عملکرد

Introduction: 

Pre-cultivated plants are types of plants that, after harvesting the economic part, the plant residuals are returned to the soil to increase the organic matter and to improve the next plant’s productivity. The use of plant residues can improve biological health by reducing the chemical inputs used in agriculture. Due to the fact that in dry areas such as North Khuzestan, the role of pre-cultivated plants and the effect of their residues on growth and performance have been studied less, this research can be done in different humidity conditions before planting the main plant, and the effects of plant residues and their role on the qualitative characteristics and organic matter of the soil and the performance of plants such as corn are promising and help farmers and researchers.

 This experiment was conducted in two neighboring farms. In each year, two experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications in two years and two locations. Before planting corn in two fields, cultivation treatments and mixing residues of four plant species, including rice, cowpea, dill, eggplant, and fallow, were used as experimental treatments. After harvesting the pre-cultivation plant, investigate the effect of plant residues on some soil characteristics over time. In order to determine the amount of moisture stored in the soil, in two stages before planting and in the middle of the corn growing season, the percentage of soil moisture by weight was calculated. To determine the organic carbon content in the soil before planting and during the mid-growth stage of the corn plant, organic carbon was oxidized using potassium dichromate in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid, followed by titration with semi-normal ammonium ferrous sulfate in the presence of the ortho phenanthroline reagent (Walkley, 1934). Additionally, soil nitrogen was measured in the laboratory using the Kjeldahl method (Pag et al., 1982).

In both farms, the stability of the soil grains in the second year was higher than in the first year, which is due to the placement of organic materials of plant residues in the structure of the soil grains (Koocheki et al., 2020). Soil stability increased in both farms in the second year, with the difference that the soil stability increased by 64% in WET Planting and 50% in dry Planting. In the first and second years, respectively, there was a 35 and 29% increase in soil moisture compared to the control. The results of this research showed that the positive effect of plant residues in improving the organic matter of the soil after corn cultivation in wet Planting was much higher than that of dry Planting. The rice residues increased the soil organic matter by 51 and 47% in wet Planting and dry Planting. The results of the measurement data before corn cultivation showed a significant increase in the amount of nitrogen in the soil in the second year, and this increase was 55% higher in the field with the method of wet Planting cultivation. The results of the measured data after corn cultivation in the second year showed that the amount of nitrogen in the soil increased, and the intensity of the increase in the field using the wet Planting method was 44% more than the field using the dry method.

 The results of this experiment showed that the apparent specific weight of the soil in the second year, influenced by the use of plant residues, decreased over time. The preservation of plant residues has caused an increase in the amount of nitrogen in the soil, and in wet planting conditions, the intensity of its increase has been 44% more than in DRY Planting conditions. Also, by using plant residues of dill and beans, the amount of phosphorus in the soil increased.

In sustainable agricultural systems, a diverse range of biofertilizers and organic fertilizers, including plant growth-promoting bacteria and humic acid, have emerged as effective alternatives to mitigate the consumption of chemical inputs. In addition to diminishing significant environmental challenges, these fertilizers can minimize adverse effects on human health. This research was designed to investigate the effect of biofertilizers, humic acid (HA) and chemical fertilizers on some growth characteristics, physiological and qualitative traits of rocket leafy vegetables. 

At the University of Kurdistan, a completely randomized design was designed. Treatments included control (no use of fertilizer), AzotoBarvar-1, PotaBarvar-2, PhosphoBarvar-2, AzotoBarvar-1 + PotaBarvar-2, AzotoBarvar-1+ PhosphoBarvar-2, PotaBarvar-2 + PhosphoBarvar-2, AzotoBarvar-1+ PotaBarvar-2 + PhosphoBarvar-2, HA and chemical fertilizer. The traits that were evaluated included yield, biomass, leaf area, photosynthetic pigments, phenol, flavonoid, vitamin C, carbohydrate, nitrate, phosphorus, and potassium content. 

The results of ANOVA showed that the effect of all fertilizer sources on the characteristics investigated was significant. Using HA resulted in the highest yield, biomass, carotenoid, phenol, vitamin C, nitrate, and potassium content. The maximum chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll were observed using the biofertilizer AzotoBarvar-1. Maximum content of carbohydrate, chlorophyll b, flavonoid, phosphorus, and leaf area was recorded in PhosphoBarvar-2, AzotoBarvar-1 + PotaBarvar-2, AzotoBarvar-1 + PhosphoBarvar-2, PotaBarvar-2 + PhosphoBarvar-2, and chemical treatments, respectively. 

