گل محمدی

Utilization of damask rose in sanitary and medicinal industries change it to valuable and economic goods. In order to investigate the effects of mycorrhizal fungi, plant growth-promoting bacteria and animal manure on yield and growth characteristics of damask rose, a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with four replications was performed in 2014 in Layzgan region of Darab city. The first factor was two levels of animal manure (0 and Two kg of per plant. The second factors was two levels of mycorrhizal fungi (without and with a mixture of three species of mycorrhizal fungi) and the third factor was four levels of plant growth-promoting bacteria (three strains of plant growth-promoting bacteria and no bacteria). The results showed that the effects of animal manure, inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi and inoculation with promoting bacteria had a significant (P < 0.01)) effect on growth characteristics and root colonization of damask rose. Pseudomonas fluorescens had a significant effect on all measured characteristics. Interaction effects of each three factors had the greatest influence on wet and dry weight of flower, height and width of plant, number of flowers pre plant and root colonization which respectively caused the increments of 91, 78.3, 57.3, 34.1, 77.2 and 32.7 percent to control.It was concluded that the simultaneous use of all factors had more positive effects on the improvement of measured characteristics.

Based on proper conditions in terms of climate variability¡ Iran has a great potential in the production of ornamental and medicinal plants. The cultivation of these plants because of numerous features such as the possibility of refining environmental parameters¡ the higher productivity of production inputs¡ exchange intensity low (low needs to Dollar)¡ the possibility of the production out of season¡ value added and job creation and importing of the currency has increased since the late 70’s solar decade. That''s why the government has been done enormous investments to create the necessary infrastructure (construction of greenhouse complex and specialized export terminal and the construction of four flowers and plant terminal in the cities of Tehran¡ Mahalat¡ Dezful and Tonekabon) in order to modify the structure of the system supply and sale of the product¡ recently. Despite the vast diversity of climate and cultivation of medicinal species and the climatic conditions of various decorative and fits in any area in the country¡ a considerable part of it located in arid and semi-arid regions and in terms of the provision of allocation of water resources have limitations. Therefore¡ the need for proper planning in order to optimum use of limited resources of water in the country feel. In this regard¡ one of the most important goals in the domestic cultivation of medicinal plants and decorative is the planning of irrigation for the production of these products. Due to having multiple applications and values such as decorative¡ medicinal and health¡ Rose is one of the plants which has a special place for international trade. Iranian species of this plant is unique in the world. This plant is very resistant to environmental conditions and is well tolerated different weather conditions and water stress. Also¡ compared to the drought-resistant and depending on the area of culture¡ between 7 to 15 days once in the time of flowering and 20 to 30 days once in other periods of growth is irrigated. Increasing development of this plant in agricultural sector particularly in provinces with an arid and semi-arid climate due to the resistance of it to the water deficit conditions can be used as a strategic product in the field of supporting rural economy¡ job creation for youth and villager’s small industries¡ create specific position for Iran. The purpose of this article while reviewing the capabilities of rose as a native plant of the country for compatibility with the rising terms of dryness and drought¡ irrigation management¡ outlining this flower.

Nowadays, due to population increasing and agricultural land loosing, optimum usage is essential, so land susceptibility must be evaluated prior to land suitability. The models generally are the simplified facts of reality which can be applied for determining yield production and site speciation of suitable strata. Geostatistical observations were integrated with GIS to create continuous soil properties maps. Hereby, number of 56 and 15 samples were collected for modeling and geostatistical analysis, as well as testing the accuracy of maps, respectively. Spherical and exponential models were identified as the best fitted models due to higher R2 and lower RMSE. The results revealed that pH, Pabs, clay and CCE in the vast area while EC and CEC in a part of studied area were recognized as limiting factors for Damask rose cultivation. Proper management decisions will be beneficial for improvement of some soil temporary limitations. Correcting of pH in an area of 22 ha (i.e.) may improve the land. Leaching the soil (3.459 ha) with high quality of water is also required to move the salinity with low cost to achieve the best suitable land for purpose. On the contrary of other parameters, clay has limiting impact on 15.83 ha which it is not possible to be corrected.

In this study some vegetative and reproductive characteristics of Rosa damascene under three levels of irrigation water amounts (100, 70 and 40 % potential evapotranspiration) though surface and subsurface drip irrigation systems has been investigated. The investigated morphological characteristics were included the number of branches per plant, shading diameter, plant height, number of blooms, petals weight, fresh weight of one flower, percentage of dry matter of flower and total dry weight. The experiment was performed as a split plots design based on the randomized complete blocks with three replications at Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources of Kerman province (Research Station Joopar) during 2012 and 2013. Results showed that the plant height, number of blooms, fresh weight of one flower, petals weight and percentage of dry matter of flower were not significantly different for the two types of irrigation systems but all plant traits except percentage of dry matter of flower were significantly different under different irrigation management regims. Due to water resources limitation in the study area, the 70% potential evapotranspiration treatment was recognized as the best treatment because having 30% decrease in irrigation water amount, there were only 5.8% and 15% decrease in the number of blooms and the shading diameter, the most effective traits on yield (correlation coefficient = 0.99), respectively.

The effect of two irrigation systems (surface vs. subsurface drip irrigation) on yield، irrigation water use efficiency and percentage of essential oil in Rosa damascene under three levels of irrigating water (100، 70 and 40 % of potential evapotranspiration) has been investigated. The experiment was performed as a split plots design based on randomized complete blocks of three replications at the Research Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources، Kerman Province (Joopar Research Station) during 2012 to 2013. Results indicated that the yield، irrigation water use efficiency and percentage of the rose’s essential oil did not significantly differ for the two types of irrigation systems. The treatment 100% of potential evapotranspiration yielded the highest flower (2716. 93 kg/ha). The highest irrigation water use efficiency (2. 14 kg/(ha. m3)) was found for the 40% potential evapotranspiration treatment. Moreover، the highest percentage of the flower’s essential oil was recorded for the treatment of 70% potential evapotranspiration.

This study was conducted to determine the problems of marketing channels of damask roses and to seek appropriate solutions to enhance marketing efficiency. The results of the study revealed that traditional and industrial rose production lacked the quality demanded by the market. The efficiency index was % 92.9 in traditional and %55 in industrial production. In addition, with regard to the marketing parameters for each type of production, the share of the factors was calculated. So we can conclude that the reducing units have the most important roles in this process. According to the study, traditional units with %47.2 had a greater share compared with the industrial units (%44.5). The results have also shown that production retailer wholesalers and middlemen shares were in the lower ranks respectively. Marketing cost coefficient results showed that %70 of the retailer selling price for 1 kg of the product was related to the marketing costs. The costs for industrial units with high and low capacity were %67.7 and %65.4, respectively.