کیفیت

Today, one of the most effective ways to manage and protect surface water resources is to use the capacity of rivers to accept limits of pollution. In this study, the self-purification capacity of the Abbasabad river in Hamedan using the QUAL2KW model, based on the simulation of DO, BOD and COD parameters, taking into account the water quality standards in two areas for drinking (1.86 km) and agriculture (4.33 km) was evaluated. The accuracy of the simulated values was calculated through the calculation of statistical indices such as R2, SE, RMSE and NRMSE. The RMSE values in the validation stage for DO, BOD and COD values were calculated as 0.26, 1.82 and 2.62, respectively. The simulation results showed that the amount of dissolved oxygen decreased by -3.21% in the first period and by -1.66% in the second period. Also, the concentration of BOD and COD increased by 30.13 and 27.94% in the first period and by 70.84 and 60.81% respectively in the second period. Also, TMDL results showed that in the first period, the amount of input load should be reduced, but in the second period, it is possible to increase the input load. For BOD and COD parameters, the maximum load was calculated based on the agricultural standard at the two watersheds, as 49.80 mg/liter and 99.15 mg/liter.

In recent decades, the use of groundwater for irrigation, drinking, and industry has increased in developing countries such as Iran. This increase, in turn, improves food security and reduces poverty in these areas. However, reducing the level of the water table and sustainable development are concerns. These concerns have increased, especially regarding the alluvial aquifer of the Ajabshir plain, which plays a significant role in providing water in the area. Considering the growth of the population and the water needed, it is very important to study the water quantity and quality for the future and the well deepening. There are several methods to determine the maximum depth of deepening. However, this study emphasizes the fluctuations of the groundwater level as a result of them instead of the relatively complex studies of modeling and water balance. For this purpose, after collecting the data, the maps of the groundwater isodepth, isolevel, fluctuations, and aquifer bedrock were drawn in the GIS software. Then, the unit hydrograph of the plain was prepared to determine the amount of groundwater level drop. Population growth and water demand were determined for the horizon of 1420. The findings of this research indicate that the overexploitation of groundwater resources will have consequences such as a drop in the groundwater level (equivalent to 6 m), a decrease in the quality of the groundwater, and subsequent land subsidence. The minimum level for well deepening in the Ajabshir aquifer varies between 1250 meters and 1290 meters.

As one of the most necessary human needs, groundwater resources play a key role in the economic and political processes of societies. Climatic and land-use changes made serious challenges to the quantity and quality of groundwater resources in the Tehran-Karaj study area. The main objective of the present study is to develop a method based on individual intelligent models, including adaptive neural-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), gene expression programming (GEP), and combined-wavelet (WANFIS, WGEP) methods for temporal and spatial estimation of total hardness (TH), total dissolved solids (TDS), and electrical conductivity (EC) variables in the groundwater resources of the Tehran-Karaj area for statistical period of 17 years (2004-2021). The results showed that 
combined-wavelet models have higher performance than individual models in estimating three selected variables. So that the performance improvement percentage of the WANFIS model compared to ANFIS and WGEP model compared to GEP, taking into account the evaluation index of root mean square error (RMSE) were obtained (23.713%, 18.018%), (12.581%, 33.116%), and (6.433%, 12.995%) for TH, TDS, and EC variables, respectively. The results indicated a very high spatial and temporal compatibility of the estimated values of the WGEP model with the observed values for all three qualitative variables in the Tehran-Karaj area. The results showed that the concentration of qualitative variables of groundwater resources from the north to the south of the study area has an upward trend for all three qualitative variables. In urban areas, pollution caused by sewage and population increase, as well as in agricultural areas, the use of chemical fertilizers and their continued infiltration into groundwater resources and 
over-extraction of groundwater resources aggravate their pollution. Therefore, in the study area, climatic changes and the type of land use are strongly related to the quality of groundwater resources.

