نیتروژن

 The global population is currently estimated to exceed 8 billion and is projected to reach approximately 10 billion by 2050. To meet the food demands of this growing population, global food production must increase by about 70%. However, several challenges hinder this goal, including changes in agricultural land use, environmental issues, declining soil fertility, water resource shortages, and the slowdown in yield growth of major cereals over recent decades. These challenges undermine the possibility of doubling global food production within the mentioned time frame. Therefore, strategies to increase yield potential and reduce the yield gap are critical components of achieving sustainable food security with minimal environmental harm. The yield gap is defined as the difference between potential yield and actual yield, which often exhibits significant variability. Inadequate agricultural management practices, such as improper planting dates, suboptimal seed rates, insufficient plowing, improper fertilization, nonuse of herbicides, and inefficient irrigation, are the main contributors to yield gaps in grain production.

This study was conducted to estimate the yield gap, identify the factors contributing to it, and determine the contribution of each factor in Lorestan province, covering counties with varying climatic conditions, including Khorramabad, Durood, Kouhdasht and Nourabad. For this purpose, management information from 240 irrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) farms was collected during the 2022-2023 season. The yield gap was determined using the comparative performance analysis (PCA) method.

The results showed that the average yield in the surveyed farms in Khorramabad, Doroud, Kouhdasht, and Nourabad county was 5002, 5563, 4183 and 3333 kg.ha-1, respectively, With improved management, these yields could potentially increase to 10936, 11815, 6218 and 10936 kg.ha-1. Based on the findings in Nourabad, the most influential factors in the yield gap were the amount of phosphorus fertilizer used (1004 kg.ha-1), number of plowing operations (320 kg.ha-1), amount of manure used (60 kg.ha-1) and harvest date (202 kg.ha-1). In Kouhdasht the yield gap was primarily due to the number of irrigations (1049 kg.ha-1), nonuse of pesticide (353 kg.ha-1), use of the Kouhdasht variety (463 kg.ha-1), and lodging (170 kg.ha-1). In Doroud, the use of Talaee variety (1951 kg.ha-1), number of top-dress fertilizer applications (1598 kg.ha-1), inclusion of corn in crop rotation (1083 kg ha-1), farmer's background (826 kg.ha-1), nonuse of herbicide (82 kg.ha-1), and farm area (469 kg.ha). In Khorramabad, sugar beet rotation (3246 kg.ha-1), number of irrigations (1269 kg.ha-1), planting date (841 kg.ha-1), pre planting irrigation (463 kg.ha-1), nonuse of herbicide (40 kg.ha-1), lodging (74 kg.ha-1) were identified as key contributors to the yield gap.

The yield gap ranged from 1587 kg.ha-1 (32%) to 6252 kg.ha-1 (53%). The main factors contributing to the yield gap due to suboptimal management included the frequency of top-dress fertilizer applications, number of irrigations, crop cultivar selection, crop rotation practices, herbicide use, pest and weed control, as well as the amount and application methods of chemical fertilizers. The achievable yield gap across the studied climates and counties was estimated to range from 1,586 to 5,002 kg.ha⁻¹. Assuming an average achievable yield gap of 3000 kg.ha-1, and considering the area under irrigated wheat cultivation in the province, optimizing management practices could result in an annual wheat production increase of 148488 tons. This increase corresponds to approximately 80% of the province’s irrigated wheat production and 42% of its total wheat production. Since variables such as crop rotation, use of appropriate cultivars, number of irrigations, number of plowings, and planting date have a greater impact on the yield gap, optimizing these factors can significantly boost irrigated wheat yields. Considering the cost–income ratio, such optimizations would also be more profitable for farmers in the studied counties.

Introduction: 

Pre-cultivated plants are types of plants that, after harvesting the economic part, the plant residuals are returned to the soil to increase the organic matter and to improve the next plant’s productivity. The use of plant residues can improve biological health by reducing the chemical inputs used in agriculture. Due to the fact that in dry areas such as North Khuzestan, the role of pre-cultivated plants and the effect of their residues on growth and performance have been studied less, this research can be done in different humidity conditions before planting the main plant, and the effects of plant residues and their role on the qualitative characteristics and organic matter of the soil and the performance of plants such as corn are promising and help farmers and researchers.

 This experiment was conducted in two neighboring farms. In each year, two experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications in two years and two locations. Before planting corn in two fields, cultivation treatments and mixing residues of four plant species, including rice, cowpea, dill, eggplant, and fallow, were used as experimental treatments. After harvesting the pre-cultivation plant, investigate the effect of plant residues on some soil characteristics over time. In order to determine the amount of moisture stored in the soil, in two stages before planting and in the middle of the corn growing season, the percentage of soil moisture by weight was calculated. To determine the organic carbon content in the soil before planting and during the mid-growth stage of the corn plant, organic carbon was oxidized using potassium dichromate in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid, followed by titration with semi-normal ammonium ferrous sulfate in the presence of the ortho phenanthroline reagent (Walkley, 1934). Additionally, soil nitrogen was measured in the laboratory using the Kjeldahl method (Pag et al., 1982).

In both farms, the stability of the soil grains in the second year was higher than in the first year, which is due to the placement of organic materials of plant residues in the structure of the soil grains (Koocheki et al., 2020). Soil stability increased in both farms in the second year, with the difference that the soil stability increased by 64% in WET Planting and 50% in dry Planting. In the first and second years, respectively, there was a 35 and 29% increase in soil moisture compared to the control. The results of this research showed that the positive effect of plant residues in improving the organic matter of the soil after corn cultivation in wet Planting was much higher than that of dry Planting. The rice residues increased the soil organic matter by 51 and 47% in wet Planting and dry Planting. The results of the measurement data before corn cultivation showed a significant increase in the amount of nitrogen in the soil in the second year, and this increase was 55% higher in the field with the method of wet Planting cultivation. The results of the measured data after corn cultivation in the second year showed that the amount of nitrogen in the soil increased, and the intensity of the increase in the field using the wet Planting method was 44% more than the field using the dry method.