The positive effect of biofertilizers and HA on the improvement of rocket plants growth, physiological, and qualitative traits was observed in this research. As a result, this type of fertilizers can be used as one of the most desirable methods to substitute or reduce the use of chemical inputs with the aim of improving soil fertility, producing a healthy crop and also maintaining environmental sustainability for the production of this beneficial leafy vegetable.

Barley is the fourth most important cereal in the world and is considered one of the least expected crops that has adapted and distributed globally due to its resistance to salinity. The growing world's population has expanded the cultivated domain, which caused the utilization of extravagant chemical fertilizers in modern agricultural cropping systems. This approach has not been cost-effective and has caused severe environmental damages like contaminating the underground water and creating unusual salinity in the fields. Therefore, it seems to be essential to replace risky approaches with eco-friendlier methods. In addition, with increasing environmental stress as a result of climate warming, we need to understand better ways to reduce environmental stress for the sustainable production of barley. Mycorrhiza has been introduced as an essential portion of agricultural ecosystems because of its positive effect on the soil texture, growth, and productivity of almost all host plants. This trend is attributed to reduced chemical fertilizer demands. Mycorrhiza enhances the water relations under stress conditions, water and nutrient uptake by augmenting the hyphae network. In this study we aimed to investigate the role of mycorrhizal inoculation in alleviating the detrimental effects of salinity stress on barley. Our hypotheses were: (i) mycorrhizal inoculation can alleviate the detrimental effect of stress at low to medium levels but not at high levels of salinity, and (ii) there is an interaction effect of low levels of salinity and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis lead to higher the performance of barley.

In order to evaluate the effects of Funneliformis mosseae mycorrhiza on morphological, biochemical and yield of barley, one experiment was conducted in research farm of School of Agriculture, Shiraz University. Field experiment was a split-plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Factors included salinity levels (0.4, 4, 8 and 12 dS m-1) as the main factor and the mycorrhiza (with and without) was applied as sub factor.  Data were analyzed by using SAS 9.2 software and the means were separated using LSD test at 5% probability level.

The results of the experiment showed that salinity decreased yield and vegetation traits, including plant height, number of tillers per plant, number of spikes per plant, number of seeds per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, and biological yield. All the measured traits in plants inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi were higher than the non-mycorrhizal plants. The inoculation of plants in most cases improved the effects of stress; i.e., inoculation under high salinity stress (12 dS m-1) increased SOD by 5.7%, CAT by 8.0%, K concentration by 30.8%, K/Na ratio by 131.1%, plant height by 8.1%, number of spikes per plant by 9.4%, number of grain per spike by 6.6%, 1000-grain weight by 4.2%, grain yield by 20.2%, and biological yield by 11.0% compared with non-inoculation plants. Also, Fayaz and Zahedi (2021) reported that mycorrhizal inoculation could promote the growth and salt tolerance of wheat cultivars by improving osmoregulation and antioxidant enzyme activity and reducing the Na+/K+ ratio.

In this experiment, inoculation treatment alleviated the high salinity stress (12 dS m-1) effects in most cases and raised the grain yield and K+/Na+ ratio up to 20.2 and 131.1%, respectively, compared with non-inoculation plants. The results from this experiment showed that Funneliformis mosseae fungi inoculation could promote the growth and salt tolerance of barley by improving antioxidant enzyme activity, and ion homeostasis. In summary, the use of Funneliformis mosseae could reduce salinity damages by improving the physiological and biochemical responses of barley. This study highlighted the potential role of Funneliformis mosseae inoculation, in particular with native strains, as an innovative and eco-friendly technology for a sustainable crop-growing system in arid and semi-arid areas.

One of the crops of the Brassicaceae family, which is regarded as one of the most significant oil plants in the world because of its oil content and ideal fatty acid composition, is canola. Nitrogen is one of the most crucial components that play a role in the synthesis of amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes, chlorophyll, vitamins, secondary metabolites and ATP. Chemical fertilizers used carelessly cause a number of environmental problems, such as groundwater contamination, insect and microbe extinction, and decreased soil fertility. Using biological fertilizers is a crucial step in minimizing the use of chemical fertilizers and preventing the adverse impact caused with their application. Due to its wide range of adaptability to most of the country's climatic conditions, canola, one of the most significant oilseed plants in development, has enormous value in reducing dependence on the import of edible oil. Nevertheless, using biological fertilizers will also significantly reduce the negative environmental effects caused by the excessive use of synthetic inputs, particularly commercial fertilizers, in addition to reducing the use of chemical fertilizers. Due to these reasons, the current study was conducted to determine the best combination for nitrogen with biofertilizers in regards to yield, yield components, and percentage of canola oil.