Considering the importance of assessing the status of groundwater quality for industrial and agricultural uses, this study investigates the quality of groundwater in the South Khorasan region and examines the spatial continuity of the variable electrical conductivity in this region. Isatis and Surfer softwares were used to graphically display the changes of qualitative parameters in the study area and to perform sequential Gaussian simulations to investigate the spatial continuity between the electrical conductivity variables. After normalizing the data, modeling was performed, so that first the variogram was drawn and then the appropriate model to fit the experimental variogram based on the least SSR error, using cross-evaluation of the best variogram model among the models (spherical, power, cubic, etc), Selection and modeling were performed. After the modeling stage, Gaussian simulations were performed and the spatial continuity map of the electrical conductivity variable was presented. The results of preliminary statistics showed that in terms of electrical conductivity classification for salinity, most sampling areas have an electrical conductivity of 2250-750 and above 2250. Next, the spatial coherence of the variable was investigated. The probability map of values with an electrical conductivity higher than 750 μM / cm showed that most areas have high electrical conductivity. The study of preliminary statistics on the classification of sodium content in agricultural waters in the study area also showed that the sodium percentage of most sampling points is between 40 and 60%.

Groundwater resources are one of the most valuable national resources, and the protection of its quality is vital. One of the best ways to prevent groundwater pollution is to study the spatial changes in their quality and manage the utilization of water resources and land use. In terms of accuracy and effect of interpolation and origin, this study analyzes a comparison between OK, RBF and IDW interpolation methods for Pb, Zn and Cd . Also, the difference between the accuracy and uncertainty of interpolation and the source of pollution was analyzed and the results show that based on the spatial distribution of elements in the most polluted area in the southeast of the area around the coal and marble mine in the conservation area. Has been blacked out. Pollution has decreased from the south to the north of the region and the lowest amount of pollution is in the north of the region and near Bojagh National Park and Caspian Sea. According to WHO standards, it can be seen that for Zn, the whole area is within the WHO allowable range, the standard limit is 15 mg / L and the maximum Zn in the area is 1.64 mg / L. For Pb only small areas in the north of the area are within the allowable range. For Cd, the permissible limit of the global standard is 0.003 mg / L, which due to its spatial distribution, the whole area is contaminated with this element. Higher uncertainty of the elements is primarily distributed around the mines, which is related to the spatial diversity of toxic elements caused by human intervention. In addition to mining activities, the entry of industrial and municipal wastewater and effluents into groundwater resources can be considered as the cause of water pollution in the study area.

Large amounts of nitrogen (N) fertilizers are being applied to optimize yield in vegetable production. Nitrogen use efficiency in vegetable fields is low due to high application of N fertilizers in frequent cultivation, short growth cycles and their shallow rooting system. Nitrification inhibitors (NI) are compounds that retard the biological oxidation of ammonium to nitrite by depressing the activity of Nitrosomonas bacteria in soil. In different studies, the positive effects of these compounds on the reduction of N losses from soil and increase of N use efficiency and crop yield have been demonstrated. The 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP)  is a very popular nitrification inhibitor around the world. The efficacy of this molecule depends on climatic conditions and soil properties including of texture, pH, organic matter, moisture, temperature and mineral nitrogen. In this experiment, the effects of NI 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate on the N use efficiency of two spinach varieties were investigated in different soils.
A pot experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement with three replications at Shahrekord University. Experimental factors were different N fertilizer sources, soil types and spinach varieties. Three N fertilizer sources consisted of urea, ammonium sulfate nitrate (ASN) and ASN plus DMPP (0.8 %). A no added N fertilizer treatment was considered as the control. The soil factor contained three different soils with different physical and chemical characteristics. The textures of the soils No. 1, 2 and 3 were loamy sand, loam and silty clay, respectively. Three selected soils were non-saline (EC1:2=0.14-0.31 dS m-1) and alkaline (pH1:2=7.9-8.0). Organic carbon and calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE) ranged from 0.26 to 0.35%, and 28.5 to 36.2%, respectively. Two spinach varieties were smooth-leaf (Giant Santos) and wrinkled-leaf (Viking). The used soils were mixed homogenously with 100 mg P kg−1 soil as triple super phosphate, 5 mg Fe kg−1 soil as Fe-EDDHA, 15 mg Zn kg−1 soil as ZnSO4.7H2O, 5 mg Mn kg−1 soil as MnSO4.H2O and 2.5 mg Cu kg−1 soil as CuSO4.5H2O. Nitrogen was applied at the rate of 150 mg kg-1 soil in two split doses before sowing and after one month. Twelve seeds were sown in 7 kg soil in plastic pots, and then placed in a greenhouse. The pots were thinned to 7 seedlings per pot after plant establishment. One week before harvesting, 10 measurements were done using a chlorophyll content meter to determine chlorophyll content index of leaves. At the end of the experiment, shoot dry weight was determined and plants were mixed and dried to measure N concentration. Finally, shoot N uptake and N use efficiency were calculated in different treatments.
In the present study, spinach plants fertilized with ASN+DMPP had a better appearance (dark green color) than those grown without DMPP. The results indicated that application of ASN with DMPP led to significant increase of leaf chlorophyll content index in comparison of ASN and urea fertilizers in all studied soils. Application of DMPP slowed down the process of ammonium oxidation to nitrite. Thus, this increase may be due to the role of ammonium in N nutrition of spinach plants treated with DMPP. This may be explained by the fact that ammonium has a positive effect on the synthesis of polyamines, cytokinins and gibberellins. The presence of these two phytohormones retarded senescence and chlorophyll degradation in plants. However, adding ASN to DMPP resulted in a significant decrease of shoot dry weight as compared with the ASN and urea fertilizers in soils No. 1 (loamy sand) and 2 (loam). In soil No. 3, shoot dry weight was not affected in plants fertilized with ASN+DMPP. Also, agronomic and physiological efficiencies of N significantly decreased by applying ASN+DMPP in comparison with ASN. It seems that application of DMPP strongly delayed the ammonium nitrification to nitrate, and consequently the soil nitrate availability appears not to be synchronized with spinach N needs. Due to short growth cycle of spinach, low availability of nitrate resulted in decreased shoot dry weight of spinach. The highest N use efficiency was observed is soil No. 2 (loam) and Giant Santos had more N use efficiency than Viking.
The results demonstrated that using ASN+DMPP led to yield loss, and we cannot recommend its application as a nitrogen fertilizer for spinach. However, application of ASN+DMPP is an effective strategy for improving qualitative appearance (dark green color) of spinach. Also, all studied indices were not affected in plants fertilized with ASN and urea. Therefore, application of both fertilizers is recommended for spinach production under similar conditions of the present study.

