گندم آبی

The emphasis of policymakers on food security is through increasing the production of strategic products such as wheat. Therefore, the government pays a lot of subsidies for this product. Since labor has a large share in the production of agricultural products, including wheat, the growth of labor productivity can increase the productivity of the total factors and reduce production costs, followed by the cost price. Therefore, the main goal of this study is to analyze the productivity of labor in the production of irrigated wheat in the provinces of Iran in the period 2000-2019. To achieve the goal, partial productivity of labor in irrigated wheat production was measured in 30 provinces and 10 climatic regions based on FAO zoning and then a regression analysis method based on panel data was utilized to determine the factors affecting labor productivity. The results showed that the provinces of Kermanshah, Khuzestan, and Ardabil had the highest labor productivity and Yazd, South Khorasan and Sistan, and Baluchestan provinces had the lowest labor productivity among all the provinces. Econometric tests in regression analysis showed that the best model compatible with panel data is the cross-section fixed effects model with dummy variables of the region and two slope variables. The results showed that the variables of the percentage of improved seeds, percentage of machine use, annual rainfall, and number of annual irrigations in Khuzestan and Caspian coastal regions had a positive and significant effect on labor productivity in irrigated wheat production, whereas, intermediate input (including pesticides and fertilizers) had a negative and significant effect on it. So, it is suggested to increase the level of mechanization and the use of improved seeds, as well as investment in modern irrigation systems, to increase the labor force's productivity in the production of irrigated wheat. Also, the economic amount of poison and fertilizer consumption should be determined more accurately.

Wheat, as the most important product in the food basket of Iranians, providing more than 40 percent of the daily energy of each person, is an irreplaceable and plays important role in cultivation pattern. Due to the position of this crop in food security, investigating the effects of various factors affecting the yield as well as estimating the potential yield and yield gap can significantly help the planning ability of agricultural sector managers. 

In this research, World Food Studies (WOFOST) model was used to estimate the potential yield of irrigated wheat in Qazvin Plain of Iran. The meteorological statistics were converted into the standard unit required by the model using mathematical models, and the field observations were used to calculate yield gap, and also ARCGIS was used for yield gap and actual yield maps generation. 

The model performance was statistically evaluated using coefficient of determination (R2) t-test, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE/RMSEn), Maximum Error (ME) and coefficient of Efficiency (E). The results showed that the WOFOST model had a sufficient efficiency for predicting the concerned indicators. The average potential yield of irrigated wheat in the studied area (2013-2022) was about 8.6 tons per hectare and the yield gap was 51 percent.

Finally, the WOFOST model was evaluated to be accurate and efficient for estimating the potential yield of irrigated wheat in the studied area, and among the known influencing factors on yield, annual rainfall and soil quality effect on potential yield achievement significantly, also the production gap reducing. Therefore, in the future breeding programs for wheat, focusing on cultivars with higher water use efficiency and higher fertilizer use efficiency can ensure a sustainable food security in Iran.

In this study, production efficiency of irrigated wheat were studied. The data of this study were obtained by completing a questionnaire from 104 irrigated wheat farmers in Kesham county, in Afghanistan. In order to analyze the efficiency, DEA method was used. Also, Tobit regression model was used to investigate the factors affecting the yield of irrigated wheat. Based on the results of data envelopment analysis model, the average technical, allocative and economic efficiency of farmers are 0.820, 0.650 and 0.519, respectively. It can be concluded that most of the farmers in this city have high technical efficiency but do not have good economic efficiency. In addition, the results of Tobit regression show that the variable of agricultural cooperatives has a positive and significant effect, the variable of farmer age has a negative and significant effect and the variables of education and farmer experience have a negative effect and farm size has a positive effect on technical efficiency. Therefore, encouraging farmers in agricultural cooperatives will improve the technical efficiency of irrigated wheat production in this city.