The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in a farm located in Marand city of East Azarbaijan province in 2019. Experimental treatments include chemical fertilizer at three levels (no application of fertilizer as a control and application of 125 and 250 kg ha-1 of urea) and bifertilizers at four levels (without biofertilizers as a control, application of Azoto barvar-1, Phosphate barvar-2 and the combined of Azotobarvar-1 + Phosphate barvar-2).

Application of different levels of urea fertilizer increased plant height, leaf area, and number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, harvest index, chlorophyll index, plant dry weight, oil percentage, and green cover percentage of canola. However, it had non-significant effect on oil yield. On the other hand, the application of bifertilizers improved plant dry weight, oil percentage and oil yield, but did not have a significant effect on the other studied traits. The interaction effect between chemical fertilizer and biofertilizer had significant effect on the number of seeds and yield of the plant. The highest number of seeds per plant and grain yield was obtained at the combination of biofertilizers with the application of 250 kg ha-1 of urea. Combined use of Azotobarvar-1 + Phosphate barvar-2 biofertilizers with the consumption of 125 and 250 kg ha-1 of urea improved the yield by 42.9% and 81.4%, respectively.

Based on the results of this study, the combined application of Azotobarvar-1 + Phosphate barvar-2  biofertilizers along with nitrogen fertilizer due to the improvement of yield, yield components and oil content can be recommended for profitable of canola production in fields.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the efficiency and sustainability of soybean (Glycine max L.) agricultural ecosystems in the counties of Aq Qala and Aliabad-e-Katul.

The study was conducted in 2018-2019. First, resources were divided into four categories: renewable environmental resources, nonrenewable environmental resources, purchased renewable resources and purchased nonrenewable resources. After determining the inputs and outputs of farms and their emergy equivalent, emergy indices were evaluated. In this study, production systems of soybean were evaluated using emergy indices in counties of Aq Qala and Aliabad-e-Katul (Golestan province), by questionnaires and face to face interview with farmers and managers of farms.  

The total emergy input to soybean farming ecosystems in Aq Qala and Aliabad-e-Katul was 6.21E+16 and 6.42E+16 sej ha-1, respectively. In both agricultural ecosystems, dependence on non-renewable environmental inputs was much more than renewable environmental, renewable purchased and non-renewable purchased inputs, which was due to the large contribution of groundwater and soil erosion from the total emergy input.

Soybean production system in Aq Qala was more favorable in terms of resources use efficiency and environmental and economic sustainability than soybean production system in Aliabad-e-Katul. Implementation of the recommended solutions to reduce the consumption of non-renewable resources in providing purchased inputs, along with awareness, education and encouragement of farmers in this field, is effective in increasing efficiency and environmental and economic sustainability in agricultural ecosystems.

This study was carried out in order to investigate the interaction effect of genotype × environment and to identify the stable genotypes of wheat in the saline areas of the country.

18 selected genotypes from wheat yield comparison experiments along with two control varieties, Narin and Barzegar, in five regions including Birjand, Kerman, Yazd, Zabul and Isfahan on bais randomized complete block design with 3 replications and during two years crop (2019-2021) was evaluated. For grain yield, combined analyses of variance were performed and stability analysis was performed using AMMI multivariate method and GGE biplot analysis in order to identify genotypes that have high yield potential, high yield stability and general compatibility.

Based on the first and second main components of AMMI stability analysis, G19, G5 and to some extent G10 genotypes with the least amount of interaction were recognized as stable genotypes. Based on GGE biplot analysis, G18 and G10 genotypes were among the superior genotypes in terms of yield and yield stability. Also, G18 and G3 genotypes were located at a short distance from the ideal genotype, respectively. This analysis divided the environments into three environmental groups and the genotypes into five genotypic groups. Yazd 1 and 2, Kerman 1 and 2, Birjand 2 and Zabul 2 were in the first group, Isfahan 1 and 2 and Birjand 1 were in the second group and Zabul 1 were in the third group. In the first group, G3, G18, G8, G9, and G10, in the second group, G1 and G2, and in the third group, G16, G17, and G7 genotypes had the highest yield. Therefore, it is possible to introduce G3, G8 and G18 genotypes in Yazd and Kerman regions and G1 and G2 genotypes in Isfahan region as genotypes with private adaptation.