Groundwater is an important source of exploitation in arid and semiarid regions. In the Azarshahr plain, due to the reduction in annual precipitation and lack of surface runoff, groundwater resources play an important role in supplying agricultural, drinking, industrial and domestic water requirements. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of groundwater resources in Azarshahr plain for agricultural irrigation and to analyze the EC and SAR variations by using geostatistical methods. So, for spatial mapping of SO4, Cl, TDS, EC and SAR, the observational data from 47 wells in this region, which were measured during the years 2003-2017, were utilized. In order to select the best interpolation method, Kriging approach with Gaussian variogram and IDW methods were used. The obtained results revealed that the Kriging with Gaussian variogram showed the lowest RMSE and the highest NS values. The results of the groundwater quality classification (using Wilcox diagram) and EC/ SAR zoning showed that the groundwater quality in the Azarshahr plain is very saline (C4S1) in most of the cases, which might be linked to the higher amounts of withdrawals from the aquifer.

Underground water resources are the largest available water resources available to the earth, and their management and quality control are of great importance. The purpose of this research is to investigate temporal and spatial variations of groundwater quality parameters for drinking and agricultural uses based on Shooler and Wilcox classification in Borujerd-Doroud Plain. In this paper, 55 parameters were used in the years 2001 and 2016 for qualitative parameters such as electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio, acidity, calcium, chlorine, magnesium, sodium and sulfate. Ground maps were used to prepare zoning maps that were better suited for Kriging intrusion detection. The results of this study showed that most of the plain areas in the year 1380 were about 59.78% of the resources in the optimal condition, which improved to 95.79% in 2016. In 2001, more than 74.08% of the area had a good and acceptable quality in agriculture classification, which increased to 85.94% in 2016.

