nitrogen

Introduction:

Rice is a staple and valuable grain that is the main source of food for over 50 percent of the world's population after wheat (Lopez et al., 2019; Jabran and Chauhan, 2015). Rice production should increase by over 50 percent by 2050, which can be realized by improving its cultivars and applying sound agronomic management practices (Esfahani et al., 2005; Asadi et al., 2016). Nitrogen (N) is a key macroelement that is decisive for plants, but it is deficient in most farms. N fertilizer is applied chemically, organically, and biologically (Moslehi et al., 2015).

This research was conducted as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at two sites at the experimental farm of Islami Azad University of Lahijan (the village of Tustan) and Kateshal farm in 2018-2019. The study site (Lat. 36°55' N., Long. 45°20' E. (first location) and Lat. 37°21' N., Long. 50°18' E. (second location)) has a temperate and humid climate with a 10-year mean annual precipitation of 1150 mm (Guilan Meteorological Quarterly, 2020). Table 1 presents the meteorological data of the region during the experiment. Before the experiment, the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil at the study site were measured in the laboratory of the Water and Soil Department of Rice Research Center. The experimental factors included organic, chemical fertilizer, and control as the three levels of the first factor and urban waste compost, biochar, and Azolla, and control as the four levels of the second factor. Statistical analysis of data, data conversion, and drawing of graphs and charts were done using SAS 9.2 and Excel 2010 software. The averages obtained were statistically compared with each other using Tukey's test and at the probability level of 5%.

The simple effects of the chemical, organic, and organic nutritional systems were found to be significant (P < 0.01) on grain yield. Based on the comparison of data means for both research farms, the highest grain yield of, on average, 3699 kg/ha was obtained from the treatment of chemical fertilizer and biochar, and the lowest one of 2209 kg.ha-1 (40% lower than its maximum counterpart) from the control (unfertilized) treatment. Among the subplots, the biochar treatment was the most effective, and the control (unfertilized) was the least effective in this trait. The treatments that were fertilized with chemical N fertilizer produced more panicles per plant than the treatments that weren’t. Among the sub-plots, the highest number of panicles per plant was related to the biochar treatments under no-fertilization, ecological, and chemical conditions, and the lowest number to the control (unfertilized treatment). The plants treated chemically and ecologically in the presence of biochar were the tallest, growing to a height of 127 and 124 cm, respectively, whereas the lowest plant height was 108 cm, related to the control (unfertilized plants).

The use of organic fertilizers alone or in combination with chemical fertilizers, in addition to improving the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of rice, has a positive effect on the sustainability of production and preservation of the environment. The results of this research showed that the application of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar, in addition to optimizing the application of fertilizer, increased the yield of rice. It was also found that the consumption of biochar caused an increase in traits related to grain yield. The role of biochar was evident in the significant change of the studied traits of Hashemi rice in the main treatments (control, ecological, and chemical). Therefore, it is recommended to use biochar along with chemical fertilizer in order to maintain yield, prevent biological pollution and increase soil and rice fertility.

One of the crops of the Brassicaceae family, which is regarded as one of the most significant oil plants in the world because of its oil content and ideal fatty acid composition, is canola. Nitrogen is one of the most crucial components that play a role in the synthesis of amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes, chlorophyll, vitamins, secondary metabolites and ATP. Chemical fertilizers used carelessly cause a number of environmental problems, such as groundwater contamination, insect and microbe extinction, and decreased soil fertility. Using biological fertilizers is a crucial step in minimizing the use of chemical fertilizers and preventing the adverse impact caused with their application. Due to its wide range of adaptability to most of the country's climatic conditions, canola, one of the most significant oilseed plants in development, has enormous value in reducing dependence on the import of edible oil. Nevertheless, using biological fertilizers will also significantly reduce the negative environmental effects caused by the excessive use of synthetic inputs, particularly commercial fertilizers, in addition to reducing the use of chemical fertilizers. Due to these reasons, the current study was conducted to determine the best combination for nitrogen with biofertilizers in regards to yield, yield components, and percentage of canola oil.

The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in a farm located in Marand city of East Azarbaijan province in 2019. Experimental treatments include chemical fertilizer at three levels (no application of fertilizer as a control and application of 125 and 250 kg ha-1 of urea) and bifertilizers at four levels (without biofertilizers as a control, application of Azoto barvar-1, Phosphate barvar-2 and the combined of Azotobarvar-1 + Phosphate barvar-2).

