil, North Khorasan, Fars, Khorasan Razavi, Tehran, Semnan, Markazi, Isfahan, Hamedan and Qazvin were measured directly. Farms in the mentioned provinces were selected to cover various factors such as irrigation method, level of ownership, proper distribution and quality of irrigation water. By carefully monitoring the irrigation program of selected farms during the growing season, the amount of irrigation water for barley during one year was measured. At the end of the season and after determining the average yield of barley during the 2020-2021 year, the values of irrigation water productivity and total water productivity (irrigation+effective rainfall) were determined in selected barley farms in each region. The volume of water supplied was compared with the gross irrigation requirements estimated by the Penman-Monteith method using meteorological data from the last ten years, and compared with the values of the National Water Document. Analysis of variance was used to investigate the possible differences in yield, irrigation water and water productivity in barley production.

To assess the reliability of statistical analysis, we evaluated the sufficiency of the number of measurements needed for both the quantity of irrigation water and the ley yield on the farms. Subsequently, we computed statistical indices, such as the mean and standard deviation. The results showed that the number of measurements of irrigation water and barley yield was to be 296 and 283, respectively, which was more than the number of measurements required for irrigation water (41 dataset) and yield (50 dataset). Therefore, the sufficiency of the data for the statistical analysis was reliable. The results showed that the difference in yield, volume of irrigation water and water productivity indices were significant in the mentioned provinces. The volume of barley irrigation water in the studied areas varied from 1900 to 9300 cubic meters per hectare and its average weight was 4875 cubic meters per hectare. The average barley yield in selected farms varied from 1630 to 7050 kg ha-1 and the average was 3985 kg ha-1. Irrigation water productivity in selected provinces ranged from 0.22 to 1.53 and its weight average was 0.90 kg m-3. Average gross irrigation water requirement in the study areas by the Penman-Monteith method using meteorological data of the last ten years and the national water document were 4710 and 4950 cubic meters per hectare, respectively. Irrigation efficiency of barley fields in the country is estimated at 62-65% without deficit irrigation.

In order to reduce water consumption and improve water productivity, it is suggested to manage water delivery to farms during the season and deliver water rights to them according to crops water requirements. To reduce water losses and enhance productivity in the barley farms, it is suggested the application of modern irrigation systems according to the farms conditions with the suitable operation; and modification and improvement of surface and traditional irrigation methods. Note that, water is only one of several necessary and effective inputs in the optimal and economic production of barley. On the other hand, attention should be paid to the optimal application of other inputs including: seeds, fertilizers, equipment and tools etc.

One of the main factors in the economic and social development of any country is water reserves and potential. Comprehensive and comprehensive knowledge of water resources is a prerequisite for optimal and sustainable use of these resources. In Iran, due to the lack of rainfall in most of the watersheds and the limited water resources, codified planning to know the possibilities and limitations of water resources with the aim of optimal utilization is very necessary and unavoidable. Today one of the basic strategies for managing water resources in the agricultural sector is to choose the appropriate cultivation pattern and determine the strategies for the optimal allocation of agricultural water. the optimal use of limited water resources and obtaining the greatest economic benefit.

This research was conducted on the cropping pattern of Gonbad-e Kavus region in Golestan province, using the irrigation network of the Golestan Dam for four major autumn crops (wheat, canola, barley, and triticale) in the agricultural years of 2017-2018 to 2020-2021. A multi-objective optimization was performed using the non-dominate sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) with the objectives of maximizing net economic profit and reducing water consumption. Initially, by considering the minimum values of the cropping pattern and using various computational steps, the maximum net economic profit and the amount of stored water were calculated through a bi-objective optimization method. In the next step, the net economic profit obtained from the stored water was optimized using a single-objective optimization method. Finally, the best computational step was selected by combining the values of bi-objective and single-objective net economic profit.

The results showed that the computational steps for each year were not the same, and the maximum net economic profit obtained by observing the minimum allowable cropping pattern and stored water (bi-objective optimization) and the maximum net economic profit obtained by optimizing stored water in the previous step (single-objective optimization) were calculated with different computational steps, considering the calculated annual profit. The results obtained from the maximum net economic profit and stored water based on the minimum allowable cropping pattern, bi-objective optimization (maximum net economic profit and maximum stored water), and the results obtained from single-objective optimization of stored water were accumulated. By considering the accumulated net economic profit from bi-objective and single-objective computational steps, the best net economic profit was achieved. Furthermore, despite the reduction in cultivated area and allocated water in the agricultural years of 2019-2020 and 2020-2021, an increase in net economic profit was observed compared to previous years. In the year 2020-2021, due to the lower allocated water compared to previous years and the optimal cropping pattern being on a negligible area of the target year's cultivated area (83.85 hectares), the highest net economic profit was achieved with a 138% increase in profit. This was due to the increase in product prices compared to costs, resulting in an increase in income greater than the increase in costs.