Agricultural crop production in greenhouses and controlled environments, due to the possibility of increasing the productivity of water and other agricultural inputs, employment creation, value-added off-season production and etc. is among the items that have been considered in the agenda of the agricultural and horticultural authorities of Iran. At the same time and as the result of decreasing in the quantity and quality of available irrigation water, issues have arisen in the established greenhouses. These conditions have led the greenhouse owners to use water desalination systems. The use of these systems is associated with the production of low quality brine, which has some problems with disposal. Therefore, the status of some greenhouses with water desalination system in Isfahan, Qazvin and Alborz provinces was studied for their saline effluent disposal. The results showed that the main alternative for brine disposal of desalination systems was unregulated land evacuation around the greenhouses and then, combined use with well water for outdoor farming, recharge of local wells and discharge into infiltrated trenches and ponds were in the following ranks. Unfortunately, due to the lack of a definite organization to control and monitor the implementation and operation of these equipments and lack of such brine disposal considerations, inappropriate situation is occurring in the surveyed areas. It seems that as the current trend continues, serious problems in means of water and soil resources contamination are not unexpected and may impose irreversible conditions on the country's environment. Therefore, this situation must be fundamentally addressed as soon as possible.

One of the important issues in water quality management is the determination of thermal layering followed by nutritional levels in reservoirs of dams and other water structures. Determining the thermal layering using qualitative models. In choosing a water quality model, there should be an exchange between the complexity of the model, the reliability, the cost of operation and the time available. Determining the parameters of a nutritional index such as total phosphorus and total nitrogen concentration in the lake, the average and maximum chlorophyll a concentration, and the amount of dry algae using these equations requires minimum quality data and less time and cost compared to complex modeling The computer required .In this study, the water quality of the Mahabad dam in West Azarbaijan province, using the CE-QUAL-W2 model, efficient software in the field of reservoir analysis and examination of water reservoirs and lakes analyzed. According to the results, the Mahabad Dam reservoir has a relatively robust summer layering, which began last in April and reaches its peak in August, with the onset of autumn and at the same time as the amount of radiation entering the reservoir of layering has been formed. It also leads towards mixing so that in December, the complete mixing takes place in the reservoir. In terms of total concentration of total soluble solids (TDS), it can be said that the trend towards depth changes is rising, so that the maximum concentration is throughout the year at the bottom of the reservoir. The changes in dissolved oxygen relative to the depth of water in the reservoir are also reducing; these changes start from June and continue until last summer so that the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the substrate will drop to zero, which eventually produces a color And the unpleasant odor is in the reservoir. Mahabad storage dam is a dike dam on the Mahabad river, west of Mahabad city in the West Azerbaijan province. Mahabad Dam has a trifling capacity of 197 million cubic meters and 172 million cubic meters of useful capacity which in addition to supplying drinking water to Mahabad, causes under its coverage over 12 thousand hectares of agricultural land in the city. The dam also has a hydroelectric power plant. Construction began in 1968 and the dam was completed in 1970. In this research, a two-dimensional CE-QUAL-W2 model was used to simulate nutritional (eutrophic) in Mahabad dam. Then the geometry of Mahabad dam reservoir is introduced. To do this, using the topographic maps of the dam reservoir and the AutoCAD software, we produced cross-sectional profiles along the reservoir's line at specified intervals and obtained information by measuring the profiles at depths of two meters in depth. Come into the depth gauge . To investigate the sensitivity analysis, the following items were used: 1. Windscreen coefficient (WSC) 2. Light-to-water penetration coefficient (EXH2O) 3.Temperature Sedimentation Coefficient (TSED) 4. Solar absorption coefficient (BETA) 5. Viscosity coefficient of vortex Horizontal (AX); Horizontal Swing Diffuser (DX); Friction Coating Friction (FRICC).

With the increasing of demand for medicinal plants, the world consumption of garlic in many continues is growing. Therefore, the quality can influence the acceptability of the products by consumers. The study was conducted to investigate the effect of Zinc (Zn) and Manganese (Mn) micronutrients on yield and growth parameters of garlic (Allium sativum L.).  The experiment was laid out in Hamedan province during 2010-2012 as factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental was conducted with four levels of Zn (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg ha-1) and three levels of Mn (0, 20 and 40 kg ha-1). As the results, the yield and growth parameters correlated significantly with increasing of zinc concentration. The highest yield (7997 kg ha-1) was obtained by application of 20 kg ha-1 zinc sulfate respective to the control (6099 kg ha-1). Significant correlation was obtained between Mn concentration and plant yield, and soluble solids concentration only. The interaction of Zn and Mn application were significant on number of gloves and brix. In general, to increase the yield and improvement the quality of garlic, application of 20 kg ha-1 zinc sulfate and 40 kg ha-1 manganese sulfate could be recommended for regions and conditions like of current project conditions.

