انگور

Among the various grape cultivars, some possess desirable fruit qualities that, due to their high quality, attract the attention of growers for uses such as fresh consumption, raisin production, and processing. Consequently, the cultivation area of these cultivars has been increasing steadily. In contrast, cultivars with less desirable fruit have lost their significance and are often overlooked. However, these seemingly less desirable cultivars may harbor valuable genetic traits, such as resistance to pests, diseases, cold, salinity, drought, and similar stresses. Identifying these cultivars is particularly important for addressing challenges posed by climate change, including drought, increased heat, and spring frost.To identify, select, and evaluate drought-resistant grape genotypes in Qazvin Province, a project was initiated in the spring of 2002. This project began with a comprehensive survey of vineyards in the region and indirect selection and screening of drought-tolerant cultivars based on morphological traits. Initially, all grape genotypes in Qazvin Province were examined for traits compatible with drought stress. After identifying superior cultivars, cuttings were prepared and planted in a primary field. The local commercial cultivar, White Seedless, was used as a control. Drought stress treatments were applied, eventually leading to the introduction of a new cultivar named Siaden, recognized as drought-resistant and suitable for fresh consumption. This cultivar features characteristics such as round black berries, suitability for fresh consumption, early ripening as unripe grapes, and excellent market potential.

Grape cultivation in Iran has a long history, and the country ranks ninth in global grape production. However, in terms of yield per unit area and the quality of the products in some regions, there is still a significant gap from the optimal level, and the cost of producing each kilogram of grapes is relatively high. This results in reduced economic efficiency and an inability to compete with other countries. Gray mold is one of the main limiting factors for commercial grape production in many countries, including Iran. Primary infection of the clusters often occurs in the vineyard, but the development of the disease and the damage to the fruit usually happen post-harvest, during transportation, and especially in storage. To control gray mold, the use of fungicides, especially in regions with higher rainfall, alongside non-chemical preventive methods, is common worldwide. Even one infected berry in a box of grapes can cause severe damage to the entire fruit inside, as the fungus can grow at cold storage temperatures (0.5°C to +0.5°C) and spread from the infected clusters to healthy ones through airborne mycelium. Pyrimethanil fungicide (Milis® 30% SC) is the first fungicide registered in Iran for controlling grape cluster gray mold, and it is used as a spray one to two weeks before harvest.

The grape cluster borer Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is the most important pest of this plant in Iran, including in North Khorasan province. To compare the infestation rates of 12 grape cultivars to this pest, a study was conducted in the city of Bojnord during the years 2020-2021. The emergence times of the three pest generations were determined using pheromone traps (delta traps), and after observing damage symptoms, the percentage of infested clusters was calculated. The lowest percentage of infested clusters was observed in the Flame Seedless (5.5%) and Yagooti (7.3%) cultivars, while the highest infestation rates were seen in the Siah-Sardasht (44.1%) and Khushnav (38%) cultivars. The results of this study indicated that the level of infestation and damage caused by the grape cluster borer pest varied significantly between different cultivars. Therefore, it is recommended to use the relatively resistant cultivars identified in this study when establishing new vineyards. Additionally, nursery producers in the country can propagate and distribute the resistant cultivars identified in each province to the vineyard expansion applicants.

This study examines the nutritional status of soil and grapevine leaves in vineyards across various regions of Iran, including East Azerbaijan, Qazvin, Shahroud, and West Azerbaijan. The results revealed that nutrient deficiencies in vineyard soils and leaves vary depending on soil characteristics and regional environmental conditions.In the soils of East Azerbaijan and Qazvin vineyards, deficiencies in organic carbon, phosphorus, and iron were observed. Conversely, the soils in Shahroud and West Azerbaijan faced greater challenges in nutrient availability due to high pH levels, excessive lime content, and saline irrigation water.Leaf analysis showed that potassium, nitrogen, and calcium—key macronutrients—were deficient in most regions, significantly impacting yield. Additionally, deficiencies in micronutrients such as magnesium, zinc, and iron were particularly pronounced in regions like West Azerbaijan.Plant tests indicated that unfavorable soil conditions, saline irrigation water, and poor plant nutrition management were the primary factors contributing to these deficiencies.