 The results of this experiment showed that the apparent specific weight of the soil in the second year, influenced by the use of plant residues, decreased over time. The preservation of plant residues has caused an increase in the amount of nitrogen in the soil, and in wet planting conditions, the intensity of its increase has been 44% more than in DRY Planting conditions. Also, by using plant residues of dill and beans, the amount of phosphorus in the soil increased.

Introduction:

Rice is a staple and valuable grain that is the main source of food for over 50 percent of the world's population after wheat (Lopez et al., 2019; Jabran and Chauhan, 2015). Rice production should increase by over 50 percent by 2050, which can be realized by improving its cultivars and applying sound agronomic management practices (Esfahani et al., 2005; Asadi et al., 2016). Nitrogen (N) is a key macroelement that is decisive for plants, but it is deficient in most farms. N fertilizer is applied chemically, organically, and biologically (Moslehi et al., 2015).

This research was conducted as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at two sites at the experimental farm of Islami Azad University of Lahijan (the village of Tustan) and Kateshal farm in 2018-2019. The study site (Lat. 36°55' N., Long. 45°20' E. (first location) and Lat. 37°21' N., Long. 50°18' E. (second location)) has a temperate and humid climate with a 10-year mean annual precipitation of 1150 mm (Guilan Meteorological Quarterly, 2020). Table 1 presents the meteorological data of the region during the experiment. Before the experiment, the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil at the study site were measured in the laboratory of the Water and Soil Department of Rice Research Center. The experimental factors included organic, chemical fertilizer, and control as the three levels of the first factor and urban waste compost, biochar, and Azolla, and control as the four levels of the second factor. Statistical analysis of data, data conversion, and drawing of graphs and charts were done using SAS 9.2 and Excel 2010 software. The averages obtained were statistically compared with each other using Tukey's test and at the probability level of 5%.

The simple effects of the chemical, organic, and organic nutritional systems were found to be significant (P < 0.01) on grain yield. Based on the comparison of data means for both research farms, the highest grain yield of, on average, 3699 kg/ha was obtained from the treatment of chemical fertilizer and biochar, and the lowest one of 2209 kg.ha-1 (40% lower than its maximum counterpart) from the control (unfertilized) treatment. Among the subplots, the biochar treatment was the most effective, and the control (unfertilized) was the least effective in this trait. The treatments that were fertilized with chemical N fertilizer produced more panicles per plant than the treatments that weren’t. Among the sub-plots, the highest number of panicles per plant was related to the biochar treatments under no-fertilization, ecological, and chemical conditions, and the lowest number to the control (unfertilized treatment). The plants treated chemically and ecologically in the presence of biochar were the tallest, growing to a height of 127 and 124 cm, respectively, whereas the lowest plant height was 108 cm, related to the control (unfertilized plants).

The use of organic fertilizers alone or in combination with chemical fertilizers, in addition to improving the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of rice, has a positive effect on the sustainability of production and preservation of the environment. The results of this research showed that the application of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar, in addition to optimizing the application of fertilizer, increased the yield of rice. It was also found that the consumption of biochar caused an increase in traits related to grain yield. The role of biochar was evident in the significant change of the studied traits of Hashemi rice in the main treatments (control, ecological, and chemical). Therefore, it is recommended to use biochar along with chemical fertilizer in order to maintain yield, prevent biological pollution and increase soil and rice fertility.

One of the crops of the Brassicaceae family, which is regarded as one of the most significant oil plants in the world because of its oil content and ideal fatty acid composition, is canola. Nitrogen is one of the most crucial components that play a role in the synthesis of amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes, chlorophyll, vitamins, secondary metabolites and ATP. Chemical fertilizers used carelessly cause a number of environmental problems, such as groundwater contamination, insect and microbe extinction, and decreased soil fertility. Using biological fertilizers is a crucial step in minimizing the use of chemical fertilizers and preventing the adverse impact caused with their application. Due to its wide range of adaptability to most of the country's climatic conditions, canola, one of the most significant oilseed plants in development, has enormous value in reducing dependence on the import of edible oil. Nevertheless, using biological fertilizers will also significantly reduce the negative environmental effects caused by the excessive use of synthetic inputs, particularly commercial fertilizers, in addition to reducing the use of chemical fertilizers. Due to these reasons, the current study was conducted to determine the best combination for nitrogen with biofertilizers in regards to yield, yield components, and percentage of canola oil.

The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in a farm located in Marand city of East Azarbaijan province in 2019. Experimental treatments include chemical fertilizer at three levels (no application of fertilizer as a control and application of 125 and 250 kg ha-1 of urea) and bifertilizers at four levels (without biofertilizers as a control, application of Azoto barvar-1, Phosphate barvar-2 and the combined of Azotobarvar-1 + Phosphate barvar-2).

Application of different levels of urea fertilizer increased plant height, leaf area, and number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, harvest index, chlorophyll index, plant dry weight, oil percentage, and green cover percentage of canola. However, it had non-significant effect on oil yield. On the other hand, the application of bifertilizers improved plant dry weight, oil percentage and oil yield, but did not have a significant effect on the other studied traits. The interaction effect between chemical fertilizer and biofertilizer had significant effect on the number of seeds and yield of the plant. The highest number of seeds per plant and grain yield was obtained at the combination of biofertilizers with the application of 250 kg ha-1 of urea. Combined use of Azotobarvar-1 + Phosphate barvar-2 biofertilizers with the consumption of 125 and 250 kg ha-1 of urea improved the yield by 42.9% and 81.4%, respectively.

Based on the results of this study, the combined application of Azotobarvar-1 + Phosphate barvar-2  biofertilizers along with nitrogen fertilizer due to the improvement of yield, yield components and oil content can be recommended for profitable of canola production in fields.

The experiment was performed to investigate the effect of different sources of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of linseed Norman variety.

The experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with 13 treatments in 3 replications in April 2012 in farm of Yasouj university. Experimental treatments during : T1-control (without fertilizer application), T2- application of 90 kg.ha-1 urea, T3- application of 10 tons.ha-1 of vermicompost, T4- application of 5 tons.ha-1 of vermicompost, T5- application of Barvar1 biofertilizer (containing sAzotobacter (100 g.ha-1) T6- application of biofertilizer nanoparticles of zinc, copper, iron and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (1 kg.ha-1), T7- application of 45 kg.ha-1 urea + 5 tons.ha-1 of vermicompost, T8- application of 45 kg.ha-1 of urea + Barvar1 biofertilizer, T9- application of 45 kg.ha-1 of urea + nano biofertilizer, T10- application of 5 tons.ha-1 of vermicompost + nano biofertilizer, T11- application of 5 tons.ha-1 of vermicompost + Barvar1 biofertilizer, T12- application of 45 kg.ha-1 of urea + 5 tons.ha-1 of vermicompost + biofertilizer Barvar1, T13- application of 45 kg.ha-1 of urea + 5 Tons.ha-1 of vermicompost + nano biofertilizer.

The results showed that different fertilizer treatments caused a significant increase in morphological traits, yield and yield components, biological yield, oil yield and protein percentage of linseed compared to the control.

Most macronutrient accumulation occurs in tree leaves and there is a strong relationship between leaf nutrient change and tree decline. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in leaf nutrients in healthy and withered trees in the forests of Marivan and Sarvabad county in Kurdistan province. For this purpose, Garan (Marivan) with declining trees were selected as unhealthy site, while Dezli (Sarvabad) was determined as a control site containing heathy trees. In both sites, trees were selected on the northern and southern slopes, where five healthy trees and five withered trees (totally, 30 trees including 10 trees in control and 20 trees in declining stands) were selected and numbered. 20 leaves were harvested from the four sides of a tree crown in the first week of August 2019 and 2020. The concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were measured using digestion method. Due to the normality of the data, one-way analysis of variance, Duncan and paired t-test were used to analyze these data. The results showed that the amount of N in the decline site was higher than that in the control site. In contrast, leaf P and K contents in tress of control was significantly higher that decline stands. and potassium elements, the amount of these elements in the control mass was higher than the decaying mass and had drought. The highest reduction of N and P were observed in withered trees in the northern and southern slopes and one-way analysis of variance test confirmed the significance of the difference between K (2019) and P (2020) in the six groups of studied trees. On the other hand, changes in leaf nutrients between 2019 and 2020 demonstrated a decreasing trend for N and P and an increasing trend for K, where the paired t-test confirmed the significant change in nutrients of tree leaves in two consecutive years. To improve P and K in decline trees, foliar application of these macronutrients could be suggested in a short-time period, and in the long run, susceptible ecosystems should be rehabilitated by reforestation with rainwater catchment system and protection systems.

To evaluate the effect of biofertilizers and nitrogen levels on agronomic traits and nitrogen efficiency indices of corn

This experiment was performed during 2016 and 2017 in the Animal Science Research Farm of Alborz Province as a split plot and in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental factors include nitrogen fertilizer at four levels (0, 50, 100, 200 kg.ha-1) as the main plots and biofertilizer at eight levels (no inoculation, Aztobacter, Mycorrhiza, Azospirillum, Aztobacter + Mycorrhiza, Aztobacter + Azospirillum, Mycorrhiza + Azospirillum, Mycorrhiza + Azotobacter + Azospirillum) as sub-plots were considered.

The results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of nitrogen fertilizers on forage yield was significant. The results showed that increasing nitrogen application to 200 kg.ha-1 increased forage yield. The use of biofertilizers, either alone or in combination in all nitrogen fertilizer applications, increased forage yield. But the combined effect of biofertilizers had the greatest effect. However, the increase in yield was higher at lower levels of nitrogen fertilizer, especially in the control treatment (no nitrogen application). The highest nitrogen agronomical efficiency was observed in the treatment of 50 kg.ha-1 and in this case, the difference between the biofertilizer treatments was more obvious, so that the combined use of biofertilizers had the highest nitrogen agronomical efficiency.

Combined application of biofertilizers with less nitrogen fertilizer (100 kg.ha-1) can improve the nitrogen use efficiency in corn production while achieving acceptable grain and forage yield.

Tillage intensity and tillage system can affect biological, physical, and chemical properties of the soil. Suitable soil management is essential to achieve sustainable agricultural production especially in drought-prone regions. More application of machineries in a tillage system will result in more soil compaction which in turn increases soil bulk density and decreases its air and water permeability. Additionally, it has been well documented that the compact soil hampers the downward growth of the crop roots. The soil with good physical quality will provide aeration and water as well as non-impeditive mechanical resistance for root proliferation. Moldboard plowing is currently applied in around 65% of tillage practices although the agricultural extension services have tried to convince farmers to apply reduced tillage system by replacing moldboard plow with chisel plow to mitigate adverse effects of moldboard plowing especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Conservation tillage practices, especially reduced tillage, have been introduced to Iranian farmers since 1999. Mycorrhiza is the product of an association between a fungus and plant root that enhance the tolerance levels of plants against the drought, salinity and high heavy metal contents. The aim of the present study were to evaluate the effects of tillage systems, nitrogen levels, and mycorrhiza inoculation on yield and yield components of mung bean and soil criteria.

The experiment was conducted in Darehshahr research field in two growing seasons (2017 and 2018). The experimental layout was split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments consisted of three tillage systems as conventional, conservation and no tillage as main plot, four nitrogen levels including 0% (as control), 33%, 66% and 100% of recommended fertilizer as sub plot, and two levels of mycorrhiza fungi inoculation (Contains arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi of Glomus mosseae strains, counting 107 to 108 (CFU / g.) Prepared by Soil and Water Research Institute) (no symbiosis (as control) and with symbiosis) as sub-sub-plot. Studied traits were yield components (such as 1000-seed weight, No. of seeds per pod, No. of pods per plant), seed yield and harvest index of mung bean and moisture content, cone index and organic carbon percent of soil. For analysis of variance SAS 9.4 was used. All the means were compared according to Duncan test (p≤0.05).