Applying proper irrigation management can reduce the yield loss caused by salinity. Growth responses of Seashore Paspalum, in terms of shoot and root lengths, fresh and dry weights, and the general quality of the grasses were studied hydroponically in a greenhouse under rotational levels of salinity stress. The experiment was arranged as a split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments include of five constant salinity levels as 5, 10, 20, and 30 gr/lit (named as Ctrl, C10, C20 and C30, respectively) as well as four more rotational salinity treatments (named as A10, A20 and A30). The results showed the maximum length of root and shoot (16.67 and 6.91 cm, respectively) was observed in Ctrl. At each salinity level, dry weight and fresh weight of shoot significantly increased in grasses grown under rotational salinity/control condition compared to their corresponding treatments under constant salinity stress condition. The percent of relative water content was higher in Ctrl, C10, A10 and A20. Also, C20 and C30 have the lower relative water content. Maximum water use efficiency observed at the Ctrl and then in A20 and A30. It concludes that rotational use of saline water causes improvement of WUE in grass.

In order to evaluate and classify the quality of wastewater treatment plant effluent of Yazd, and assessing its potential for agricultural sector usage, wastewater samples were weekly collected, and microbial tests, the traits of fecal coli forms (FC), nematode egg (NE) number per each sample, the concentrations of PO4, NO2, NO3, NH3, SO4, Na, Ca, Mg, K, HCO3, CO3, B, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn ions, and the amounts of pH, EC, SAR, were measured using standard methods. The results showed that wastewater is classified as class B, using WHO guidelines. So, it is suitable for irrigation of cereals, industrial and fodder crops, pastures and ornamental plants. The most limiting factor for applying this wastewater in agriculture is high concentration of HCO3 which will increases SAR through sequestration of calcium and magnesium ions and consequently decreasing the infiltration rate of soil in long period of time. According to the estimates, the Gypsum Requirement (GR) for alleviating harmful effects of high SARadj level in wastewater is equal to 8.62 ton ha-1. High concentration of macronutrients in the wastewater made it feasible for cultivating industrial and fodder crops such as cotton, barley and halophytes. Boron toxicity in the wastewater is not a limiting factor. The concentration of Na and Cl in wastewater was less than the toxicity threshold of these ions for cotton, sunflower, corn, sorghum, safflower, sesame, etc. The concentration of Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn in the wastewater is under toxicity levels that are recommended by FAO, so these elements do not cause any ionic toxicity for plants.

