اسید چرب

Nannochloropsis salina is a promising species for lipid production, which is used in aquaculture and biofuel production. On the other hand, plant phytohormones also have different effects on the metabolism of protozoan algae. Therefore, an experiment was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations on growth and doubling time, chlorophyll, carotenoid, dry biomass, endogenous ABA and total lipid of N. salina microalgae in Gaillard (f/2) medium. The experimental treatments included 0 (control), 0.5, 10 and 20 mg L-1  ABA concentrations. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications during 2019-2020. The analysis of variance showed that ABA treatment was significant on all studied characteristics at the 5% level. The treatment of 20 mg L-1 ‌‌ABA increased the growth rate, chlorophyll, endogenous ABA and total lipid in N.‌‌salina microalgae. The highest carotenoids and dry biomass were observed in 0.5 mg L-1 and control treatments, respectively. The findings of this study show that the concentration of 0.5 mg L-1 ABA is effective on lipid and carotenoid production of microalgae, but to increase total lipid production, the concentration of mg L-1 ABA is more suitable.

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is one of the widely used medicinal plants. Seeds of this plant are heart-strengthening, invigorating, and toothache painkiller and cure bloody diarrhea and typhoid. Due to the tiny seeds, it needs to be cultivated at low depth of soil for successful establishment. Therefore, it is necessary to use the right method for its cultivation. In the present study, to improve the uniformity in seed germination and increase growth rate and coriander yield, three experiments were conducted as a randomized complete block design (field test) and a completely randomized design (laboratory and greenhouse tests). In the laboratory test, indole-3-acetic acid and humic acid and in the field test, indole-3-acetic acid, humic acid, gibberellin, and zinc improved coriander yield. Also, humic acid pretreatment reduced harmful fatty acids such as myristic acid and palmitic acid, phosphorus pretreatment increased total fat amount, and indole-3-acetic acid increased essential oil content compared to the control. In the greenhouse test, folic acid improved plant yield. Stepwise regression analysis indicated inclusion of seven properties in the predictive model with a determination coefficient of 0.97. Based on the traits correlation results, secondary vigor, root fresh or dry weight, and root diameter were consistent with total dry weight as a dependent trait (significant at the 1% probability level). Overall, coriander seed priming improved the biological functions of seeds, including germination and establishment, by affecting the metabolic, biochemical, and enzymatic status of the seeds. The present results showed that seed priming is a key technology to improve plant yield.

Attention to the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the fruit is very important due to its effect on the yield and quality of olive oil. The aim of this study was to compare the three cultivars Picual, Coratina, Zard and T18 genotype in terms of physiological, quantitative and qualitative indices of olive fruit and oil planned and implemented. Results showed that Picual cultivar had the highest fruit and kernel and larger and heavier fruits. The Picual cultivar with producing 116.75 kg/tree was the best cultivar. After examining the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the oil, it found that the Picual cultivar had the highest amount of total phenol, carotenoid and chlorophyll in the oil and, in contrast, the oil acidity was lower than the others. Coratina cultivar showed the highest amount of oleic acid (72.53 %), the highest ratio of oleic acid to palmitic acid and stearic acid, the highest amount of unsaturated fatty acids (84.03 %) and the lowest palmitic acid. Therefore, according to the results of this study, it can be concluded that Coratina cultivar due to its higher content of phenolic compounds as well as higher amount of unsaturated fatty acids and proper balance between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, it had better quality oil, but the percentage of oil and yield in Picual and Zard cultivars was higher than Coratina cultivar, so the combined cultivation of these three cultivars should be used to maintain quality and higher yield.

This study was conducted for the first time in Iran to investigate the quantity and quality of fatty acids in the seeds of Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dun. and Withania somnifera (L.) Dun. and compare the effects of different habitats on the quantity and quality of fatty acids. Five seed samples of the study species were collected from different habitats of Sistan and Baluchestan Province in November 2016. After clearing the seeds from fruits, the seed oils were extracted by Soxhlet apparatus and pure solvent n-Hexane, and analysed qualitatively and quantitatively using GC with FID-Fame detectors. The results showed that different habitats had significant impact on the amount and type of fatty acids in the seed oil of two study species. The predominant fatty acid in W. somnifera, collected from Zahedan habitat, was linolenic acid (Omega-3) (39.84%), while in Saravan habitat, archidic acid was the predominant fatty acid (SFA) (34.95%). The predominant fatty acid in W. coagulans, collected from Gosht of Saravan and Pip habitats was linolenic acid (Omega-3) (62.73%; 67.03%), respectively, while in the Tange Sarheh habitat, oleic acid was the predominant fatty acid (Omega-9) (69.22%). In general, the results of this study proved the high effect of ecological status on the quantity and quality of fatty acids in the seeds of the study species. Our results clearly showed that the seeds of W. somnifera contained more oil as compared with W. coagulans.