Considering grain yield and yield stability, G18 (Elvira/Milan//Arg) and G3 (DH-209-1557 F3,Vee"s"/Nac//1-66-22/3/Dove"s"/Buc"s"//2*Darab) with a yield of 4.89 and 5.3 tons per hectare respectively, were selected as superior genotypes that can be introduced as new cultivars for regions with saline conditions in the country.

This research was conducted to investigate the kernel yield of six bread wheat cultivars under irrigation cut conditions at two important stages of development and to determine the scope of different irrigation stages on grain yield.

The experiment was conducted as randomized complete blocks design with three replicates under four different conditions (four irrigation regims) across two cropping years. Portable rainout shelters were installed to protect the crop from rainfall during drought stress treatments.

Combined analysis of variance across all environments indicated high significant genotypic and environmental differences for all the traits. Cultivars “Mihan” and “Sirwan” with 8321 and 7722 kg/ha had the highest and lowest kernel yield, respectively. The reduction of kernel yield was 20.27, 27.94 and 14.39% under stem elongation drought stress, terminal drought stress and terminal drought stress irrigated at milk development stage, respectively compared to normal irrigation conditions. The influence of environment on variation of the traits was twice as large as genotype and seven times as large as genotype by environment interaction. Rakhshan and Heydari cultivars were identified as early and late cultivars with 215 and 223 days, respectively.

Current research has improved our knowledge of these six latest popular wheat phenological developments, which can improve water conservation through an efficient irrigation approach based on the sensitivity of the phenological growth stage and their contribution toward final yield. GGE biplot was shown to be more informative than analysis of variance for distinguishing response of cultivars in different environments. The cultivar “Mihan” for incorporating its high potential traits is recommended for future breeding programs under drought stress conditions.

Intercropping is an ecological way of sustainable agriculture used to increase land productivity and crops. Therefore, while considering the necessity of using sustainable agriculture systems and creating diversity in agriculture, this experiment was done with the aims of investigating of growth, yield performance in terms of quantity, and quality and resource utilization efficiency in wheat, soybean and corn intercropping system. The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the Research Farm of Bu–Ali Sina University in the 2019–2020 growing season. Intercropping treatments included 4w:2s (4 rows wheat: 2 rows soybean), 4w:2s:1c (4 rows wheat: 2 rows soybean: 1 row corn), 4w:2s:2c, 6w:3s, 6w:3s:1c, 6w:3s:2c, along with sole plot of wheat, soybean and corn. Leaf area index, crop growth rate, grain yield, biological yield, grain quality, and nitrogen, water and land use efficiency, were evaluated. The effect of different planting patterns on leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), biological yield and grain yield of wheat, soybean and corn were significant. The highest amount for these properties was achieved from sole cropping of these crops. Nevertheless, the evaluation of intercropping indices showed that all the intercropping patterns had an advantage compared to sole cropping system. So that the highest LER (2.23) and the highest water use efficiency were achieved from 6w:3s:2c treatment. In general, 6w:3s:2c treatment can lead to the improvement of total grain yield and WUE as well as ecosystem sustainability and maximum land productivity.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectivity of combination of some integrated weed management methods on yield and yield components of chickpea (Cicer arietimum L.) cv. Bivanij.The experiment was conducted as a factorial in completely randomized block design with 15 treatments each in four replications. The experimental factors included herbicide applications consisting of untreated herbicide, and pyridate; plant densities of 30, 40,and 50plants m-2; and cultivations including uncultivated and cultivated for once. In addition, three full-season handweedings each for corresponding plant density treatment was applied.The dry weight of weed biomass was decreased respectively 95 and 60%, 30 days after pyridate application and cultivation; while using combination of these two methods reduced them up to 99 percent. Pyridate application increased height and grain yield by 1.3 and 2.5 times, and cultivation increased pod number per plant and grain yield by 37and 31%, respectively. In pyridate treated of 30 plants m-2 treatment, the highest pods per plant, seeds number and weight per plant, and plant dry weight were respectively 2.7, 3.1, 3.9, and 2.6 times more than those of untreated pyridate treatments. Seed yield of chickpea with the combined application of pyridate and cultivation at the density of 50plants m-2 did not have significant differences with weed free treatments (all three densities of 30, 40 and 50plants m-2). Integrated application of pyridate and cultivation at the chickpea density of 50 plants m-2 can be beneficial to achieve the desired yield in dryland conditions, and, hence, is recommendable.