Due to the increase in water consumption resulting from climate change and rapid population growth, overexploitation of groundwater resources take place particularly in arid regions. This increased consumption and reduced groundwater quality is a major problem especially in arid areas of concern among water resources managers and planners. The use of modern simulation tools to evaluate the performance of an aquifer could help the managers and planners to decide. In this research, finite difference method was used to simulate the behavior of the quality and quantity of groundwater.
Increasing the concentration of salts in the groundwater aquifers intensifies with severe water withdrawing and causes the uplift of salt water in aquifers. This is much more severe in adjacent aquifers of saline aquifers in deserts and coastal areas. Front influx of saltwater into freshwater aquifers causes interference and disturbance in water quality and complex hydro-chemical reactions occurs in the joint border area including the process of cation, groundwater flow, the reduction of sulfate, the reaction of Carbonatic and changes in the dolomitic calcite. Sarayan Aquifer has a negative balance and the annual groundwater table drawdown of 62 cm.
In this study, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) as a groundwater quality factor was simulated to investigate the effect of the overexploitation on the saline interface of desert aquifer using MT3D module of GMS model for a period of 5 years with time steps of 6 months. One of the most important steps of the simulation of groundwater quality is to use qualitative model to predict the groundwater level which in this study were performed by quantitative models in two steady and unsteady flow states with time steps of 6 months The four basic steps of a proper modeling of the groundwater quality are sensitivity analysis of the input parameters, calibration of the sensitive parameters of the model, validation of the time step and groundwater quality forecast for the future periods. These modeling steps were carried out for steady and unsteady states by GMS software.
Aquifer hydraulic conductivity and the specific yield of aquifers were selected as two critical parameters of quantitative model in steady and unsteady states. The model was calibrated based on these two parameters and then using pest method, the value of these parameters was finalized. In order to evaluate the response of the aquifer to different periods of droughts, the verification of the model was conducted during the ten periods. The results show that observed water level has suitable correlation with simulated water level. In the same period, the simulation of water quality for TDS parameter carried out using the results of the quantitative model. After identification of sensitive parameters in the model, calibration of the model was carried out taking into account the factor of 0.5 for the ratio of horizontal to vertical distribution, vertical diffusion length of 0.2, 1 meter for effective molecular diffusion coefficient, and 20 for longitudinal diffusion.
In the total area of the aquifer, the water demand of all sectors are supplied using groundwater resources. This water withdrawal trend exacerbated the decline in groundwater levels and reduced water quality. Also in the southern strip of the aquifer, there is a desert saline groundwater aquifer, which causes the intrusion of salt water to the aquifer and negative effects on its quality. The factors influencing the salinity of groundwater in the Sarayan Aquifer are geological formations, supplying the aquifer from salty formations in the region, evaporation from the shallow part of the aquifer especially in the southern strip that leaves salt and reducing the volume of water, existence of fine soil in the media of groundwater flow. Front influx is from saltwater desert aquifer to the Sarayan Aquifer. Due to the osmotic pressure of the soil layers in the aquifer, the pollutants transferred from the higher concentration to lower concentration and an influx of salt water into the aquifer will occur from outside of the aquifer. Since the direction of groundwater flow is from the north to the south of the aquifer and salt water intrusion is from the south to the north, the velocity of saltwater intrusion dropped so quickly water. However, overexploitation of groundwater and negative aquifer balance caused uplift of the salt water in aquifer.
Review of the result of forecasted TDS concentration in Sarayan Aquifer, shows an increase in TDS concentration. This increase indicates that there is no potential for more water withdrawing in the southern parts of the aquifer by urban and agricultureal sectors. The variaty of TDS changes between 712 mg/lit in the northern strip of the aquifer to 8500 mg/lit in the southern strip shows that due to the increased concentration of TDS, the border area of water users will be changed. The forecasting of the future status of aquifer water quality showed that continuing withdrawing of water intensifies salt water interference from the desert and concentration of TDS will increase during the next 5 years. To manage aquifer quality and quantity, three scenarios of water withdraw reduction were used. The results are shown restoration of the aquifer quality and quantity using these scenarios.
Therefore the result of this research shows that the management of groundwater is necessary to improve the quality of desert aquifers and prevent salt water interference from desert considering recent droughts.

This research was conducted on completely randomized block design in a split plot experiment during 3 years in Hamedan consisting of three levels of irrigation (75%, 100%, 125% water requirement) as main plot and cut off dates of irrigation as sub plot, (current date, a week before and a week after the current date of irrigation in the region) at three replications. Garlic bulbs were harvested 20 days after cut off irrigation and the effect of cut off dates and different levels of irrigation on some qualitative factors during 6 months of storage were measured. The relationship between color, weight loss and sprouting with water - use efficiency were determined at the end of storage duration. Results showed that during storage, pyruvate content, color changes, weight loss and sprouting increased and moisture content of cloves decreased significantly. Pyruvate content, weight loss and spoilage increased and color changes decreased due to the delay of cut off irrigation. The amount of water irrigation showed no significant effect on measured factors. With increasing water - use efficiency, weight loss, spoilage and color changes decreased. Consequently, 75% water requirement with the highest water - use efficiency and cut off date a week earlier than the current date was appropriate for this region.