Application of different levels of urea fertilizer increased plant height, leaf area, and number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, harvest index, chlorophyll index, plant dry weight, oil percentage, and green cover percentage of canola. However, it had non-significant effect on oil yield. On the other hand, the application of bifertilizers improved plant dry weight, oil percentage and oil yield, but did not have a significant effect on the other studied traits. The interaction effect between chemical fertilizer and biofertilizer had significant effect on the number of seeds and yield of the plant. The highest number of seeds per plant and grain yield was obtained at the combination of biofertilizers with the application of 250 kg ha-1 of urea. Combined use of Azotobarvar-1 + Phosphate barvar-2 biofertilizers with the consumption of 125 and 250 kg ha-1 of urea improved the yield by 42.9% and 81.4%, respectively.

Based on the results of this study, the combined application of Azotobarvar-1 + Phosphate barvar-2  biofertilizers along with nitrogen fertilizer due to the improvement of yield, yield components and oil content can be recommended for profitable of canola production in fields.

The experiment was performed to investigate the effect of different sources of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of linseed Norman variety.

The experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with 13 treatments in 3 replications in April 2012 in farm of Yasouj university. Experimental treatments during : T1-control (without fertilizer application), T2- application of 90 kg.ha-1 urea, T3- application of 10 tons.ha-1 of vermicompost, T4- application of 5 tons.ha-1 of vermicompost, T5- application of Barvar1 biofertilizer (containing sAzotobacter (100 g.ha-1) T6- application of biofertilizer nanoparticles of zinc, copper, iron and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (1 kg.ha-1), T7- application of 45 kg.ha-1 urea + 5 tons.ha-1 of vermicompost, T8- application of 45 kg.ha-1 of urea + Barvar1 biofertilizer, T9- application of 45 kg.ha-1 of urea + nano biofertilizer, T10- application of 5 tons.ha-1 of vermicompost + nano biofertilizer, T11- application of 5 tons.ha-1 of vermicompost + Barvar1 biofertilizer, T12- application of 45 kg.ha-1 of urea + 5 tons.ha-1 of vermicompost + biofertilizer Barvar1, T13- application of 45 kg.ha-1 of urea + 5 Tons.ha-1 of vermicompost + nano biofertilizer.

The results showed that different fertilizer treatments caused a significant increase in morphological traits, yield and yield components, biological yield, oil yield and protein percentage of linseed compared to the control.

Most macronutrient accumulation occurs in tree leaves and there is a strong relationship between leaf nutrient change and tree decline. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in leaf nutrients in healthy and withered trees in the forests of Marivan and Sarvabad county in Kurdistan province. For this purpose, Garan (Marivan) with declining trees were selected as unhealthy site, while Dezli (Sarvabad) was determined as a control site containing heathy trees. In both sites, trees were selected on the northern and southern slopes, where five healthy trees and five withered trees (totally, 30 trees including 10 trees in control and 20 trees in declining stands) were selected and numbered. 20 leaves were harvested from the four sides of a tree crown in the first week of August 2019 and 2020. The concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were measured using digestion method. Due to the normality of the data, one-way analysis of variance, Duncan and paired t-test were used to analyze these data. The results showed that the amount of N in the decline site was higher than that in the control site. In contrast, leaf P and K contents in tress of control was significantly higher that decline stands. and potassium elements, the amount of these elements in the control mass was higher than the decaying mass and had drought. The highest reduction of N and P were observed in withered trees in the northern and southern slopes and one-way analysis of variance test confirmed the significance of the difference between K (2019) and P (2020) in the six groups of studied trees. On the other hand, changes in leaf nutrients between 2019 and 2020 demonstrated a decreasing trend for N and P and an increasing trend for K, where the paired t-test confirmed the significant change in nutrients of tree leaves in two consecutive years. To improve P and K in decline trees, foliar application of these macronutrients could be suggested in a short-time period, and in the long run, susceptible ecosystems should be rehabilitated by reforestation with rainwater catchment system and protection systems.

To evaluate the effect of biofertilizers and nitrogen levels on agronomic traits and nitrogen efficiency indices of corn

This experiment was performed during 2016 and 2017 in the Animal Science Research Farm of Alborz Province as a split plot and in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental factors include nitrogen fertilizer at four levels (0, 50, 100, 200 kg.ha-1) as the main plots and biofertilizer at eight levels (no inoculation, Aztobacter, Mycorrhiza, Azospirillum, Aztobacter + Mycorrhiza, Aztobacter + Azospirillum, Mycorrhiza + Azospirillum, Mycorrhiza + Azotobacter + Azospirillum) as sub-plots were considered.