The results revealed that the highest 1000-seed weight (57.48 g) was obtained from no-tillage and the highest number of seeds per pod (10.64 seeds per pod) and the number of pods per plant (61.04 pods per plant) were obtained from conservation tillage. The highest seed yield was obtained from conservation tillage + application of 100% N fertilizer with 2941 kg.ha-1. The highest seed weight, number of seeds per pod, and number of pods per plant were obtained from 66% N fertilizer application. Mycorrhiza inoculation increased harvest index, seed yield and its components. The soil bulk density in the no-tillage system had the highest value. The maximum and the minimum soil moisture contents were observed for non-tillage and conventional tillage systems, respectively.highest soil cone index (2.25 MPa) was obtained from no-tillage and 66% N fertilizer and the lowest (1.07 MPa) was for conventional tillage system+ without nitrogen application. The highest and the lowest soil organic carbon were related to no-tillage and conventional tillage systems with 0.68% and 0.32%, respectively.

In general, the conservation tillage system+ application of 66% N fertilizer and inoculation with mycorrhiza had a relative advantage impact on yield and related traits. In addition, the soil physical traits and organic carbon content were improved affected as declined tillage systems. The long-term field experiment points out the beneficial impacts of reduced tillage and no tillage systems that, in addition to preserving both soil physical (such as cone index) and chemical criteria (and organic carbon), fertility and biological activity, could increase yield and exhibit a comparable yield over a long-term period as in conventional plough. Currently, there is no mung bean variety appropriate to Iran. Improving some varieties with higher yield which are tolerant to warm climate and water deficiency seems essential to improve the sustainability of local seed production. Investigating into the effect of mung bean tillage and fertilizer consumption on the weed type and density is also suggested for future studies.

Application of organic fertilizer is a major approach to managing soil fertility and plant nutrition which can alleviate chemical contaminations, preserve soil biodiversity and the quantitative and qualitative yield of crops expected to be increased in sustainable agricultural systems. Consequently, demand for organic products has increased due to health and sustainable environment consideration, particularly for medicinal products. Intercropping is the cropping system of growing two or more crops simultaneously in the same field and is a sustainable method for increasing crop production compared with sole crop. The main objective of the study was to determine the effect of vermicompost and intercropping patterns on seed yield and macro and micronutrients uptake of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.). 

In order to compare the different intercropping patterns of fennel and faba bean under the application of vermicompost fertilizer, a field experiment was conducted as factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Urmia, Iran, during the growing season of 2018. The first factor consisted of six cropping patterns including sole cropping of fennel and faba bean, one row of fennel+ one row of faba bean, two rows of fennel+ two rows of faba bean, three rows of faba bean+ two rows of fennel, four rows of faba bean+ two rows of fennel) and the second factor included the non-application and application of vermicompost (10 t ha-1).Plant samples were digested according to Jones and Case (1990) procedure. Seeds of faba bean and fennel were analyzed for macro- and micronutrients. In addition, Area Time Equivalent Ratio (ATER) was calculated to determine the advantages of intercropping. The analysis of variance was performed using SAS 9.4 software. Means were compared using Duncan's test at the 5% probability level. 

The results showed that the effect of cropping pattern on all measured traits was significant. The results revealed that the seed yield of fennel and faba bean increased following the application of vermicompost fertilizer. Moreover, concerning the effect of cropping patterns, the highest seed yield of fennel (2568.33 kg.ha-1) and faba bean (2851.67 kg.ha-1) were obtained in the sole cropping of these two plants. The higher production in fennel and faba bean sole cropping may be due to the less disturbance in the habitat in homogeneous environment under sole cropping systems. The highest amounts of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn were obtained in the treatments of intercropping and vermicompost application. The higher concentrations of nutrients in intercropping pattern could be explained by increasing root exudation and also better use of available resources that increased the accessibility of nutrients for component plants. The highest ATER (1.14) was obtained in the three rows of faba bean+ two rows of fennel intercropping system fertilized with vermicompost. According to the ATER, it seems that three rows of faba bean+ two rows of fennel under the application of vermicompost was suitable for increasing productivity and making the best usage of environmental resources in order to achieve an optimal production, decrease costs and dependence on external inputs, and reducing pollution and environmental pressures on sustainable agricultural systems. 

In general, the results of this experiment showed that the faba bean and fennel yield were influenced by different intercropping patterns and vermicompost. The highest seed yield for both plants (faba bean and fennel) were obtained in sole cropping. In the present study, the application of vermicompost could improve the yield of faba bean and fennel and nutrient uptake. It seems that the use of vermicompost in intercropping is one of the suitable strategies for achieving optimal yield with minimum inputs, which in the long term can reduce the need of chemical inputs for cropping systems.

Catnip (Nepeta cataria L.) is one of the most important medicinal plants belonged to the Lamiaceae family that referred to considerable pharmacological, antimicrobial, antibacterial and pesticides activities of its essential oil in most of the literatures. The harmful effects of chemical fertilizers on the environment and human health and lack of soil organic matter in arid and semi-arid regions have resulted in an increase in the use of chemical fertilizers in these areas.Excessive use of these fertilizers has led to serious environmental pollutions during the last decades. With respect to the hazards of chemical fertilizers and the importance of medicinal plants, researchers have recently considered the application of biofertilizers and organic materials. According to literatures, the application of biofertilizers and organic fertilizers can be recommended as a proper alternation for the improvement of the quantity and quality of essential oil in Catnip.

This research was conducted as factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at the research farm of the faculty of agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran. The first factor was included fertilizer treatments in five levels (Control (C), Azetobarvar-1 (Az), Phosphatbarvar-2 (Ph), Combination of Az and Ph (M), chemical fertilizer (Ch) included 150 kg.ha-1 granular urea (46% N) and 100 Kg.ha-1 triple superphosphate (46% p < sub>2O5)) and the second factor was comprised humic acid in two levels (0 and 20 Kg.ha-1). The studied traits in this research included soil microbial respiration and biomass carbon and soil organic matter contents, leaf nitrogen and phosphorus amounts, number and size of secretory trichomes, essential oil content, yield and composition. Leaf nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were measured at the beginning of reproductive stage by Kjeldahl method and colorimetric method using a UV-2100-Unico spectrophotometer, respectively. Moreover, the soil microbial respiration and soil biomass carbon were determined by alkali absorption and the fumigated extraction, respectively, and soil organic matter was estimated by the modified Walkly and Blackʼs methods. Furthermore, the number and size of secretory trichomes was registered using Binocular microscope and essential oil was extracted by Clevenger-type apparatus and analyzed using GC and GC-MS at full bloom stage.