In this study 17 accessions of colocynth from different parts of Iran cultivated in the research station of Horticultural Science Department of University of Tehran in randomized completely block design with three replications. Some morphological characters of fruits, total Phenol component, Carotenoid content and Fatty acid content were evaluated. According to results, the highest fruit number per plant and fruit yield was found in Orzooiyeh accession, While Khorasgan 5 accession showed the highest fruit weight. The highest amount of phenolic compound resulted in Kerman and Yazd accessions (88 µg g-1 d.m), and highest amount of Carotenoid in Arak and Ahvaz accessions (85 mg g-1 d.m.). The highest amount of linoleic acid was in Orzooiyeh accession seed (72.4%) and highest amount of oleic acid (13.8%) in Khorasgan 2 accession. In correlation analysis, fruit weight was relatively high correlated with central mesocarp and seed mesocarp diameter (r= 0.69). There was negative correlation between stearic acid amount and seed length, in the other hand longer seed had lower amount of stearic acid. In cluster analysis based on ward method at distance 5 accessions placed in 4 groups and one accession from Kerman segregated in separated cluster which had highest amount of total phenolic compound. Based on fruit traits and phytochemical compound variation could demonstrated that colocynth plants in Iran had high genetic diversity and there are possibility for crop up this plant based on yield and suitable growth.

Linum album Ky. ex Boiss, belonging to the Flax family, is one of the endemic plants in Iran. To investigate the genetic diversity of this plant with using of morphological traits and fatty acid profile, 11 populations of this plant were selected from Hamadan province. In spring and summer of 2014, five whole-plant samples were selected randomly from each population at flowering and seed ripening stage. Then, quantitative (33 traits) and qualitative measurements (9 traits) were done with five replications for each trait. Data were analyzed by SAS.v9.2 software. Means were compared by Duncan's multiple range test (at the 5% level), and the relationship between fatty acids and climate characteristics were measured using canonical correlation. According to the results, this species grows in Hamadan Province at an altitude of 1551 to 2176 meters above sea level. Populations showed significant differences in all traits at the 5% level except six of them, including length, width, and length to width ratio of stem leaves as well as length to width ratio of bracts. The results showed that palmitic acid (5.5-6.5%), stearic acid (0.5-5.1%), oleic acid (21.9-28.1), linoleic acid (15.4-66.8%) and linolenic (2.0-45.7%) acid were the main components of the fatty acid in seeds of flax and Linum album, and a large difference was found for the percentage of these compounds between the two species and in different populations of Linum album. Canonical correlation of geographical and ecological characteristics with the fatty acids of seeds showed that the amount of linolenic acid in the seed oil is increased with the increase in available phosphorus, available potassium, organic matter, EC, annual precipitation, and mean annual temperature. The yield of Linum album washigher in areas with an altitude of 1700 m, average annual temperature of 13°C, annual rainfall of 340 mm and southern slopes. Although introducing a population for cultivation and domestication of Linum album needs more researches, our results showed that populations A1, A4, A7 and A10 were potentially more suiteable.

Oak acorn is an edible nut with a long history in human nutrition. In this study، the kernel fatty acid composition and tannin contents of chestnut leaved oak (Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey.) was investigated in Alangdarreh forest in Golestan province. Oil extraction from kernel was carried out by Soxhelt apparatus using n-hexane as solvent. Fatty acids were methyl esterified before quantitative and qualitative gas chromatography analysis. The results revealed the presence of saturated fatty acids including palmitic acid (C16:0)، margaric acid (C17:0)، stearic acid (C18:0) and unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid (C18:1)، linoleic acid (C18:2)، linolenic acid (C18:3) and gadoleic acid (C20:1). The net yield of extraction for oil was 7. 49%، constituting 81. 13% unsaturated and 18. 87% saturated fatty acids. The three major identified fatty acids and their respective relative amounts were linoleic acid (49. 57 mg. g-1 oil)، oleic acid (34. 74 mg. g-1 oil) and palmitic acid (20. 58 mg. g-1 oil). Tannin extraction was carried out by water as solvent. The total tannin content of acorn was determined using gallic acid as standard spectrophotometrically. Results showed that the total tannin content of acorn was equivalent to about 178. 13 mg galic acid. g-1 dry weight and the total oil content of acorn was 1. 49 mg. 20 g-1 dry weights.

In this study, two important physical and chemical properties including percentage of total seed oil and fatty acid levels in two ecotypes of Iranian ox tongue flower (Echium amoenum Fisch & Mey.) collected from Kermanshah and Neka (Mazandaran province) were investigated. Oil extraction and identification of fatty acids were conducted by soxhelt system and Gas Chromatography (GC). All data were compared by statistical methods. Results showed that total oil percentage of (19.16 ± 0.31%) & (17.16 ± 0.26) were calculated for Kermanshah and Neka ecotypes, respectively. Also 8 types of fatty acids including palmitic, stearic, oleic, soxenic, linoleic, alpha-linolenic, gamma-linolenic and stearidonic acids were detected by GC. Soxenic acid and alpha-linolenic were respectively identified as the least (0.2±0.4%) and highest amount (46±48%) in each ecotype. The obtained data indicate that with regard to the nutritional values of essential fatty acids in seed oil, Iranian ox tongue flower has a good potential for producing nutritional supplements of essential fatty acids i-e., omega3 and omega6. According to the results of the study, obtained data from the current study could be applied as a reference in selection of suitable breeding methods to improve oil quality and quantity of Iranian ox tongue flower.