The results of the present research showed that the use of multi-objective optimization methods has a good performance in order to obtain more economic profit by managing optimal allocated water consumption. Also, taking calculated steps by the officials and organizations of water users to manage the allocated water reserve and achieve the maximum net economic benefit will increase employment, reverse migration and achieve a higher level of social welfare. According to the observance of the minimum strategic cultivation of wheat and the increase of rapeseed and triticale fodder crops, the current model has an optimal and appropriate performance in terms of ensuring food supply chain security and the point of view of non-agent defense.

The deficit irrigation method with the aim of saving water consumption can be presented as a useful strategy in low water conditions and with the proper use of the amount of water consumption. Optimum use of water and proper use of fertilizer, in addition to increasing plant yield, increases the water productivity and fertilizer. Nitrogen is one of the main elements in plant nutrition, because of its importance in the plant's vital processes; its deficiency reduces performance more than other elements. The present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of water stress and different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and productivity of Williams cultivar soybeans in Hormozgan province.

This experiment was conducted in the form of split plots in the form of randomized complete blocks in three replications in Hajiabad city (Hormozgan province) in two crop years 2021 and 2022. The main factor was irrigation in 6 levels without irrigation and providing 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120% of water requirement and the secondary factor was the amounts of nitrogen fertilizer (urea source) in four levels including zero, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg/ha. Each experimental unit had dimensions of 5×20 m2 and had 10 cultivation rows.

The interaction effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on biological, pod and seed yields, harvest index, thousand seed weight, number of seeds per plant, pod length, water consumption efficiency in biological, pod and seed were significant at 1% level. The interaction effect of irrigation and fertilizer showed that the highest amount of biological, pod and seed yields in the conditions of 100% water requirement and 150 kg N/ha consumption were 6051, 4941 and 3049 kg/ha respectively. The maximum harvest index due to the interaction effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer was in the conditions of 100% water requirement and with 100 and 150 kgN/ha fertilizer with an average of 0.43%. The interaction effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer showed that the maximum thousand seed weight was with 120.8 g in the condition of 100 percent water requirement and fertilizer consumption of 200 kg/ha. The highest efficiency of water consumption based on biological, pod and seed yields were observed in conditions without irrigation and 150 kg N/ha in the amount of 5.61, 3.71 and 2.28 kg/m3 respectively.

According to the results, the availability of water and sufficient nitrogen are two very important factors that affect the growth and yield of soybean. Therefore, in addition to the lack of water, the lack of nitrogen also causes stress on the growth and yield of soybean. With the upward trend of nitrogen fertilizer consumption, the yield decreased and if there is not enough water, the increase in nitrogen fertilizer consumption aggravates the effect of moisture stress and as a result the yield of the plant decreases, therefore, in water shortage conditions, Excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer is not recommended. According to the results, full irrigation and nitrogen consumption up to 150 kg/ha are suggested for the studied area.

The increase in water consumption in agriculture has caused irrigation management to be studied by experts and researchers in recent years. Water is one of the most important factors limiting the production of lentils. Increasing water productivity through the application of deficit irrigation methods is one of the important topics in the production of this crop. One of the important needs in agricultural planning is to identify the plant's nutritional needs. Iron is one of the essential elements of low consumption and low mobility that plants need the most among micronutrients. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the irrigation management and iron nano-chelate on the yield and yield components of lentils in Guilan province.

The present experiment is conducted as a split-plot in the form of a randomized complete block design in three iterations in the Deylaman region. The main factor includes four levels namely without irrigation (rainfed), irrigation in the flowering stage, irrigation in the pod formation stage, and irrigation in the flowering and pod formation stage (full) and the sub-factor includes fertilizing nano iron chelate solution during flowering, pod formation time, flowering and podding time and, pre-ripening.

The findings of the research demonstrate that the effect of irrigation management and the influence of nano-chelate on grain and biological yields are significant at the level of 1 percent. As a result of irrigation management, the highest grain and biological yields are observed in the flowering and podding stages under irrigation conditions with an average of 1457 and 4380 kg.ha-1, respectively. At different levels of iron nano-chelate fertilizer, in the flowering and podding stage and fertilization in the pre-ripening stage, the highest grain yield is with an average of 834.2 and 861.7 kg.ha-1, respectively, and the maximum biological yield with an average of 3317.4 and 3228.6 kg.ha-1, respectively.