Leafhoppers are among the most important pests of grapevines in the Sistan region. Both adult insects and nymphs cause damage by puncturing leaf tissues and sucking plant sap. In recent years, the damage caused by this pest has been so severe that partial or total dieback of the vines has been reported. Therefore, identifying the dominant species of active leafhoppers along with their natural enemies plays a crucial role in preventing a decline in vineyard health and the quantity and quality of the Ruby grape yield. During the years 2019-2021, three leafhopper species were identified in vineyard samples from the region: Arboridia Kermanshah (Dlabola, 1963), Empoasca decipiens (Paoli, 1930), and Anaceratagallia laevis (Ribaut, 1935). The species A. Kermanshah was the dominant leafhopper pest in the Sistan region, with a frequency of 73.31%. In the study of biological control agents, parasitoids such as Anagrus atomus, Trichogramma sp., Chrysoperla spp. (lacewing species), and the mite Anystis baccarum were collected from the region's vineyards. The results suggest that, given the diversity of natural enemies in the ecosystem, a biological control program can be implemented in combination with other management practices to reduce leafhopper damage.

In this study, the hydroalcoholic extract of Ferula persica was extracted based on soaking method, and then the content of total phenols, total flavonoids, free radical scavenging activity (based on DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging methods) and antifungal effect (based on antimicrobial methods of disk diffusion agar, well diffusion agar, minimum inhibitory concentrations, and minimum fungicidal concentrations) were evaluated against fungi species causing strawberry and grape fruits rot (Botrytis cinerea, Aspergillus niger, and Rhizopus stolonifer). The results of this study showed that the hydroalcoholic extract of Ferula persica contained 101.38 mg GAE/g total phenols and 37.41 mg QE/g total flavonoids. In addition, the antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract based on the percentage of inhibition of DPPH and ABTS free radicals was 68.59 and 63.32%, respectively. Findings of antifungal activity based on disk diffusion agar and well diffusion agar tests showed that the antifungal effect of the extract was dependent on its concentration and increasing the concentration caused a significant increase in the diameter of the growth inhibition zone. Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus niger were the most resistant and sensitive fungal strains to the hydroalcoholic extract, respectively, and the minimum lethal concentrations for these two strains were 256 and 64 mg/ml, respectively. Therefore, Ferula persica hydroalcoholic extract can be used as a natural preservative to increase the shelf life of horticultural products.

Drought is one of the most important environmental stresses. It limits crop production in the world and has adverse impacts on growth of plants and their metabolic processes. By changing some of the metabolic processes, drought stress changes the behaviour of plants and, eventually, makes them resistant to some stresses. Given the water crisis in Iran, and since most of the available water is used in the agriculture sector, there is a need to change the current cropping pattern. The substitution of low-water-use for high-water-use plants could be an important water management strategy. Every physiological and biochemical factor involved in water conservation in plants is an effective factor in introducing tolerant varieties.

The required chemicals ( 80% acetone, 95% ethanol, ninhydrin, glacial acetic acid, benzene, proline, pure glucose, anthrone, sulfuric acid, potassium phosphate, polyvinylpyrrolidone [PVP], EDTA, hydrogen peroxide and guaiacol) were purchased from the Merck Company. This study was carried out in the spring and summer of 2019 in the Research Greenhouse of Islamic Azad University of Bojnourd. The rooted cuttings of 18 dominant grape varieties in the region (Kolahdari, KajAngoor, Fakhri, sefid Beryan, Divaneh, Sahebi, La’l, Siyah, Shiregi, Garmeh, Khalili, SanjariKajAngoor, Keshmeshi, Ghareghat, Maskeh, Asgari, Flame Seedless and White Seedless) were planted in plastic pots with a diameter of 35 cm and a height of 40 cm. The soil was a mixture of blown sand, leaf litter, and garden soil in the 1:1:1 ratio. Before the experiment, all pots were irrigated to reach field capacity.The factorial experiment was conducted using completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor was irrigation cessation (15-day drought stress) and control (irrigation to field capacity level). The second factor was variety (18 varieties).To apply the stress condition, irrigation cessation continued until leaf wilting signs were appeared. Based on previous experience, the duration of tolerance to drought stress was approximately 2 weeks. During the experiment, the minimum and maximum greenhouse temperatures were, respectively, 18.5 °C and 34 °C and natural light was used.