According to the results, the sole application of fertilizer treatment was positively affected on soil microbial respiration and biomass carbon, leaf nitrogen and phosphorus contents. The number and size of secretory trichomes, essential oil content and yield and essential oil composition were significantly influenced when fertilizer treatments and humic acid were applied simultaneously. The highest amount of soil microbial respiration as well as biomass carbon was detected in M and the lowest was observed in control. The application of Ch and humic acid was significantly improved the soil organic matter. However, no significant difference was found between these treatments and biofertilizers treatments. The lowest amount of soil organic matter was detected in control. The maximum content of leaf nitrogen element was observed in plant treated by Ch and minimum was registered in control. The highest level of leaf phosphorus element, the size of secretory trichomes and essential oil content were obtained when Ph was applied while there was no significant difference between this biofertilizer and Ch and M. The maximum number of secretory trichomes and essential oil yield was detected in plant treated with M. The most amounts of isomers 1 and 2 of nepetalactone and caryophyllene oxide was observed in Az, Ch and control, respectively, and least was in control, Ph and Ch, respectively. The highest level of trans- caryophyllene and (E,E)–Farnesene  was obtained in the oil of plant treated with M+ and Ch+ and lowest detected in Az+ and Ch-.

According to the results, to improve the quantity and quality of Catnip essential oil, the application of biological fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers is recommended and further research is also required to investigate both the effects of applying humic acid alone and in combination with biofertilizers on some traits.

Intercropping systems are one of the sustainable agricultural systems that defined as growing two or more plants simultaneously, lead to the use of more resources efficiently of nutrient water and land, improving plant productionIntercropping, as a new green revolution, is a sustainable strategy for the development of food production due to the lesser reliance of chemical fertilizer inputs compared with monocultures. In intercropping systems, plant nutrient uptake could improve the physical, chemical, and biological soil properties and higher nutrient mobilization in the rhizosphere. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) are preferred biofertilizers over other myriads of microorganisms that inhabit the interface between plant and soil. They are ubiquitous soil inhabitants and form the largest group which is predominantly associated with crops. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can considerably improve plant growth, nutrients uptake, and transport, especially phosphorus, water status, and chlorophyll content. Previously studies demonstrated that higher productivity with AM fungi's application was attributed to higher nutrients availability such as P, K, Ca, Mg, etc. Thus, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of barley's different intercropping patterns with grass pea and symbiosis with AM fungus on the forage yield and nutrients absorption, including N, P, K, Fe, Zn, Mn, Ca, and Mg.

In order to investigate the forage nutrients content and in intercropping of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) with grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) under application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, a field experiment was performed as a factorial layout based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with ten treatments and three replications at the faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Iran, during 2017. The first factor included different planting patterns (monoculture of barley, monoculture of grass pea, 75% grass pea+ 25% barley, 50% grass pea+ 50% barley, 25% grass pea+ 75% barley), and the second factor was inoculated and non-inoculated with Glomus intraradices fungus. All data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) using MSTAT-C statistical software. The Duncan's multiple range test was used to compare means at a 5% probability level.

This study demonstrated that the macro and micronutrient content were significantly affected by different cropping patterns with the application of AM fungi. The greatest barley forage yield belonged to inoculated barley monoculture. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the inoculated barley forage yield in monoculture was 47.48% more than the non-inoculated. The highest grass pea forage yield was achieved in monocultures and followed by a ratio of 75% grass pea+ 25% barley symbiosis with mycorrhizae fungus. Also, the highest nutrient content was achieved in grass pea monoculture with the application of AM fungi. Between different intercropping patterns, the highest nutrients content was obtained in the 75% grass pea+ 25% barley with the application of AM fungus. The higher nutrients uptake was attributed to increasing the absorption surface and improving nutrients availability with the application of AM fungi. Also, Varma et al. (2018) reported that the application of AM fungi in intercropping systems increased the transfer of the nutrients, especially nitrogen, to component plants that resulted in higher nutrients uptake in plants. These authors also reported that the higher nitrogen content with the application of AM fungi attributed to the higher activity of nitrate reductase and dikinase glucan enzymes that resulted in higher nitrogen availability for plants.

According to the results of this research, intercropping treatments of barley/grass pea with Glomus intraradices considerably influenced by the absorption of nutrients and forage yield. The content of concentration nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium iron, zinc, manganese, magnesium, and calcium were highest at all intercropping patterns coincided with the application of mycorrhiza fungi than the non-inoculated monoculture of barley. Also, between different intercropping patterns, the highest nutrients content was obtained in 75% grass pea+ 25% barley pattern accompanied by application of mycorrhiza that suggested as a better pattern to achievement high-quality forage for farmers. Therefore, intercropping of barley/grass pea with the application of mycorrhizae can improve forage quality of barley and grass pea from the point of view concentration of nutrients and were influential in production forage with high quantity.

The present study was performed to investigate the effect of growth media and humic acid on growth, flowering and vase life of lilium.

The experiment was conducted as factorial in completely randomized design with four replications.The first factor was wood chip compost (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) and the second factor was humic acid at three levels (0, 250, 500 mg L-1). The control treatment consisted of peat moss + perlite (2: 1 V/V).

The results showed that the effect of growing media, humic acid and their interaction on stem height was significant. The highest stem height was observed in control medium at concentrations of 250 and 500 mg L-1 humic acid. The effect of media on the number of buds was significant. The highest number of buds was obtained in 25% and 75% of compost. The highest vase life was obtained in 100% compost and 500 mg L-1 humic acid. The lowest vase life was obtained at control treatment and 0 mg L-1 humic acid concentration. The highest amount of calcium was observed in 75% of compost and 500 mg L-1 humic acid. The highest leaf nitrogen was obtained in 100% compost and 500 mg L-1 humic acid.

According to the results, wood chip compost and humic acid are effective in improving the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of lilium and can be substituted for peat moss.