Wheat flour is known as the best nutrients supplier for human. In this research، the effects of combined application of nitrogen fertilizer، farmyard manure (FYM)، sewage sludge and municipal waste compost on nutrients concentrations of wheat flour (Triticum aestivum cv. Alvand) were studied in a randomized complete blocks design with 15 treatments and three replicates in Agricultural Research Station of University of Tabriz at field conditions. The treatments consisted of T1 (control، without organic and nitrogen fertilizers)، T2 (150 kg urea/ha)، T3 (300 kg urea/ha)، T4 (30 ton municipal waste compost/ha)، T5 (60 ton municipal waste compost/ha)، T6 (30 ton sewage sludge/ha)، T7 (60 ton sewage sludge/ha)، T8 (30 ton FYM/ha)، T9 (60 ton FYM/ha)، T10 (T4 + T2)، T11 (T5 + T2)، T12 (T6 + T2)، T13 (T7 + T2)، T14 (T8 + T2)، and T15 (T9 + T2). At the end of growth period، grain yield and wheat flour nitrogen (N)، phosphorus (P)، potassium (K)، sodium (Na)، copper (Cu)، iron (Fe)، manganese (Mn)، zinc (Zn)، cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) concentrations were measured in different treatments. The results showed that application of 150 and 300 kg urea/ha increased wheat flour P، K، Na and Fe concentrations and grain yield compared to the control treatment. Urea fertilization had no significant effect (P≤0. 05) on flour Zn، Mn and Cu concentrations. Application of FYM، sewage sludge and municipal waste compost with and without urea fertilizer significantly increased grain yield and N، P، K، Fe and Zn concentrations of flour compared to the control treatment. Flour Na concentration was increased by application of organic fertilizers without urea، but was reduced by integration of them with urea. The flour Mn and Cu concentrations were increased by application of FYM and sewage sludge، respectively. The Pb and Cd concentrations of wheat flour were negligible in different treatments. In general، in order to increase nutrients concentrations of wheat flour and improving its quality، application of 150 kg urea and 60 ton manure or municipal compost or sewage sludge per hectare can be recommended at similar conditions.

Surface water quality is influenced by land use changes over time. Taleghan River is one of the branches of Sefidrood, which its water quality is important due to the use of its water in various urban and agricultural lands. Mutually, mentioned land uses have an important influence in water quality of the river over the time. In present study the land use changes during the period 1970 to 2002 in the Taleghan watershed was investigated. Results showed the reduction of irrigated and non-irrigated agricultural lands, by 60.86% and 73.23%, respectively. Rangelands were increased 20.62% in the studied basin. Then, in the study period the process of changing water quality factors were investigated. The results showed that the overall trend of changes were decreasing in TDS, EC, SAR and also amount of anions and cations within the study period.. Assessment of water discharge of the river during the study period with an annual average rate trend, presented no significant change. This issue indicates that there was no effect of water discharge on improving the quality of water trend.. Therefore it could be said that improving water quality in Taleghan River during the study period is attributed to land use changes in the basin.

The experiment in this study was conducted as a completely randomized block design with ten treatments and four replications. Treatments included: To- control, T1- 50g of Zn per tree as broadcast application, T2-100g Zn per tree, broadcast application, T3- 200g Zn per tree as broadcast application, T4- 50 g Zn per tree as band application, T5- 50g Zn per tree, band application, T6-100g Zn per tree as band application, T7- foliar application with concentration of 2kg ZnSO4 in 1000 lit of water, T8- foliar application with a concentration of 3kg ZnSO4 in 1000 lit. water, T9- foliar application with a concentration of 3kg ZnSO4 in 1000 lit. of water. Results of the experiment with Satsuma mandarins indicated that zinc application increases fruit yield and also leaf zinc concentration significantly with the highest yield and leaf zinc concentration coming from treatment T9. The effect of the rates and methods of application of zinc sulfate on fruit was evaluated and reported.

Guilan is a famous province in growing rice in Iran. Recently, due to shortage of water, farmer's desire to use groundwater in order to grow rice in northern part of Iran has been increasing rapidly. The fact that rice is sensitive to water quality, caused concern about rice cultivation sustainability in the area, especially in drought years. This study was done to investigate the spatial variability of some important ground water quality factors including EC, SAR and Na of samples taken from 135 wells over the region during the summer of 2007. First, the accuracy of Kriging (Ok) and Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) with 3 different powers (1, 2 and 3) in mapping the studied parameters were evaluated. Then the final map was presented. The result showed that spherical model gave the best result to simulate the Vriograms. Although negligible difference was observed between the methods, Ok and IDW1 performed better in comparison to the IDW2 and IDW3. The final map showed that Ec in central part of the region, where the Sepidrod River meets the Caspian Sea is dramatically high which will threaten the sustainability of rice cultivation in the area. The other factors were in suitable level.