Field studies were carried out for two years at the research farm of the Faculty of ‎Agriculture‏ ‏and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. Experiment was conducted as a split plot ‎factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor included drought ‎stress at three levels [irrigation at 80% of field capacity (no stress), irrigation at 65% of field capacity (moderate ‎stress) and irrigation at 50% of field capacity (severe stress)]. Sub factor was combination of external ‎phytoprotectants application at five levels [Distilled water as control, Ascorbic acid (1 mM), Tocopherol (1 mM) ‎‎, Silicon (1 mM) and Zinc NPS (1 mM) and inoculation with phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria at two levels (with ‎and without inoculation)]. ‎The severe water limitation (50% field capacity) compared to non-stress conditions (irrigation at 80% ‎field capacity), led to a significant decrease in wheat yield and yield components. However, the application of ‎organic (ascorbic acid and tocopherol) and mineral (silicon and zinc NPS) phytoprotectants, as well as ‎inoculation with phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria were significant on Chl a, Chl b content and also, leaf area ‎index and increment of the effective compounds in plant tolerance under stress conditions such as carotenoieds, ‎prolin and slouble sugars. under the severe water limitation, ‎application of stress modulators increased grain yield 28, 18.2, 17.3 and 9.3% in compared to no application of ‎stress modulators at the same level of irrigation‎

There are several ways to control weeds in a tomato field.The use of cover crops can be considered a good alternative to unprincipled tillage and the use of herbicides. This research was conducted in the years 2020-2021 in the research farm of Razi University. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cover plants of cluster flower vetch and Iranian clover as pure and combinatorial cultivation on yield and weed control of tomato field. Treatment of 50% vetch residues + 50% clover residues and 100% clover residues were better in control of weeds and tomato yield than control and other treatments. In the control treatment, the lowest tomato yield and weed control were observed. Yield in 50% vetch + 50% clover and 100% clover residues were 67.25 and 66.51 t ha-1, respectively, while the yield in control treatment was 14.43 t ha-1. Weed density in 50% vetch + 50% clover and 100% clover residues was 9 and 8 plants per square meter, respectively, and in control treatment was 30 plants per square meter. Weed density in 50% vetch + 50% clover and 100% clover residues was 9 and 8 plants per square meter, respectively, and in control treatment was 30 plants per square meter. In general, the use of cover crops and their residues in the field can be a good environmental and economic method to control weeds and reduce the use of chemicals in the field.

Mung bean is a suitable plant to enrich the agricultural systems diversity and to benefit from positive ecological effects. A total 47 mung bean lines along with control genotypes (Parto cultivar and 6173 line) were planted in Latis square design (7 × 7) in two replications at three different environments conditions . The most important agronomic traits including grain yield, pods and racemes number per plant and pod length were evaluated and different lines compared to each others. The results indicated existence of diversity in the under-studied lines and emphasized that it would be possible to perform selection the appropriate one for utilization in the future breeding programs. Inconsistent performance of lines across three different environments necessitate that appropriate line selection was done in each environment separately. Generally based on lines performance at three different environments, lines number 24, 25 and 41 from pod length point of view, lines number 23 and 42 from pod number per plant, lines number 43 from grain number per pod and lines number 5, 11 and 42 from raceme number per plant point of view ranked as appropriate lines at all three environments, The high genetic diversity in these lines make possible the introduction of new cultivars and the expanding the cultivated area of this plant at different regions with different climate conditions.

Considering the extensive cultivation of wheat in the drylands of Kermanshah province and the lack of proper management of plant residues by farmers, it is necessary to think of a solution for the proper management of residues and wheat cultivation. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of different tillage systems on soil physical characteristics and quantitative traits of different wheat cultivars in the drylands of Dalahoo region. A split-plot experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Tillage systems (conventional tillage, no-tillage, reduced tillage) were investigated as main plots and 26 wheat genotypes as secondary plots. Soil physical characteristics and wheat yield and yield components were investigated. The results showed the physical characteristics of the soil, the change of soil organic matter, and the yield and yield components of wheat significantly. They were affected by tillage systems, genotype, and interaction effect of tillage in genotype. The results showed that with increasing depth, soil temperature decreased and soil moisture increased. In no-till cultivation, the change of soil organic matter was less than other tillage systems. The highest amount of wheat grain yield (6658 kg/ha) was under the interaction effect of Mirzabey (Durum) genotype (genotype 24) in no-tillage system. Conservation tillage proves the importance of residues on the soil surface in maintaining moisture in drylands, and probably in Dalahoo areas, conservation tillage methods are better for improving yield.