Improving productivity to ensure food security is the most important goal of knowledge-based economy policy in Iran. An approach that is felt more and more in line with the challenges facing traditional approaches to production. In this regard, given the importance of wheat as one of the most important strategic products of the country, governments have always sought to improve productivity to ensure food security, through investment in R&D programs. However, success in research is essential to increase productivity. The present study tries to estimate the impact of cumulative benefits of successful breeding research on the total factor productivity of irrigated wheat of Iran during 1996-2017, by calculating the cumulative benefits of breeding research of 10 selected cultivars of Irrigated wheat. For this purpose, first, the total factor productivity index was calculated by the Trinquist-Thiel index. Then, the model of total factor productivity of irrigated wheat was estimated, using Almon Distributed lags Method. The results show that a one percent increase in the cumulative benefits of breeding research of selected irrigated wheat cultivars increases the total factor productivity by 0.19 percent. Also, a one percent increase in the extension investment of wheat varieties increases total factor productivity by 0.03 percent over six periods. Therefore, it is suggested that the improvement of educational and extension programs provide a context for farmers’ acceptance of Improved varieties by raising awareness.

Identifying the impact of consumption of different inputs on agricultural production helps to provide the right information to the policymaker. This study aimed at estimating the production function of two basic products (irrigated and rainfed wheat, and rice) using the three-dimensional spatial panel pattern (product, province and time). The required information was collected for the 30 provinces of Iran in the period from 2006 to 2018; and according to the selection criteria of the production functions, the translog function was selected as the superior function. Due to spatial effects and diagnostic tests, the spatial correlation model was evaluated as the optimal model. The study results showed that the elasticity of cultivated area, consumption of pesticides, tractors and combine harvesters to the production of irrigated wheat, rainfed wheat and rice products was positive and the elasticity of labor, consumption of seeds and fertilizers to the production of these products was negative; in addition, the elasticity of production inputs did not change significantly over time, and the trend of impacts of the production inputs on the production of the studied products was almost constant. Due to the surplus of labor in the production of these three products, the withdrawal of labor from production in this sector should be on the agenda and more investment should be made in investment factors such as combine harvesters and tractors to increase production so that the country can achieve self- sufficiency.

In the present study, the cross sectional data of 2013-14 were from 201 irrigated-wheat producers in Fasa applying multistage random cluster sampling to investigate the effects of energy carriers’ price rising on welfare producers of wheat in the region.The results showed that an increase in price of electricity has stronger impact on increasing the production costs, decreasing production and benefit, and as a result on the welfare of wheat producers than is expected to have from increasing price of gas oil. Therefore, targeted electricity subsidy should be implemented with further considerations. Moreover, to keep the producers welfare unchanged, a 100 percent increase in the price of gas oil and electricity, should be compensated with increasing wheat price to 13340 and 16223 rials per kg. Finally, with increasing returns to scale characteristics of wheat production in Fars province, the government can grant credits to provide conditions for farmers to adopt technology change for optimizing consumption of energy in order to reduce costs or maintain the welfare and as a result to increase production of wheat.

Today, climatic change is known as a key and effective variable on growth in crop yield. This aimed at determining the effect of environmental factors, time trend and places variables on improved genetic of irrigated bread wheat lines in breeding program in different research stations of Iran. The required panel data were collected from 22 locations in breeding program of irrigated bread wheat during 1995-2014. The study was conducted in a stochastic production function of Just and Pope. According to the results, the impact of time trend on mean yield and risk variance of the irrigated wheat lines was estimated positive and significant, improving the annual mean yield by 29 kg/ha. The impact of released year on mean and variance of the irrigated wheat lines was estimated positive and statistically significant as well. The impacts of mean temperature (0C) and amounts of raining (mm) in different seasons on mean and variance of the irrigated wheat lines were estimated significant.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate technical, social and protective effects on the probability of adherence to irrigated wheat cultivars by farmers in Hamedan city. In this study, various factors have been grouped into four indicators having been measured for each beneficiary by using analytic hierarchy process and fitted using a logit model to obtain the relationships between variables. Information needed for this study was collected through the survey and classification sampling. Questionnaires were completed by 153 beneficiaries in Hamadan city in 2015. The results of this study indicated that innovation and technical information, and extension services have the greatest and least impact on possibility of application of modified irrigated wheat cultivars by farmer, respectively. However, government support services ranked the second and farm features and beneficiaries` characteristics ranked the third and fourth, respectively.