The results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of nitrogen fertilizers on forage yield was significant. The results showed that increasing nitrogen application to 200 kg.ha-1 increased forage yield. The use of biofertilizers, either alone or in combination in all nitrogen fertilizer applications, increased forage yield. But the combined effect of biofertilizers had the greatest effect. However, the increase in yield was higher at lower levels of nitrogen fertilizer, especially in the control treatment (no nitrogen application). The highest nitrogen agronomical efficiency was observed in the treatment of 50 kg.ha-1 and in this case, the difference between the biofertilizer treatments was more obvious, so that the combined use of biofertilizers had the highest nitrogen agronomical efficiency.

Combined application of biofertilizers with less nitrogen fertilizer (100 kg.ha-1) can improve the nitrogen use efficiency in corn production while achieving acceptable grain and forage yield.

Aloe vera is a permanent, evergreen species with special industrial and pharmaceutical applications. However, information about its nutrition management is scarce. Plants absorb nutrients through complex interactions in the rhizosphere between roots, symbiotic or non-symbiotic microorganisms and soil fauna. Inoculations of soil microorganisms (in the form of biofertilizers) to improve crop production and plant health were mainly undertaken for the group of bacteria known as PGPB (plant growth-promoting bacteria) or PGPR (plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria) and mycorrhizal fungi. To be effective, inoculated organisms must have soil conditions that are suitable for development, which can be improved by applying manure. Compared to the use of inorganic fertilizers, the application of organic manure in agriculture fields results in significant effects on microbial biomass, on the profile of existing species and, consequently, on the enzymes they circulate in the soil and its pool of organic matter. In this way, it interacts with the overall fertility of the environment. Different options of soil fertility management for increasing yield of aloe vera were studied in a field experiment.

A split plot experimentwas conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications during 2012-2013 growing season in Agricultural Research Center of Bushehr province (29º16'0"N 51º31'0"E and 110 m above sea level). Seedlings were planted on May 4, 2012 with a distance of 0.7 m spacing on row with 1 m distance. The distance between Aloe vera rows was 1 m. The drip irrigation method was used for irrigation.  Main plot factor consisted of 0 and 20 ton.ha-1 sheep manure and five methods of soil fertility management were assigned to subplots including 1) chemical fertilizer (80 kg.ha-1 super phosphate+200 kg.ha-1 urea), 2) Mycorrhiza (using soil containing fungi from mosea), 3) biological fertilizer nitrogen (containing Azotobacter spp; Pseudomomas spp; and Azosprillium spp), 4) combination of Mycorrhiza and Nitrogen, and 5) no fertilizer (control). Monthly samplings were taken in 150, 180, 210, 240, 270 and 330 days after planting. Fresh and dry weight of leaves, leaf length, width and thickness and number of leaves per plant were measured. Harvestable leaves were considered as final yield.

The results indicated that interaction between manure and chemical or biological fertilizers was significant for all measured traits. Application of sheep manure was led to significantly higher growth and yield of aloe vera with better performance when manure was combined with chemical fertilizers. The highest number of leaves was obtained from integrated use of manure and chemical fertilizers with about 15 leaf per plant. While the lowest number of leaves was observed in control treatment. The interaction between treatments had a significant effect (p≤0.01) on leaf thickness. Plants treated with combination of chemical fertilizer and sheep manure had significant differences with other treatments, except with integrated use of biological fertilizers and manure. The highest fresh and dry weight of plant 3107.2 and 78.1 g plant-1, respectively and the highest final yield (36.04 tons.ha-1) was achieved with integrated use of manure and chemical fertilizers. The results also indicated that high aloe vera yields with great quality could be obtained with combined application of manure and biological fertilizers as an alternative for chemical fertilizers.

Producing medicinal plants under low input of chemical fertilizers is of great importance for human health, environment as well as production costs. Results of this experiment showed that application of manure with biofertilizers could be considered as a proper alternative to chemical fertilizers. Nutrition of aloe vera with this integrated management method will results to high yield and quality in addition to improving the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil.AcknowledgmentWe are grateful to Ebrahim Farrokhi and Kohzad Sartavi for their help with the field experiments, collecting field data and providing necessary advices to carry out this work.