Use of chemical fertilizers is an essential component of modern farming and about 50% of the world’s crop production can be attributed to fertilizer use. Sustainable production of crops cannot be maintained by using only chemical fertilizers and similarly it is not possible to obtain higher crop yield using organic manure alone. A balanced fertilization is needed to obtain optimum potential yield. The continuous imbalanced use of chemical fertilizers is creating complexity in our soils and the soil health is deteriorating. Application of municipal solid waste compost (MSW) is commonly applied to the soils to improve their physical, chemical and biological properties. Soil amendment with MSW is very useful for agricultural crop production. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the world’s leading cereal crop both in area and production and about two-third of people of our planet live on it. It plays an important role in diet of human being as well as in industrial uses. The present study was conducted to better understand the effect of MSW and chemical fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative yield of irrigated wheat in kermanshah condition.

In order to study the effects of municipal solid waste compost (MSW) and chemical fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative yield of Bahar wheat cultivar, a field experiment was conducted with chemical fertilizers at four levels (0, conventional farmers, based on soil test and 25% lower than the soil test), and MSW at four levels (0, 10, 20 and 30 ton.ha-1) in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replications in Kermanshah region during 2014-2015.Prior to sowing, MSW and chemical fertilizers was applied and mixed thoroughly with the soil. Before planting, combined soil sample from a depth of 0–30 cm was collected to determine some soil chemical properties.Plots were designed with 4 ×4 m, 1 m apart from each other., 1.5 m alley was kept between blocks. Wheat seeds (var. Bahar) were planted 2.5 cm apart from each other. During the growth and development stages, plots were irrigated based on the crop water requirement. Irrigation method was sprinkler. Grain yield were determined after the harvest and seed samples (harvesting stage) were taken and rinsed with distilled water, oven dried at 70°C, ground, digested and analyzed for determining the N, P, K, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Pb and Cd concentration. Analysis of variance was performed using MSTAT-C and mean comparisons done by Duncan’s multiple range test (P ≤ 0.05).

Results showed that MWS and chemical fertilizers and their interaction effects had significant effects on experimental traits. Using of MWS with chemical fertilizers led to increase plant height, 1000 grain weight, seed number per spike, grain yield, protein percent and nutrients concentration in grain. The results of means comparison showed that the highest grain yield (5900 kg.ha-1), 1000 seed weight (39 g), grain number per spike (71), protein percent (12.6) and nutrients concentration in grain was obtained under the co-application of 10 ton.ha-1 MWS and chemical fertilizers (25 percent less than the soil test) and the lowest amounts of experimental traits were shown in control treatment. Our results are in agreement with some experiments which use of compost and chemical fertilizers on irrigated wheat.

The result of this experiment revealed that using of compost and chemical fertilizers in integrated form instead of individual application has a beneficial effect on improving the quantitative and qualitative yield of irrigated wheat. Based on the obtained results, co-application of 10 ton.ha-1 compost and chemical fertilizers (25 percent less than the soil test) at kermanshah condition can be recommended.

Khuzestan province is one of the important regions for sugarcane production with more than 100,000 hectares under sugarcane cultivation. Sugarcane monoculture is common all over the world and continuing this system gradually reduces the yield and soil fertility. Monoculture systems, by creating unfavorable biological and physicochemical conditions in the soil, reduce the amount of organic carbon and nutrients in the soil. However, in an agricultural system, suitable agronomic selection, proper management of agronomic operation specially plowing, proper use of chemical and organic fertilizers, preservation of vegetation and proper management of plant residue have a decisive role in the amount and dynamics of mineral and organic elements. Various studies showed that rotation, particularly with green fertilizers, have led to breaking the pathogenic cycle and improving the physical and chemical properties of soil, including soil organic matter.

In order to evaluate the changes in the amount of carbon and organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium residue in soil under different crop rotation conditions, this study was performed in a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2014-2016 for three consecutive years in the field of Amirkabir sugarcane Agro-Industry. The experiment treatments consisted of ten alternatives: 1) wheat-clover-sugarcane; 2) rapeseed-clover-sugarcane; 3) barley-clover-sugarcane; 4) sorghum-clover-sugarcane; 5) clover-vetch-sugarcane; 6) clover- clover- sugarcane, 7) clover- clover (third aftermath)- sugarcane, 8) clover- soybean- sugarcane, 9) clover- corn - sugarcane, and 10) fallow- fallow- sugarcane. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the changes in phosphorus in three years of experiment at both soil depths, but the amount of potassium and organic carbon was decreased during the third year of experiment. Analysis of variance showed that the amount of P, N and organic carbon content were significantly different in both soil depths under crop rotations. Also, under crop rotation, potassium and C/N ratio were different in 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm soil depths, respectively. The highest amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon to nitrogen ratio were observed in clover-clover- sugarcane, fallow-fallow-sugarcane and sorghum-clover-sugarcane.

The results showed that the changes in the phosphorus content during three years of implementation of the project based on variance analysis even at 0-30 C depth, or at a depth of 60 to 30 cm, did not have a significant difference and the amount of phosphorus was remained almost constant.NitrogenThe results showed that the process of nitrogen changes during three years of experiment was based on analysis of variance at 0-30 and 30-60 cm of soil depths has significant difference and the amount of nitrogen has changed.Organic matter, Organic carbon and C:NOrganic matters of the soil is as the most effective factor in the sustainability of pasture and forest ecosystems, soil protection layer against erosion, temperature regulator, habitat and food supply for soil organisms and the main place of mineral nutrition.Potassium Potassium plays an important role in soil fertility. The statistical analysis of soil potassium showed that the amount of potassium had significant differences in two studied soil layers during three years of project implementation.Sugarcane yieldThe results showed that the highest yields were related to the crop rotation of clover-mung bean-sugarcane and clover- clover (third aftermath)-sugarcane rotations with 124 and 121 t.ha-1, respectively. Also, the lowest yield was related to the varieties of fallow-fallow-sugarcane and clover-corn-Sugarcane, with 95 and 98 t.ha-1, respectively.

The results showed that phosphorus in the soil did not change significantly during the experiment, but the amount of potassium, organic carbon and soil organic matter during the first and the second years remained constant but it decreased during the third year. Also, the implementation of different crop rotation affected soil nutrient elements. The highest amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon to nitrogen ratios were observed in clover-clover- sugarcane, fallow-fallow-sugarcane and sorghum-clover-sugarcane. The impact of crop rotation on sugarcane yield also showed that cultivating legumes of clover and mung bean before sugarcane has a great influence on sugarcane yield.