Environmental damage caused by agricultural activities has always been a concern for policy makers. Hence, the estimate of the economic value of the damages is very important. The object of this study was to estimate the value of environmental damage of water salinity in Iran’s wheat production in 1999 to 2012. For this purpose, a spatial output distance function has been developed. The results showed that the share of damage due to water salinity was 6.4% of wheat price. 16 percent of this damage was due to adjacency of regions. Also, the growth rate of shadow price of salinity was higher than the price of wheat during the period, which showed the importance of the environmental damage. Determining the shadow price of environmental pollutants can be considered to policy maker for determining the real price of wheat and sustainable cultivation in each province.

Sustainable development of agricultural sector requires appropriate strategies based on the realities. Defining, measuring and analyzing the productivity indices of the strategic wheat product will help to understand the real differences in productivity in the provinces and make the suitable decisions for their economic development. In this paper, the partial productivity indices for measuring the productive efficiency of the sources of wheat production such as water, manpower, resources used in the land preparation stages, planting, and harvesting and total productivity of the production factors are defined. The annual productivity indices are measured for different provinces of Iran between 2006 and 2011. The multiplicity of productivity indicators for different provinces makes it difficult to analyze them. To reduce the number of indicators, the exploratory factor analysis approach is used and a productivity number is calculated for each province. Finally, the clustering approach is used for classifying the provinces based on their similarities in productivity. The results showed that Ardebil and Kermanshah provinces are similar based on partial manpower productivity index and total productivity factor. Mazandaran, Ilam and Hormozgan provinces have the highest water productivity.

Developing and specifying appropriate and practical models for consumption and production economic is one of the most important tasks of applied economics. The present study examines the budget constraints of wheat production in East-Azerbaijan Province by using the «Lewbel» functional form for indirect production function approach. This functional form is generalized functional form of two «Translog» and «Aalmost Ideal Supply System» (AISS) functional form. The data of this research was collected with reference to “Iranian Agricultural Organization” and “agriculture statistical yearbook” for the period 1991-2012. Findings show that using all three functional forms، i. e. Translog، Almost Ideal Supply System (AISS) and Lewbel، Lagrange multipliers are greater than one، which indicates the budget constraints or accessible financial resource constraints for farmers. Budget constraint has caused an output 45. 30 percent lower than the desired level. Rate of technical change is almost equal to zero; implying that on average، technology did not change during the period of studying. All of direct inputs-demand elasticities for irrigated wheat crop are negative and smaller than one، it shows negative relationship between inputs price and quantity. According to economic theory، cost elasticities are positive so that، there is direct relationship between inputs quantity and cost. The consistency of above findings with economical theories confirms the effectiveness of the Lewbel model.

In Urmia county، irrigated wheat yield varies in different regions. The highest and lowest yields are attributed to Nazloo region (6. 58 tons per hectare) and the lowest yield was for Silvana region (2. 77 tons per hectare) respectively. So، the purpose of this study is analysis of management factors impact on irrigated wheat yield in Nazloo and Silvana regions of Urmia county. To this end، by questionnaire for 159 formers using proportionate (number of farmers) classified random sampling method، statistical tests have been done and flexible yield functions have been estimated. The results of the yield functions showed that the highest elasticity related to educational skills index and planning skills index belonged to Nazloo region and the highest soil conservation index and technical skills index belonged to Silvana sector. So it is suggested that the farmers increase the yield in the region by learning the new method، increasing the levels of literacy and participating in extension classes.