The results of analysis variance showed that drought stress significantly increased the amount of electrolyte leakage (6.29), and activities of peroxidase (0.056 katal per ml) and catalase (0.92 katal per ml). It also decreased leaf relative water content (61.95%), relative chlorophyll content (16.85) and contents of chlorophyll a (3.45 mg/g), chlorophyll b (1.12 mg/g) and carotenoids (2.84 mg/g).Grape varieties respond differently to drought stress and, in general, water scarcity reduces their leaf RWC and chlorophyll contents. According to Schutz and Fangmier (2001), a decrease in chlorophyll content under stress conditions is because of an increase in the production of oxygen radicals in the cell. These free radicals can cause peroxidation and decomposition of the pigments. The intensity and greenness of the leaves reduce with decreasing the chlorophyll concentration and accelerating the process of aging.Reduced greenness of the leaves under long-term stress conditions may be partially due to reduced nitrogen flow into the tissues and changing activities of such enzymes as nitrate reductase. Since nitrogen is a constituent of a chlorophyll molecule, its deficiency in plants may slow down the formation of chlorophyll. Lawlor and Cornic (2002) showed the effectiveness of carotenoid, as an auxiliary pigment, in protecting thylakoid membranes and preventing chlorophyll photo-oxidation. Drought stress increases the activity of the peroxidase and catalase enzymes in both drought-sensitive and -resistant varieties; however, the activity of antioxidative enzymes is significantly higher in the stress-resistant varieties.The studied cultivars were divided into the three groups include of tolerant (White Seedless, Garmeh, Maskeh, Flame Seedless, Fakhri, Khalili and Divaneh), semi-susceptible (Kolahdari, Sefid Beryan, Sahebi, Laal, Shiregi, Kaj Angoor Sanjari and Asgari) and sensitive (Siah, Ghare-Ghat, Kaj Angoor Sanjari and Keshmeshi) cultivars to drought stress. Among the studied cultivars, White Seedless had the highest levels of relative leaf water (77.81%), relative chlorophyll content (28.62), carotenoids (4.81 mg/g) and the lowest amount of electrolyte leakage (31.5) and Garmeh the highest chlorophyll a (6.64 mg/g) and chlorophyll b (2.12 mg/g) contents and peroxidase (0.0618 katal per ml) and catalase activities (0.959 katal per ml).

The grape plant adaptation to drought stress is the result of changes in many morphological, physiological, and biochemical mechanisms, which cause changes in the rate of electrolyte leakage, leaf RWC, proline content, soluble solids, speed of photosynthesis, enzymatic activities, etc. The results showed that the white seedless variety had the highest leaf RWC, relative chlorophyll content, carotenoid content, and the lowest electrolyte leakage. Besides, Garmeh variety with the highest chlorophyll a and b, peroxidase, and catalase contents is amongst the most resistant varieties.

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effect of trellised and non-trellised training systems on winter cold tolerance of two cultivars of Bidaneh Sefid and Bidaneh Ghermez factorially based on a randomized complete block design. During cold acclimation stage, the lowest content of leaf nutrients and the highest rate of leaf fall, leaf periderm formation and bud lignin belonged to Bidaneh Ghermez cultivar under trellised system. Moreover, the highest winter cold tolerance estimated by ion leakage and oxidative browning, total phenol, proline and soluble carbohydrates in both January and March were related to the Bidaneh Ghermez cultivar under the trellised system. Howevere, the lowest winter cold tolerance, total phenol, proline and soluble carbohydrates was related to Bidaneh Sefid cultivar under the non-trellised system. Forthermore, the highest bud water content, starch, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde in both stages of January and March were related to Bidaneh Sefid cultivar under the non-trellised system. In both stages of sampling, the contents of abscisic acid, sucrose, glucose, fructose and raffinose in the bud of both cultivars were higher with the trellised system than with the non-trellised training system. The results of this research can be used to encourage vine growers to change the method of growing grapes from traditional to trellised system.