Plants under natural and agronomic conditions are constantly exposed to different stresses. In this regard, drought stress is the most important limiting factor to crop yields in many parts of the world and Iran, particularly, if the water stress occurs during the flowering stage, it will affect the crop production. Drought stress disrupts the nutritional balance of plant. Proper nutrition under stress conditions can partly help plant against various stresses. Plants growth under stress can be improved by micro nutrients foliar application. Boron is important in the plant growth and its deficiency is one of the major constraints to crop production. Zinc plays a key role in the various biochemical processes of plant cells. Its deficiency will be apparent in various forms such as growth retardation, yield and concentration of the element in different parts of a plant such as seeds. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of boron and zinc foliar application on yield and some agronomic and morphological traits of spring safflower (cv. Mahalli-e Esfahan) under late-season water deficit in Ardabil province.

The field experiment was conducted at the Research Farm of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran during 2013-14 and 2014-15 growing seasons. The experimental design was a split factorial in a randomized complete block with three replications. Three irrigation treatments (S1: full irrigation until the end of season (control), S2: irrigation with holding from flowering and S3: irrigation with holding from seed filling) were randomized to the main plots and the sub-plot included factorial combination of B (B1: 0, B2: 350, B3: 700 ppm) and Zn (Zn1: 0, Zn2: 1000, Zn3: 2000 ppm). B was added as boric acid (H3BO3) and Zn as zinc sulfate (ZnSO4). The treatments were applied during flowering (when 50% of the plants were at anthesis) as foliar applications. All other agricultural practices (weeds control and irrigation), were performed when they were required and as recommended for safflower production. The measured traits included seed coat percentage, seed kernel percentage, seed coat to kernel ratio, leaf number, capitol diameter, seed length, seed width and seed yield. Analyses of variance and comparison of means at P≤0.05 were carried out, using SAS 9.1 software. The means were compared using LSD test.

Combined analysis of variance of the data showed that year, irrigation and year × irrigation interaction were significant for all the traits. Also, all traits (except leaf number) were significantly affected by B, Zn and B × Zn interaction. Seed coat percentage, seed kernel percentage and seed coat to kernel ratio were significantly affected by year×B, year × Zn and year×B×Zn interactions. Seed length and seed yield were significantly affected by year×irrigation×B and year×B×Zn interactions, respectively. During the first year, all the investigated traits influenced from deterrent impacts of drought stress. Water deficit stress at the flowering and seed filling stages significantly decreased seed yield compared to full irrigation (15.62% at flowering and 12.77% at seed filling). During the second year, there was no significant difference among all the treatments due to heavy rainfall. The results showed that B and Zn foliar application had a positive and significant effect on seed coat percentage, seed kernel percentage, seed coat to kernel ratio, capitol diameter, seed length, seed width and seed yield. The treatments of B3Zn2 and B2Zn2 had the greatest increase of these parameters in comparison with B1Zn1 (control) in both years. Boron and zinc foliar application significantly improved most traits under water stress levels.Acknowledgments We would like to thank from the Faculty of Agriculture, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, for supporting this study.

Poor soil fertility is one of the main problems that limit the successful agricultural production and the global economy. Therefore, it is necessary to regulate or correct poor soil fertility, by providing vital nutrients for optimum plant growth. Improving soil fertility through fertilizer can increase crop production per unit area. But excess use of chemical fertilizers, in addition to disrupting the biological balance, nutrition and physical properties of soils, causes to environmental hazards, pollution of surface and ground water resources. Biofertilizers can reinforcement soil fertility  and provide the required plant nutrition with respect of sustainable agriculture. These organisms not only stimulate the growth of plants by helping the specific elements, but also reduce disease, improve soil structure and consequently increase the quantity and quality of their product. Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Azospirillum, Azotobater and Rhizobium are the most important plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Several mechanisms have been suggested by which PGPR can promote plant growth, including auxins, enhancing stress resistance, asymbiotic N2 fixation, solubilization of inorganic phosphate, mineralization of organic phosphate or other nutrients and inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms.

In order to determine the best time of application of Pseudomonas ssp. strains (sp.S10-1 + sp.S19-1 , sp.S14-3 + sp.S19-1 , sp.S19-1+ sp.S21-1) as a plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on growth and nutritional characteristics of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. Super Chief) an experiment based on randomized complete block designed with 8 treatments and 3 replications in field of research station Khalatpoushan Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University. Treatments used in this experiment included : 1-  Inoculation with Pseudomonas bacteria sp.S10-1 + Pseudomonas sp.S19-1 during seed planting in the nursery, 2- Inoculation with Pseudomonas bacteria sp.S14-3+Pseudomonas sp.S19-1  during seed planting  in the nursery, 3- Inoculation with Pseudomonas bacteria sp.S19-1+Pseudomonas sp.S21-1  during seed planting  in the nursery, 4- Inoculation with Pseudomonas bacteria sp.S10-1 + Pseudomonas sp.S19-1 during planting seedlings in the main land 5- Inoculation with Pseudomonas bacteria sp.S14-3+Pseudomonas sp.S19-1 during planting seedlings in the main land 6- Inoculation with Pseudomonas bacteria sp.S19-1+Pseudomonas sp.S21-1 during planting seedlings in the main land 7- control treatment without bacteria inoculation 8- fertilizer treatment (according to the soil test).  

The result showed that the effects of the timing of bacteria inoculation on tomato characters such as yield, fruit size and the percentage of marketable fruit, percentage of K, vitamin C is meaningful and the highest amount of yield, fruit size, the percentage of marketable fruit, percentage of K in fruit was in T2 treatment concluded (4130.9 g m-2 and 60.22 and 31.18 and 4.7 mg g-1) respectively and the highest amounts of the vitamin C in T3 treatment as 7.02 mg 100g-1 fruit weight. However the other measured traits, including percentage of percentage of N, P in plant leaves, length and diameter of fruit and percentage of the dry matter did not affected by the timing of bacteria inoculation. According to the result  timing of bacteria inoculation has a significant effect on  yield and quality improvement of tomato.