Application of organic fertilizer is a major approach to managing soil fertility and plant nutrition which can alleviate chemical contaminations, preserve soil biodiversity and the quantitative and qualitative yield of crops expected to be increased in sustainable agricultural systems. Consequently, demand for organic products has increased due to health and sustainable environment consideration, particularly for medicinal products. Intercropping is the cropping system of growing two or more crops simultaneously in the same field and is a sustainable method for increasing crop production compared with sole crop. The main objective of the study was to determine the effect of vermicompost and intercropping patterns on seed yield and macro and micronutrients uptake of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.). 

In order to compare the different intercropping patterns of fennel and faba bean under the application of vermicompost fertilizer, a field experiment was conducted as factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Urmia, Iran, during the growing season of 2018. The first factor consisted of six cropping patterns including sole cropping of fennel and faba bean, one row of fennel+ one row of faba bean, two rows of fennel+ two rows of faba bean, three rows of faba bean+ two rows of fennel, four rows of faba bean+ two rows of fennel) and the second factor included the non-application and application of vermicompost (10 t ha-1).Plant samples were digested according to Jones and Case (1990) procedure. Seeds of faba bean and fennel were analyzed for macro- and micronutrients. In addition, Area Time Equivalent Ratio (ATER) was calculated to determine the advantages of intercropping. The analysis of variance was performed using SAS 9.4 software. Means were compared using Duncan's test at the 5% probability level. 

The results showed that the effect of cropping pattern on all measured traits was significant. The results revealed that the seed yield of fennel and faba bean increased following the application of vermicompost fertilizer. Moreover, concerning the effect of cropping patterns, the highest seed yield of fennel (2568.33 kg.ha-1) and faba bean (2851.67 kg.ha-1) were obtained in the sole cropping of these two plants. The higher production in fennel and faba bean sole cropping may be due to the less disturbance in the habitat in homogeneous environment under sole cropping systems. The highest amounts of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn were obtained in the treatments of intercropping and vermicompost application. The higher concentrations of nutrients in intercropping pattern could be explained by increasing root exudation and also better use of available resources that increased the accessibility of nutrients for component plants. The highest ATER (1.14) was obtained in the three rows of faba bean+ two rows of fennel intercropping system fertilized with vermicompost. According to the ATER, it seems that three rows of faba bean+ two rows of fennel under the application of vermicompost was suitable for increasing productivity and making the best usage of environmental resources in order to achieve an optimal production, decrease costs and dependence on external inputs, and reducing pollution and environmental pressures on sustainable agricultural systems. 

In general, the results of this experiment showed that the faba bean and fennel yield were influenced by different intercropping patterns and vermicompost. The highest seed yield for both plants (faba bean and fennel) were obtained in sole cropping. In the present study, the application of vermicompost could improve the yield of faba bean and fennel and nutrient uptake. It seems that the use of vermicompost in intercropping is one of the suitable strategies for achieving optimal yield with minimum inputs, which in the long term can reduce the need of chemical inputs for cropping systems.

Catnip (Nepeta cataria L.) is one of the most important medicinal plants belonged to the Lamiaceae family that referred to considerable pharmacological, antimicrobial, antibacterial and pesticides activities of its essential oil in most of the literatures. The harmful effects of chemical fertilizers on the environment and human health and lack of soil organic matter in arid and semi-arid regions have resulted in an increase in the use of chemical fertilizers in these areas.Excessive use of these fertilizers has led to serious environmental pollutions during the last decades. With respect to the hazards of chemical fertilizers and the importance of medicinal plants, researchers have recently considered the application of biofertilizers and organic materials. According to literatures, the application of biofertilizers and organic fertilizers can be recommended as a proper alternation for the improvement of the quantity and quality of essential oil in Catnip.