This experiment was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of combined use of organic and biological fertilizers on protein percentage and apparent nitrogen recovery in white beans.

An experiment was conducted as a factorial arrangement of treatment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The first factor included four levels (Control, Inoculation with Azotobacter, Inoculation with Barvar-2 and Inoculation with Azotobacter + Barvar-2) and second factor included four levels (Control, Farmyard manure, Mushroom compost and vermicompost).

The results showed that the highest biological performance was related to Nitroxin without using organic fertilizer and the lowest was related to control. The highest percentage of protein was related to fertilizer 2 + mushroom compost. The lowest percentage of protein belonged to the treatment of not using biological fertilizer and using animal manure. The maximum and minimum of nitrogen consumption efficiency were related to control treatment + animal manure with an average of 36.32 and control treatment + control, respectively. The highest value of apparent nitrogen recovery attribute was related to nitroxin + vermicompost treatment and the lowest value of this attribute was related to control + control.

The application of biological fertilizer and organic fertilizer led to a significant increase in the evaluated traits. Therefore, due to the high costs of preparation and consumption of chemical fertilizers, high wastage and leaching, as well as the harmful environmental effects of these fertilizers,

Drought stress is a major limitation in the production and sustainable performance of plant products, including soybeans, and identifying drought-tolerant genotypes can be a valuable solution in dealing with this problem.

The experiment was conducted in the form of a split plot based on a randomized complete block design in 2019 in Ahar city. The treatments included irrigation levels (1- no stress, 2- stress after flowering, 3- stress after podding) as the main factor and 10 genotype of soybean as secondary factors were implemented in four replications.

With the increase of stress from the flowering stage to the fruiting stage, the yield and yield components decreased due to the increase in the duration of drought stress and showed a decrease compared to the non-stressed conditions.The non-stress treatment (normal) had 11.75% more yield than the stress treatment after podding. Aryan line and DPX variety were selected as superior varieties and Kausar, Parsa and Saba lines were selected as weak lines. Under normal conditions, the trait number of fertile stems was entered into the model, under stress conditions, after flowering, the trait number of stems per plant was entered into the model, and under stress conditions, after seeding, straw and stubble yield traits and seed weight per stem were entered into the model, and the first The variable entered into the model at this level of stress was the yield of straw and stubble,

Intercropping increases production, soil fertility and soil erosion control and generally the optimal use of resources. Thus, different morphological traits, grain yield and the evaluation indexes were evaluated.

Different patterns of Partial Additive intercropping included: 1) intercropping with 50% ratio of basil mobarake cultivar at optimal density of monoculture and optimal density of bean, 2): basil mobarake cultivar 75% and optimal density of bean, 3) basil mobarake cultivar 100% and optimal density of bean, 4) basil tailandi cultivar 50% and optimal density of bean, 5) basil tailandi cultivar 75% and optimal density of bean, 6) basil tailandi cultivar 100% and optimal density of bean, 7) bean monoculture, 8) basil mobarake cultivar monoculture, 9) basil tailandi cultivar monoculture

Results showed the highest yield of bean and basil was recorded in monoculture and highest dry weight, fresh weight, percentage and essential oil yield of basil were observed recorded in monoculture of basil tailandi cultivar at the first harvesting under different intercropping pattern.

According to the Land Equivalent Ratio and Total Relative Value, pattern of optimal bean density and 100% basil tailandi cultivar density was superior than other patterns and more beneficial than monocultures.