The results of this research showed that tomato seed inoculation with the Pseudomonas ssp. strains including (sp.S10-1 + sp.S19-1 , sp.S14-3 + sp.S19-1 , sp.S19-1+ sp.S21-1)  compared with soil inoculation  of  Pseudomonas ssp. strains significantly increased yield, vitamin C, potassium content of fruit and percentage of marketable fruit. However, the increase in the amount of potassium, phosphorous and nitrogen concentration in plant leaves was not significant. In addition to increasing the yield and quality of tomato, tomato seed inoculation with the Pseudomonas ssp. strains compared with soil inoculation with the strains Pseudomonas is considered a better method.

Legumes have dual symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and rhizobia. AMF are obligate biotrophs, known to play an important role in ecological processes. Legumes root forms nodules in symbiosis with rhizobia, which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. A factorial complete randomized block design with three replications was carried out under greenhouse conditions. Four levels of nitrogen (0, 2, 6 and 10 mM as nitrate), in Newman and Romheld nutrient solution were applied to the pots containing 1.5 kg sterile sand. Surface sterilized seeds of clover plants (Trifolium repens L.) were sown in pots and inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Rhizophagus irregularis) and/or Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifoli. The control plants were left un-inoculated. The pots were daily irrigated with nutrient solution possessing the nitrogen levels. Clover plants were harvested after 12 weeks of growth and Shoot and root dry weights, root mycorrhizal colonization, nodule weights and numbers, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents in shoot and root were determined. The highest amount of phosphorus was observed in mycorrhizal treatment at 0 and 2 mM nitrogen levels. At all levels of nitrogen, the presence of fungi increased the amount of root phosphorus. At all levels of nitrogen, the presence of bacterium significantly increased the amount of shoot nitrogen. The highest amount of shoot potassium (64.4 mg.pot-1) was recorded at 2 mM nitrogen and non-mycorrhizal root and the highest amount of root K (19.02 mg.pot-1) was seen at 2 mM nitrogen and in the presence of mycorrhizal fungus. The highest amount of shoot dry weight (4.46 g.pot-1) was recorded in the mycorrhizal plants treated with 2mM nitrogen. The rhizobial inoculation had pronounced effects on root mycorrhizal colonization. By increasing nitrogen level up to 6 mM, the root colonization increased and the highest root colonization (34.1%) was achieved in this treatment. The highest increase in number and fresh weight of nodules were obtained in co-inoculated plants. In the presence of mycorrhizal fungus, the number and fresh weight of nodules increased by 26.44 and 20.98%, respectively.

Water shortage is one of the most important limiting factors for plant growth around the world. To cope with this phenomenon, several solutions have been proposed, including the use of microorganism with plant growth promoting traits such as Trichoderma. Accordingly, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of three fungal species on tomato growth factors, as well as nutrients uptake by the plant in water deficit stress conditions in a factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design. Treatments including T1 (Trichoderma longibrachiatum KH), T2 (T. longibrachiatum MA), T3 (T. harzianum), NT1 (negative control - without fungi) and NT2 (positive control – without fungi and with chemical fertilizer) at three moisture levels consist of W0 (none stress), W1 (medium stress) and W2 (severe stress), performed in three replications. The results indicated that dry weight of shoot and root and nutrients’ uptake decreased in all treatments as water stress increased, but this reduction was significantly lower in fungal treatments. Under none stress condition (W0), T1 and T2 treatments increased N and P absorption and T3 fungal treatments increased Fe and Zn absorption significantly. By increasing stress conditions, most of the measured parameters of the plant in fungal treatments were reduced except for T1 treatment. Under severe stress condition (W2), T1 enhanced dry weight (32.8%), N uptake (62.7%), P (34.78%), Fe (39.3%) and Zn (47.6%), compared to negative control.

Replacement of the usual harvesting sugarcane method (burning field before harvesting) by green harvesting method could be the most important factor contributing to the ecological balance and stable sugarcane production in the Khuzestan region. To evaluate the green harvesting sugarcane method and its effects on the agronomic and physiological characteristics of sugarcane cultivars, a field experiment was conducted in Imam Khomeini Agro Industry during  the  2015-2016 period. The experiment was carried out using a split plot design based on  complete randomized block with four replications. Cultivars of Sugarcane as the main plots (CP73-21, CP69-1062 and CP69-1062) and five harvesting methods and ratooning as the sub plots were investigated. The results showed green harvesting method had a significant negative effect on nearly all agronomic and physiologic characteristics. Yield was reduced about %12.5 in the  green harvesting methods. On the other hand,  the results showed water consumption was substantially decreased (10,000 m-3) in  the green harvesting method. Regarding problems in water supply for agricultural production in Iran, green harvesting of sugarcane could play an important role in ecosystem sustainability and sugarcane production of Khuzestan, aiding the better consumption of natural resources.

This research was carried out during two years 1394 and 1392 in order to investigate the effect of nitrogen rates on quantitative yield and nitrogen use efficiency of rapeseed in different irrigation regimes in Qazvin. The factorial experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design with three replications. The irrigation factor at three levels , normal irrigation, cut off irrigation at stem elongation and cut off irrigation at flowering stage) and nitrogen rates in five levels (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg N.ha-1) were considered in experimental blocks. The results of combined analysis showed that the effect of irrigation levels, nitrogen and their interaction were significant on grain yield. The results of the mean comparison indicated that the highest grain yield in normal irrigation regimes and the lowest grain yield related to irrigation cut at flowering stage. Treatments of 120 and 160 kg.ha-1 pure nitrogen in normal irrigation conditions had the highest seed yield (3780 and 4054 kg.ha-1), respectively. The results showed that increasing nitrogen up to 160 kg N. ha-1 caused to increase grain yield significantly under normal irrigation regime. However, in these conditions, a significant increase in grain yield was observed up to 120 kg N. ha-1, and there was no statistically significant difference between treatments of 120 and 160 N. ha-1. In terms of irrigation interruption in flowering and stemming stages, increase in nitrogen consumption up to 120 N. ha-1increased grain yield and then decreased somewhat. In general, in the absence of water during flowering and stemming, consumption of 120 160 N. ha-1 and in the presence of sufficient water, consumption of 160 N. ha-1 is recommended.