This research was conducted as factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at the research farm of the faculty of agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran. The first factor was included fertilizer treatments in five levels (Control (C), Azetobarvar-1 (Az), Phosphatbarvar-2 (Ph), Combination of Az and Ph (M), chemical fertilizer (Ch) included 150 kg.ha-1 granular urea (46% N) and 100 Kg.ha-1 triple superphosphate (46% p < sub>2O5)) and the second factor was comprised humic acid in two levels (0 and 20 Kg.ha-1). The studied traits in this research included soil microbial respiration and biomass carbon and soil organic matter contents, leaf nitrogen and phosphorus amounts, number and size of secretory trichomes, essential oil content, yield and composition. Leaf nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were measured at the beginning of reproductive stage by Kjeldahl method and colorimetric method using a UV-2100-Unico spectrophotometer, respectively. Moreover, the soil microbial respiration and soil biomass carbon were determined by alkali absorption and the fumigated extraction, respectively, and soil organic matter was estimated by the modified Walkly and Blackʼs methods. Furthermore, the number and size of secretory trichomes was registered using Binocular microscope and essential oil was extracted by Clevenger-type apparatus and analyzed using GC and GC-MS at full bloom stage.

According to the results, the sole application of fertilizer treatment was positively affected on soil microbial respiration and biomass carbon, leaf nitrogen and phosphorus contents. The number and size of secretory trichomes, essential oil content and yield and essential oil composition were significantly influenced when fertilizer treatments and humic acid were applied simultaneously. The highest amount of soil microbial respiration as well as biomass carbon was detected in M and the lowest was observed in control. The application of Ch and humic acid was significantly improved the soil organic matter. However, no significant difference was found between these treatments and biofertilizers treatments. The lowest amount of soil organic matter was detected in control. The maximum content of leaf nitrogen element was observed in plant treated by Ch and minimum was registered in control. The highest level of leaf phosphorus element, the size of secretory trichomes and essential oil content were obtained when Ph was applied while there was no significant difference between this biofertilizer and Ch and M. The maximum number of secretory trichomes and essential oil yield was detected in plant treated with M. The most amounts of isomers 1 and 2 of nepetalactone and caryophyllene oxide was observed in Az, Ch and control, respectively, and least was in control, Ph and Ch, respectively. The highest level of trans- caryophyllene and (E,E)–Farnesene  was obtained in the oil of plant treated with M+ and Ch+ and lowest detected in Az+ and Ch-.

According to the results, to improve the quantity and quality of Catnip essential oil, the application of biological fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers is recommended and further research is also required to investigate both the effects of applying humic acid alone and in combination with biofertilizers on some traits.

Intercropping systems are one of the sustainable agricultural systems that defined as growing two or more plants simultaneously, lead to the use of more resources efficiently of nutrient water and land, improving plant productionIntercropping, as a new green revolution, is a sustainable strategy for the development of food production due to the lesser reliance of chemical fertilizer inputs compared with monocultures. In intercropping systems, plant nutrient uptake could improve the physical, chemical, and biological soil properties and higher nutrient mobilization in the rhizosphere. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) are preferred biofertilizers over other myriads of microorganisms that inhabit the interface between plant and soil. They are ubiquitous soil inhabitants and form the largest group which is predominantly associated with crops. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can considerably improve plant growth, nutrients uptake, and transport, especially phosphorus, water status, and chlorophyll content. Previously studies demonstrated that higher productivity with AM fungi's application was attributed to higher nutrients availability such as P, K, Ca, Mg, etc. Thus, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of barley's different intercropping patterns with grass pea and symbiosis with AM fungus on the forage yield and nutrients absorption, including N, P, K, Fe, Zn, Mn, Ca, and Mg.

In order to investigate the forage nutrients content and in intercropping of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) with grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) under application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, a field experiment was performed as a factorial layout based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with ten treatments and three replications at the faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Iran, during 2017. The first factor included different planting patterns (monoculture of barley, monoculture of grass pea, 75% grass pea+ 25% barley, 50% grass pea+ 50% barley, 25% grass pea+ 75% barley), and the second factor was inoculated and non-inoculated with Glomus intraradices fungus. All data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) using MSTAT-C statistical software. The Duncan's multiple range test was used to compare means at a 5% probability level.

This study demonstrated that the macro and micronutrient content were significantly affected by different cropping patterns with the application of AM fungi. The greatest barley forage yield belonged to inoculated barley monoculture. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the inoculated barley forage yield in monoculture was 47.48% more than the non-inoculated. The highest grass pea forage yield was achieved in monocultures and followed by a ratio of 75% grass pea+ 25% barley symbiosis with mycorrhizae fungus. Also, the highest nutrient content was achieved in grass pea monoculture with the application of AM fungi. Between different intercropping patterns, the highest nutrients content was obtained in the 75% grass pea+ 25% barley with the application of AM fungus. The higher nutrients uptake was attributed to increasing the absorption surface and improving nutrients availability with the application of AM fungi. Also, Varma et al. (2018) reported that the application of AM fungi in intercropping systems increased the transfer of the nutrients, especially nitrogen, to component plants that resulted in higher nutrients uptake in plants. These authors also reported that the higher nitrogen content with the application of AM fungi attributed to the higher activity of nitrate reductase and dikinase glucan enzymes that resulted in higher nitrogen availability for plants.

