ترکیب های اسانس

The Sahandi savory (Satureja sahendica Bornm.) is a native medicinal species of Iran, which is exposed to extinction. Organic farming of this species in low input systems has an important role to protect this valuable genetic reserve. To evaluate the essential oil content and components of the savory in natural habitat and field conditions, an experiment was conducted to investigate the plant growth responses to different fertilizer and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) density (0, 6, 12 and 18 plants/m2) in two planting patterns (rectangles, zigzag). The experiment was carried out in factorial based on RCBD with three replications at the Qazvin Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center during 2010 to 2012. The nutrient treatments included NPK plus foliar application of micronutrients, four tons/ha vermicompost, two tons/ha vermicompost plus 40 liters/ha vermi-tea (liquid formulation of vermicompost). At the flowering stage, the essential oil content and compounds were measured in both samples of field and natural habitats. The effect of planting pattern was not significant. The highest content of essential oils in first harvest (28.38%) and in second harvest (46.04%) were obtained from organic fertilizer treatments, two tons vermicompost 40 liters vermin-tea and four tons vermicompost, respectively. These treatments were superior to the savory harvested from natural habitats. The essential oil content of savory under competition of redroot pigweed at all densities were higher than the natural habitats and the highest content in first and second harvest (30.41% and 51.80%) was obtained at 18 plants/m2 pigweed density. In all fertilizer treatments, the content of thymol in comparison to natural habitats (38.49%) was superior and the highest content (42.95%) was obtained with application of four tons vermicompost. In the absence of weed, the Sahandi savory produced the greatest content of thymol (45.18%) compared to the savory grown in natural habitats.

Anthemis with 39 native species belongs to Asteraceae family. Essential oils of the flowers, leaves and stems with special components are used in pharmaceutical industries. In order to study essential oil content and composition of different accessions of Anthemis pseudocotula, the seeds were collected from provinces of Golestan, Yazd, Semnan, Tehran, Zanjan and Bushehr and were sown at Alborz experimental station. In addition to terminated flower bearing shoots at flowering stage, whole sample flower bearing shoots of A. pseudocotula were sampled and their essential oil were extracted byhydro-distillation method and analyzed and identified by GC and GC/MS. Results of essential oil analysis of different accessions showed that essential oil yields of Zanjan and Golestan 1 were 0.2% and 0.03 %, respectively. Thirty-two components were recognized in eight accessions that were different in number, type and percentage. Their main components were β-thujone (Golestan 2, Golestan 3, Tehran, Yazd, Bushehr and Golestan 1 were 62.9%, 36%, 33.1%, 26.1%, 20.4% and 13.9% respectively), Z-β- farnesene (Bushehr, code 29717, Yazd, Golestan 3, Zanjan, Tehran and Golestan 1 were 38.1%,21.9%,16%,15.7%,14.4%,13.3% and 12.2% % respectively), and caryophyllene oxide (Yazd, Golestan 1 and code 29717 were 20.4%, 20.1% and 17.7% respectively). Some components belonged to specific accession, so that myrcene, Z - β-ocimene, dihydro carveol, myrtenol and caryophyllene oxide in Zanjan, camphor in Golestan, (E,E) –α- farnesene in Bushehr and 1,8-cineole in Golestan and Zanjan accessions. Based on the results, in order to gain some components with high percentage, we need to select specific accessions.

The effects of water deficit on yield، essential oil contents and composition of Noroozak (Salvia leriifolia Benth.) were investigated at Khorasan-e-Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center، Mashhad-Iran. The treatments were deficit irrigation based on actual evapotranspiration (ETc) at the rate of 100% (fully irrigated)، 66. 6% (moderate stress)، 33. 3% (severe stress) and non-irrigated (control). The experiment was analyzed in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results indicated that the essential oil percentage of green leaves and flowering stem in severe stress and control was significantly (P≤0. 05) higher than that of fully irrigated treatment. The highest and lowest dry matter yields were obtained in fully irrigated and control treatments، respectively. Severe deficit (P≤0. 05) decreased the essential oil yield significantly but it was not affected in moderate stress. Results also showed that 1، 8-cineol، β-pinene and borneol were the main essential oil constituents in all water deficit treatments، included nearly 50% of total essential oil contents. The above essential oil constituents in control treatment increased by 21. 1%، 7% and 15. 3% in green leaves and 39%، 12% and 55% in flowering stems in comparison with fully irrigated treatment. However cedren-13-ol and δ-cadinene decreased by 58. 5% and 46% in green leaves and 52% and 14% in flowering stems، respectively.