With full irrigation, the number of main branches, the number of full pods per plant, and the biological and grain yields increases, and spraying solution of iron nano chelate fertilizer improves the number of nodes in the stem, and the number of full pods in the plant and rises the biological yield. Therefore, full irrigation and use of iron nano chelate fertilizer during the flowering and podding stages are recommended for the local lentil plant in the study area.

In spite of the drought conditions and lack of water in most parts of Iran, fodder corn is one of the main producers of silage fodder in the country. For the purpose of investigating the effects of subsurface drip irrigation systems on fodder corn cultivation and determining the efficiency of water consumption, a split plot design was conducted at Jopar Kerman Agricultural Research Station for a period of two crop years using randomized complete block designs with three replications. In the research, three levels of irrigation (I1=100, I2=75, and I3=50 percent of the water requirement) were assessed as the main factor, and two depths of subsurface pipes with drippers (inline) were assessed as the submain factor. Among the treatments of different irrigation levels, the treatment of 100% water requirement obtained the highest yield by producing 77250kg/ha of wet fodder and 15447kg/ha of dry fodder. A 20% and 52% yield difference was observed between the 100% water demand treatment and the 75% and 50% water demand treatments. In terms of WP, there was a significant difference between the two treatments of 30 cm soil depth and 40 cm soil depth; the highest WP was observed in the 30 cm soil depth treatment. In both years of the study, the irrigation treatment of 50% of the water requirement had the lowest WP (average 1.2 kg/m3). Additionally, the average amount of water consumed by the treatments of 50, 75, and 100% of fodder corn water requirements was 3200, 4100, and 5200 m3/ha, respectively. As a result of the results of this research, it has been recommended that for the production of fodder corn in the Jopar Kerman region, a planting depth of 30 cm with a 100% water requirement under subsurface drip irrigation with a water consumption of 5200 m3/ha will be used

Improving water productivity in agricultural productions is one of the fundamental plans in food security in Iran. Because of the importance and vast cultivation of bean in Ahar plain; and the necessity of improving water productivity in the saline soil and water conditions, the current study was conducted with the objective of the evaluation of the effects of irrigation systems and leaching ratio scenarios on bean water productivity in this plain. Bean yields with consumed water under two irrigation systems of surface and sprinkle were directly measured in several farms under farmers' management without any irrigation scheduling. For irrigation systems, five leaching ratio scenarios of 0, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of net water were applied in this study. Results revealed that irrigation systems treatments caused different yields and water applied in bean farms. Bean yield averaged 1189±395 kg ha-1 with sprinkle system (probably with deficit irrigation), while averaged 2396±180 kg ha-1 with surface irrigation system. Water applied averaged 4717±747 and 7297±1276 m3 ha-1 with sprinkle and surface irrigation systems, respectively. Water productivity was acquired to be 0.29 kg m-3. Also, we found that leaching ratio scenarios of 0 and 5% had a similar productivity (= 0.47 kg m-3), 10% and 15% produced a similar productivity (= 0.35 kg m-3) and leaching ratio scenarios of 20% had a productivity of 0.22 kg m-3. In addition to these findings, some suggestions were made to continue research and study to improve water productivity in bean production.

This study determines the amount of irrigation water saved as a result of the subsidy policy to adapt from flood to drip irrigation. We developed a positive mathematical programming model (PMP) to evaluate the effect of economic incentives on farmers’ decisions to choose the type of irrigation technology, cropping pattern, and "water use" and "water consumption" in rural Garkan Shomali district, which is part of the Najafabad aquifer. We collected data through farm surveys, desk research, and expert interviews. The results showed that a reduction in the financial costs of converting flood irrigation into drip irrigation can lead to farmers investing in this technology. In the current water allocation scenario, the subsidy policy increases the water consumption of drip-irrigated crops by 28%, of which 19% is non-consumed water before subsidy payment and the rest is related to the reduction of furrow-irrigated lands. Also, under non-volumetric water delivery conditions, the operating costs reduce and the net income of the farms increases because of the increase in efficiency and the development of the area under cultivation, which increases water consumption while the water use is constant. In the volumetric water delivery scenario, with the increase in subsidies, the net income of the farms will increase without developing the area under cultivation and only because of the increased yield. Therefore, subsidy policy increases irrigation efficiency at both the farm and regional levels and is an effective tool for dealing with drought conditions.