According to the results of this research, intercropping treatments of barley/grass pea with Glomus intraradices considerably influenced by the absorption of nutrients and forage yield. The content of concentration nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium iron, zinc, manganese, magnesium, and calcium were highest at all intercropping patterns coincided with the application of mycorrhiza fungi than the non-inoculated monoculture of barley. Also, between different intercropping patterns, the highest nutrients content was obtained in 75% grass pea+ 25% barley pattern accompanied by application of mycorrhiza that suggested as a better pattern to achievement high-quality forage for farmers. Therefore, intercropping of barley/grass pea with the application of mycorrhizae can improve forage quality of barley and grass pea from the point of view concentration of nutrients and were influential in production forage with high quantity.

The present study was performed to investigate the effect of growth media and humic acid on growth, flowering and vase life of lilium.

The experiment was conducted as factorial in completely randomized design with four replications.The first factor was wood chip compost (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) and the second factor was humic acid at three levels (0, 250, 500 mg L-1). The control treatment consisted of peat moss + perlite (2: 1 V/V).

The results showed that the effect of growing media, humic acid and their interaction on stem height was significant. The highest stem height was observed in control medium at concentrations of 250 and 500 mg L-1 humic acid. The effect of media on the number of buds was significant. The highest number of buds was obtained in 25% and 75% of compost. The highest vase life was obtained in 100% compost and 500 mg L-1 humic acid. The lowest vase life was obtained at control treatment and 0 mg L-1 humic acid concentration. The highest amount of calcium was observed in 75% of compost and 500 mg L-1 humic acid. The highest leaf nitrogen was obtained in 100% compost and 500 mg L-1 humic acid.

According to the results, wood chip compost and humic acid are effective in improving the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of lilium and can be substituted for peat moss.

Use of chemical fertilizers is an essential component of modern farming and about 50% of the world’s crop production can be attributed to fertilizer use. Sustainable production of crops cannot be maintained by using only chemical fertilizers and similarly it is not possible to obtain higher crop yield using organic manure alone. A balanced fertilization is needed to obtain optimum potential yield. The continuous imbalanced use of chemical fertilizers is creating complexity in our soils and the soil health is deteriorating. Application of municipal solid waste compost (MSW) is commonly applied to the soils to improve their physical, chemical and biological properties. Soil amendment with MSW is very useful for agricultural crop production. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the world’s leading cereal crop both in area and production and about two-third of people of our planet live on it. It plays an important role in diet of human being as well as in industrial uses. The present study was conducted to better understand the effect of MSW and chemical fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative yield of irrigated wheat in kermanshah condition.

In order to study the effects of municipal solid waste compost (MSW) and chemical fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative yield of Bahar wheat cultivar, a field experiment was conducted with chemical fertilizers at four levels (0, conventional farmers, based on soil test and 25% lower than the soil test), and MSW at four levels (0, 10, 20 and 30 ton.ha-1) in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replications in Kermanshah region during 2014-2015.Prior to sowing, MSW and chemical fertilizers was applied and mixed thoroughly with the soil. Before planting, combined soil sample from a depth of 0–30 cm was collected to determine some soil chemical properties.Plots were designed with 4 ×4 m, 1 m apart from each other., 1.5 m alley was kept between blocks. Wheat seeds (var. Bahar) were planted 2.5 cm apart from each other. During the growth and development stages, plots were irrigated based on the crop water requirement. Irrigation method was sprinkler. Grain yield were determined after the harvest and seed samples (harvesting stage) were taken and rinsed with distilled water, oven dried at 70°C, ground, digested and analyzed for determining the N, P, K, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Pb and Cd concentration. Analysis of variance was performed using MSTAT-C and mean comparisons done by Duncan’s multiple range test (P ≤ 0.05).