Regarding to the important role of weed management، soil fertility and organic farming of the medicinal plants، in this research، the effect of different levels of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexux L.) density on growth and yield of sahendi savory (Satureja sahendica Bornm.) was studied in several fertility regimes including vermicompost with complete and decreased amount of conventional fertilizers. Experiment was carried out using randomized complete block design with factorial arrangement of treatments with three replicates in Esmaeil Abad Station of Agriculture and Natural Resoursec Research Organization of the Qazvin province during 2010-2012. Fertility factors included NPK plus micro nutrients spraying in first and second year (CF)، vermicompost (4 t/ha) in first year (V4)، vermicompost (2 t/ha) in first year plus liquid vermitea (40 L/ha) in second year (V2T). Redroot pigweed density levels included 0، 6، 12، and 18 plants per square meter (W0، W6، W12 and W18). Results showed that in first year main effect of fertilizer on shoot weight، and main effect of weed interference on essential oil (p<0. 05) and shoot weight (p<0. 01) were significant. Weed dry weight significantly (p<0. 01) was influenced by weed density in both years of the experiment. The highest percentage of savory essential oil was obtained at 2 t/ha vermicompost+vermitea in no weed treatment. Sixteen compounds were identified in the essential oil of savory of which thymol، р-cymene and γ-trepinene were the most important ones. According to the results of the essential oil analysis، treatment of 4 t/ha vermicompost in weed free condition increased thymol production. However، thymol decreased and р-cymene increased in response to the existence of weeds.

In this study، the analysis of seed and leaf essential oil of Heracleum anisactis Boiss. & Hohen.، as an endemic species، was reported. The plant parts of H. anisactis were collected from Dizin Mountain at three altitudes of 2100، 2600 and 3200 m. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Twenty and twenty-two components were identified in the leaf and seed essential oil، respectively. According to the results، the main constituents of leaf oil were octyl acetate (66/9%، 67. 4% and 69. 3%)، octyl butyrate (3. 7%، 3. 5% and 5. 6%) and hexyl isobutyrate (3. 3%، 3. 8%، 4. 5%)، at altitudes of 2100 m، 2600 m، and 3200m، respectively. In the seed oil، octyl acetate (69. 4%، 72. 4% and 76. 5%) and hexyl butyrate (3. 2%، 4. 8%، 6. 2%) were identified as the mail constituents at altitudes of 2100، 2600 and 3200m، respectively.

In the present study, essential oil composition and antibacterial effects of Ziziphora tenuior in Hesarak (Karaj) and Venarch (Qom) were studied and compared. The aerial parts of plants were collected at full flowering stage and essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by capillary GC and GC-MS. Thirteen and sixteen compounds were identified in essential oils of plants in Hesarak and Venarch respectively. In both regions, the highest content was recorded for pulegone (85 to 87 %) and no significant differences were observed. Limonene in plants of Hesarak (5.1%) were more than that of Venarch(3.64 %). Ethanol extracts of the plants in Hesarak significantly showed an effective controlling and antimicrobial effect against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus compared with plants of Venarch. Concentrations of Mn, Fe and Ni in soil of Venarch (2766.67, 40333, 0.384 ppm respectively) were higher than that of Hesarak (558.33, 28600, 12.25 ppm respectively), however, soluble manganese and iron contents in soil of Hesarak (6.53 and 4 ppm respectively) were higher than that of soil of Venarch (4.6 and 1.9 ppm respectively). Since concentration of Mn, Fe and Ni in aerial parts and roots of the studied plant in Hesarak and Venarch showed significant difference, antibacterial activity of the plants in both regions is also different. According to the results and with regard to the changes in elements concentration of the soil, essential oil composition and antibacterial effects of Ziziphora tenuior are affected by elements content in soil.