Importance of rice as a staple crop for feeding of human being is obvious. Besides, water is major input for rice production. Water crisis is one the serious interest for present and future conditions of IRAN. Then, this research conducted for investigation of mid-summer drainage effects on yield, Water consumption and water productivity of Hashemi and Fajr rice cultivars. For obtaining this purpose, a field experiment was carried out as a factorial in basis of randomized complete block design in 3 replications with 5 mid- summer drainage treatments i.e. 0, 3, 5, 7 and 9 in Babolsar. Results showed that the effects of mid- summer drainage and variety on water consumption, Grain yield and water productivity were significant (p<0.01), and mid-summer drainage with 5 days’ duration on both cultivars had the highest water productivity, 0.91 and 1.29 Kg/m3 respectively. Also maximum yield and minimum water consumption resulted for 5 days’ mid-summer drainage treatment. Thus, 5 days’ duration for mid-summer drainage of Paddyfield was recommended for this region.

Estimating water requirement and determining the actual amount of water is one of the most important factors in the management of agricultural water resources and one of the requirements of any irrigation project. The present study was conducted to investigate the water requirement system in determining the actual amount of peanut irrigation water based on the inverse solution of yield function under water stress in two crop years 2017 and 2018 in Guilan province. The experimental design was performed in the form of split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor of irrigation management included rainfed and 40, 60, 80, 100% Water requirement supply and sub treatment included two cultivars of peanut Guil and Jonobi. The results showed that the highest evapotranspiration in supplying 100% of water requirement in 2017 and 2018 was 446.7 and 524.1 mm in the Jonobi cultivar and 438.5 and 521.9 mm in the Guil cultivar, respectively. in the measured and estimated values of irrigation need by the water requirement system, the values of the coefficient of determination in the Jonobi and Guil cultivars are 0.65 and 0.64 respectively, and the root mean square error for Jonobi and Guil cultivars were 52.60 and 52.24, respectively, and the mean error deviation was 15.53 and 15.03, respectively. The agreement Wilmot index and efficiency coefficient of the model in 2017 and 2018 were 0.95 and 0.75 for the Jonobi cultivar and 0.95 and 0.76 for the Guil cultivar, respectively. According to the available results and statistical indicators, the water demand system provided a reasonable estimate of the actual amount of irrigation water in two peanut cultivars.

This study was conducted to investigate the response of salicornia persica, directly irrigated with Persian Gulf saline water in Bushehr region, to reducing its required water and to determine the relationships between applied water and dry matter. The experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The treatments included T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6, with total applied water of 6700, 8800, 9600, 10000, 11800 and 14700 m3.ha-1, respectively. The results showed that the applied water has important role in the dry matter; So that in the treatments of T1 to T5 with a significant difference it applied water, no significant increase was obtained for the crop yield. The average dry matter of the treatments was relatively constant and about 3000 kg.ha-1. However, increasing the volume of applied water in T6 treatment had a positive and significant effect on dry matter and increased it to 4600 kg.ha-1. Under the mentioned field conditions, Salicornia water productivity (WP) was obtained between 0.15 to 0.44 kg.m-3. Therefore, to achieve yields of 5 tons per hectare and more, a timely and sufficient water supply system (by shortening of the irrigation cycles) will be required for the Salicornia fields. The latter conclusion confirms the positive response of Salicornia to the increase of applied water, which can well illustrate the challenge of water supply importance in Salicornia fields.

Irrigation water has a great impact on the yield and water productivity of pomegranate orchards. There is few information about the irrigation of pomegranate orchards in Fars province. In this study, yield, irrigation water volume, water productivity and the difference between irrigation water volume and gross water requirement were investigated. 40 pomegranate orchards in four main regions of pomegranate production in Fars province (Shiraz, Estahban, Neyriz and Arsanjan) were selected. Yield, irrigation water volume and water productivity were measured during one year (2020). Three scenarios of crop water requirement, Water National Document, Penman Montith method in the year of research and Penman Montith method based on long-term meteorological data were considered. The irrigation water volumes were compared with the water requirement by t-test in the regions and different irrigation systems. Results showed that the average yield, irrigation water volume and water productivity of the were 22.4 t/ha, 15133 m3/ha and 1.36 kg/m3, respectively. There was no significant difference in the volume of irrigation water in Shiraz, Estahban and Arsanjan, but for Neyriz with other regions were significant. The yield differences in the studied areas was not significant. The water productivity differences of Shiraz pomegranate orchards with the other three regions was significant, but the difference in water productivity of Arsanjan, Neyriz and Estahban were not significant. The differences between yield, irrigation water volume and water productivity in the two types of surface and drip irrigation systems were not significant. In general, the volume of irrigation water was less than the gross water requirement. The difference between the volume of irrigation water and the water requirement of National Water Document, Penman Monthith in the year of the research and long-term Penman Monthith were significant at the level of 1%, non-significant and significant at the level of 5%, respectively.