Results showed that MWS and chemical fertilizers and their interaction effects had significant effects on experimental traits. Using of MWS with chemical fertilizers led to increase plant height, 1000 grain weight, seed number per spike, grain yield, protein percent and nutrients concentration in grain. The results of means comparison showed that the highest grain yield (5900 kg.ha-1), 1000 seed weight (39 g), grain number per spike (71), protein percent (12.6) and nutrients concentration in grain was obtained under the co-application of 10 ton.ha-1 MWS and chemical fertilizers (25 percent less than the soil test) and the lowest amounts of experimental traits were shown in control treatment. Our results are in agreement with some experiments which use of compost and chemical fertilizers on irrigated wheat.

The result of this experiment revealed that using of compost and chemical fertilizers in integrated form instead of individual application has a beneficial effect on improving the quantitative and qualitative yield of irrigated wheat. Based on the obtained results, co-application of 10 ton.ha-1 compost and chemical fertilizers (25 percent less than the soil test) at kermanshah condition can be recommended.

Poor soil fertility is one of the main problems that limit the successful agricultural production and the global economy. Therefore, it is necessary to regulate or correct poor soil fertility, by providing vital nutrients for optimum plant growth. Improving soil fertility through fertilizer can increase crop production per unit area. But excess use of chemical fertilizers, in addition to disrupting the biological balance, nutrition and physical properties of soils, causes to environmental hazards, pollution of surface and ground water resources. Biofertilizers can reinforcement soil fertility  and provide the required plant nutrition with respect of sustainable agriculture. These organisms not only stimulate the growth of plants by helping the specific elements, but also reduce disease, improve soil structure and consequently increase the quantity and quality of their product. Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Azospirillum, Azotobater and Rhizobium are the most important plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Several mechanisms have been suggested by which PGPR can promote plant growth, including auxins, enhancing stress resistance, asymbiotic N2 fixation, solubilization of inorganic phosphate, mineralization of organic phosphate or other nutrients and inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms.

In order to determine the best time of application of Pseudomonas ssp. strains (sp.S10-1 + sp.S19-1 , sp.S14-3 + sp.S19-1 , sp.S19-1+ sp.S21-1) as a plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on growth and nutritional characteristics of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. Super Chief) an experiment based on randomized complete block designed with 8 treatments and 3 replications in field of research station Khalatpoushan Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University. Treatments used in this experiment included : 1-  Inoculation with Pseudomonas bacteria sp.S10-1 + Pseudomonas sp.S19-1 during seed planting in the nursery, 2- Inoculation with Pseudomonas bacteria sp.S14-3+Pseudomonas sp.S19-1  during seed planting  in the nursery, 3- Inoculation with Pseudomonas bacteria sp.S19-1+Pseudomonas sp.S21-1  during seed planting  in the nursery, 4- Inoculation with Pseudomonas bacteria sp.S10-1 + Pseudomonas sp.S19-1 during planting seedlings in the main land 5- Inoculation with Pseudomonas bacteria sp.S14-3+Pseudomonas sp.S19-1 during planting seedlings in the main land 6- Inoculation with Pseudomonas bacteria sp.S19-1+Pseudomonas sp.S21-1 during planting seedlings in the main land 7- control treatment without bacteria inoculation 8- fertilizer treatment (according to the soil test).  

The result showed that the effects of the timing of bacteria inoculation on tomato characters such as yield, fruit size and the percentage of marketable fruit, percentage of K, vitamin C is meaningful and the highest amount of yield, fruit size, the percentage of marketable fruit, percentage of K in fruit was in T2 treatment concluded (4130.9 g m-2 and 60.22 and 31.18 and 4.7 mg g-1) respectively and the highest amounts of the vitamin C in T3 treatment as 7.02 mg 100g-1 fruit weight. However the other measured traits, including percentage of percentage of N, P in plant leaves, length and diameter of fruit and percentage of the dry matter did not affected by the timing of bacteria inoculation. According to the result  timing of bacteria inoculation has a significant effect on  yield and quality improvement of tomato.

The results of this research showed that tomato seed inoculation with the Pseudomonas ssp. strains including (sp.S10-1 + sp.S19-1 , sp.S14-3 + sp.S19-1 , sp.S19-1+ sp.S21-1)  compared with soil inoculation  of  Pseudomonas ssp. strains significantly increased yield, vitamin C, potassium content of fruit and percentage of marketable fruit. However, the increase in the amount of potassium, phosphorous and nitrogen concentration in plant leaves was not significant. In addition to increasing the yield and quality of tomato, tomato seed inoculation with the Pseudomonas ssp. strains compared with soil inoculation with the strains Pseudomonas is considered a better method.