Multiple regression analysis and path analysis of maize grain yield with other agronomic traits to determine the most effective traits of the grain yield as well as analysis of genotype×trait interaction using the GGE biplot method, to evaluate the response of the hybrids to normal and water-deficit stress conditions based on the measured traits for determining high-yielding hybrids for both conditions, were carried out. In order to determine superior hybrids under normal and drought stress conditions based on agronomic traits and with the help of genotype×trait biplot analysis and also to determine traits affecting grain yield through multiple regression and path analysis, 18 maize hybrids were evaluated in a split-plot design based on the randomized complete block design in three replications and in two consecutive years.Two levels of irrigation were allocated in the main plots and maize hybrids in the subplots.In the path analysis of the grain yield with other studied traits, the number of kernel rows, the 300-grain weight and the number of grains per row under normal conditions, and the number of kernel rows and the 300-grain weight in the drought stress conditions had significant direct effects on the grain yield.The results of GGE biplot analysis of genotype×trait in both conditions showed that in normal conditions the two first components explained 72/28% and in water-deficit stress conditions 83/60% of the total variance.In both conditions hybrid SC704 was recognized as the ideal genotype.Hybrid SC704 ranked first as the most high-yielding hybrid in both conditions, and hybrid SC647 ranked next.

The present study was conducted to study the effect of different concentrations of Bacillus subtilis on morphophysiological traits of flowers and coriander in two saffron ecotypes in order to determine the appropriate concentration of bacteria.

A factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Zanjan University. Experimental treatments: the first factor of five levels of different concentrations of bacteria(zero, 102, 105, 106, 108 ) and the second factor consisting of two ecotypes (Natanz, Zanjan) were considered.

Different concentrations of bacteria showed a significant effect on all morphophysiological traits measured. The main effect of ecotype also showed a significant effect on the traits at the level of one and five percent, except for the fresh weight traits of stigma, chlorophyll. Based on the results of analysis of variance, bilateral interaction (year × ecotype, ecotype × bacterium) and tripartite interaction (bacterium × year × ecotype) on flower yield and phosphorus content of saffron leaves were significant. Among the ecotypes, Natanz ecotype showed more than Zanjan ecotype in fresh and dry weight of pistachio and its diameter (16.29, 10.99 g and 19.71 mm, respectively).

Considering the effects of Bacillus subtilis on saffron ecotypes, it can be concluded that saffron ecotypes showed different reactions to biofertilizer due to their differences and different growth characteristics. According to the results, the greatest effect of Bacillus subtilis on morphophysiological traits was observed at a concentration of 108 cfu / ml.

This experiment was carried out in 2018 in the Lundville region of Astara for rice crop rotation, different amounts of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers, and varieties and dates of clover planting in the Gilan region. The experiment was evaluated in the form of s split-split plot with a completely randomized block design in three replications. The main factor includes nitrogen fertilizer with potassium at three levels (50, 100, and 150 kg per hectare) and the spreading of clovers in three different stages of rice growth, including after flowering, before harvest, and after harvest as split plot and secondary factors.

The results obtained from the variance analysis of the data showed that different levels of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers, distribution of clovers in different stages of rice growth, and clover cultivars on the height period, yield indices, and harvest index were significant in rice plants. Based on the results of comparing the average effects of treatments, it was observed that the highest yield of paddy per hectare was obtained under the conditions of application of 100 kg/hectare of fertilizer in the stage of spreading clovers after rice harvesting and from Iranian clover variety.

The use of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers along with crop rotation of rice and clover due to nitrogen stabilization and improvement of the soil substrate increased the height of the plant, increased the number of claws, spike length, the weight of 1000 seeds, and finally increased the yield of the rice plant.

Today, the use of medicinal plants as one of the most effective methods in the field of health and business is increasing. Among the required factors, micro-elements elements play a significant role in feeding and increasing of plant yield. In recent years, due to the prevent the harmful effects of chemical fertilizers, the application of biofertilizers has been considered. The present study was conducted to investigate the yield, yield components, and essential oil of the dill plant in response to phosphozist and nitrozist and foliar application of zinc and iron elements. The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments included foliar application with zinc, iron and combined application of zinc and iron, and biofertilizer treatments consisted of application of phosphozist biofertilizer, pbt of nitrozist biofertilizer, combined pbt of phosphozist and nitrozist biofertilizers and control.The results showed that the highest plant height, number of umbels per plant, number of seeds per umbel, percentage and yield of shoot essential oil were achieved from the combined application of nitrozist and phosphozist. There was no significant difference with foliar application of zinc and iron. In terms of grain yield, root dry weight and percentage and yield of grain essential oil, the application of these biofertilizers was significantly superior to other treatments. Based on results, in order to produce more yield, yield components and essential oil in dill, the combined application of nitrozist and phosphozist biofertilizers was identified as the most desirable nutritional treatment.