drip irrigation

This study was done to investigate the effects of different irrigation frequency with tape system on quinoa yield and yield components in spring at Yazd.

The experiments were conducted as a randomized complete block design with different irrigation frequency (3, 7, 10, 14, 17 and 20 days) and in three replications. Electrical conductivity of irrigation water was 10 dS.m-1. At the end of the study, quinoa harvest was done manually and after drying, plant height, panicle length, panicle width, number of branch, number of panicle per plant, 1000-seed weight, dry biomass, grain yield and harvest index were measured and the effect of different irrigation frequency on these parameters were investigated.

The results showed significant effect of irrigation interval on all studied traits except panicle width and number of panicle per plant. The highest biomass (9.7 ton.ha-1), seed yield (3.2 ton.ha-1) and harvest index (39.14%) were observed in 10, 3 and 3 days irrigation interval, respectively. The lowest biomass (6.8 ton.ha-1), seed yield (1.7 ton.ha-1) and harvest index (25.2 %) was observed in 20 days irrigation interval. Results of correlation coefficients showed that seed yield was highly correlated with 1000-seed weight (r = 0.821**) and Panicle length (r = 0.711**).

Water use efficiency of quinoa varied from 0.24 to 0.62 kg m-3 at different treatments of applied water. According to this index, the optimum irrigation frequency of quinoa and the applied water volume by the drip irrigation system (tape) were about 14 days and 4350 m3 ha-1, respectively, which is recommended under conditions similar to the this study.

Energy flow is one of the most important issues in agroecology. The amount of energy that is consumed in different agroecosystems not only depends on the type of crop but also on the material and methods that is used in its production. Potato plants are one of the most important crops that is produced in Torbat Heidarieh region, Khorasan Razavi Province of Iran. Different irrigation methods influence the energy consumption and production. Thus, the aim of this study is to compare energy efficiency of potato with different irrigation methods.

In order to evaluate and compare the efficiency of energy consumption in potato production based furrow,  sprinkle and drip irrigation methods, a study was carried out at 11 fields in the Jolgeh Rokh Torbat Heidarieh region in 2013- 2014 . The comparison was performed using a completel randomized, unbalanced design. In which the type of irrigation system was considered as the treatment and fields that were matched to each irrigation system as a replication. The studied traits included the amount of input and output energy, the equivalent energy of all inputs, and energy use efficiency, net energy, energy production and specific energy.                                                                                                                                         

The largest amount of energy consumed by the human labor was due to furrow irrigation. The highest average of fossil fuel consumption was due to furrow irrigation method followed by sprinkle and drip irrigation. The amount of electricity consumed in the drip irrigation method had the highest amount compared to the other two methods. The most energy consumed by nitrogen fertilizers was related to furrow irrigation method, and the methods of irrigation of droplets and sprinklers in this regard were ranked in the following order, respectively. The amount of energy consumed by phosphorus fertilizers in irrigation was the least amount of droplets. This amount was in sprinkler irrigation and furrow irrigation respectively, although there was no significant difference between the two methods. The energy of using potassium fertilizers in the highest irrigation system was similar to the other irrigation systems. The energy consumption of herbicides was highest in drip methods and furrow irrigation was in the next category. Energy consumption of machinery was highest in sprinkler irrigation method. In the recent method, energy consumption of machinery was about half of the energy consumption of the total inputs. Indirect energy consumption for drip irrigation system was 6868 MJ.ha-1 and in sprinkle irrigation 2756 MJ.ha-1. Energy produced by seed was highest in drip irrigation method and the lowest in sprinkle irrigation. The total amount of input and output energy in sprinkler irrigation method was the highest (106674.24 and 162000 MJ.ha-1), followed by drip irrigation (97807.82 and 151000 MJ.ha-1) and furrow irrigation (92539.61 and 139000 MJ.ha-1) were placed in the following categories. The energy use efficiency of the drip irrigation method 1.6 was more than other irrigation methods. Production energy in terms of amount of drip and furrow irrigation was the highest 0.44 and in sprinkle irrigation 0.41. Net energy was the highest in sprinkler irrigation (53392.18 MJ.ha-1) and the lowest in furrow irrigation (46660.38 MJ.ha-1). Production energy was highest in drip and furrow irrigation (0.44 and 0.43) and lowest in sprinkle irrigation (0.41). The specific energy in furrow irrigation (2.36) was higher than the other methods and in the drip irrigation with the lowest (2.32).                                                                               

According to the results of the present research, in spite of higher yield of potatoes under sprinkle and drip irrigation systems, there were not significant differences among the energy indices; energy efficiency, energy productivity, and special energy; of three systems. This was due to more total input energy in the sprinkle and drip systems. Because the machinery and installations energy input in furrow irrigation system were lower than two other systems.

In order to investigate the effect of irrigation intervals on yield, water use efficiency and yield components of tomatoes, a field experiment was carried out during 2015 and 2016 growing seasons in experimental farm in Jiroft. The treatments were laid out as split plot based on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The treatments were comprised of three cultivars of tomato (Norat Falkato and Titauo) in main plot and sub plot consisted of three irrigation levels (10±2, 15±2 and 20±2 mm evaporation for class A pan). The results showed that in comparison to 10 and 15 mm evaporation for class A pan, parsimony of water usage equal 970 m3.ha-1 achieved. Moreover yield, height of plants, number of fruits per plant, weight and diameter of fruit decreased 7.4, 8.6, 2.8, 7.2 and 9.5 percent, respectively, But water use efficiency increased 12.4 percent. On the other hand studied parameters of Falkato variety was better than the other cultivars. Also, planting Falkato variety and 15 mm evaporation for class A pan was in the best position in terms of water use efficiency. In order to increase water productivity and optimal use of water resources, it is suggested cultivation Falkato variety with 40 irrigation, at 4 days interval and 100 cubic meters of water in of greenhouse condition.
In order to investigate the effect of irrigation intervals on yield, water use efficiency and yield components of tomatoes, a field experiment was carried out during 2015 and 2016 growing seasons in experimental farm in Jiroft. The treatments were laid out as split plot based on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The treatments were comprised of three cultivars of tomato (Norat Falkato and Titauo) in main plot and sub plot consisted of three irrigation levels (10±2, 15±2 and 20±2 mm evaporation for class A pan). The results showed that in comparison to 10 and 15 mm evaporation for class A pan, parsimony of water usage equal 970 m3.ha-1 achieved. Moreover yield, height of plants, number of fruits per plant, weight and diameter of fruit decreased 7.4, 8.6, 2.8, 7.2 and 9.5 percent, respectively, But water use efficiency increased 12.4 percent. On the other hand studied parameters of Falkato variety was better than the other cultivars. Also, planting Falkato variety and 15 mm evaporation for class A pan was in the best position in terms of water use efficiency. In order to increase water productivity and optimal use of water resources, it is suggested cultivation Falkato variety with 40 irrigation, at 4 days interval and 100 cubic meters of water in of greenhouse condition.