متیل جاسمونات

The beneficial effects of the chamomile plant have been attributed to its essential oil, so any factor that affects the quantity of its essential oil will be of interest to researchers. To investigate the effect of plant growth regulators salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate on the production of secondary metabolites in chamomile plants, this experiment was conducted under the native in vitro conditions of Sharbian City. To conduct this research, chamomile seeds were collected from Sharbian (N ʺ52 58 37 and E ʺ06 ʹ11 ˚), East Azerbaijan province. After transfer, the seeds were sterilized for 15 minutes in a detergent. Their surfaces were disinfected with 70% alcohol for 45 seconds and then with sodium hypochlorite for 30 minutes. After surface disinfection, they were washed twice with distilled water. The basic culture medium in this study was the MS culture medium. All cultures were placed in the growth chamber at a temperature of 24±2°C and 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness. A factorial experiment was performed in a complete random design with three replications. Test treatments included salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) at five levels (0, 50, 100, 200, 400 μM). Minguez-Mosquera and Perez-Galvez methods were applied to determine photosynthetic pigment amounts. The amount of phenolic compounds in the plant extract was measured with a slight modification based on the Slinkard and Singleton method with the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent. The data related to this research were analyzed using SAS V.9.g.1 statistical software. The comparison of treatment averages was done with Duncan's test at 5% and 1%. Graphs were drawn using Microsoft Excel software. The analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of the applied treatments on the traits of stem weight, root weight, stem length, and root length is significant at the 1% probability level. In addition, it is significant on the number of stems at the 5% probability level. The comparison of the averages showed that the highest amount of stem weight was obtained in the interaction effect of (50 µM) SA and (200 µM) MeJA, and the lowest amount of stem weight was obtained in the interaction effect of (400 µM) SA and (400 µM) MeJA treatment. The comparison of the means shows a significant difference in this trait. The highest amount of root weight was obtained in the interaction effect of (100 µM) SA and (100 µM) MeJA, and the lowest amount of root weight was obtained in the interaction of (400 µM) SA and (400 µM) MeJA treatment. Came. A comparison of the averages showed that the highest number of stems was obtained in the interaction of (100 µM) SA and (50 µM) MeJA, and the lowest number of stems was obtained in the interaction of (400 µM) SA and (200 µM) MeJA. The comparison of the means showed the significance of the stem and root length traits. The highest value of these two traits was due to the interaction of (50 µM) SA and (100 µM) MeJA treatments, and the lowest value of stem length was in the combination of (400 µM) SA and (µM) treatments. 400) MeJA and root length were measured from the combination of SA (400 µM) and MeJA (200 µM) treatments. In the biochemical traits, variance analysis of the data showed that the effect of SA levels on the amount of chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid, total chlorophyll, phenol, and flavonoid in all three wavelengths was significant at the 1% probability level. In this experiment, it was shown that metabolite production depends not only on enzyme activity but also on stimulant concentration. Increasing the stimulus more than usual not only increases metabolism but also reduces or stops the production of metabolites through the reduction of enzyme activity (probably through the reduction of the corresponding gene expression).

Physalins are the most important secondary metabolites extracted from Physalis spp. medicinal plant that have a high potential to stop the growth of cancer cells. In this research, induction of hairy roots by two strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes (ATCC15834 and A4) in different explants consist of leaves, internodes, hypocotyl, and roots of P. alkekengi in 6 media culture (1/2MS, MS, and B5 each of them containing two levels of 1.5 and 3% sucrose) were studied. The highest hairy roots numbers were inducted by ATCC15834 strain in leaf explants on B5 medium containing 1.5% sucrose. The highest fresh and dry weights of hairy roots were obtained in B5 culture medium containing 3% sucrose. In addition, the effects of chitosan elicitor at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, and 150 mg L.-1 and methyl jasmonate at concentrations of 0, 20, 40, and 60 mg L.-1 on physalin B content and hairy root growth were evaluated. Chitosan treatment had no significant effect on the production of physalin B, but its effect on the growth of hairy roots was significant at 50 mg L.-1 concentration. Methyl jasmonate at a concentration of 60 mg L.-1 resulted in a significant increase of 3.026 times in the production of physalin B compared to the control, however, none of the three concentrations of methyl jasmonate had a significant effect on hairy roots growth. This study is the first report on the effect of these elicitors on the secondary metabolite physalin B.

Trigonelline is one of the valuable secondary metabolites of fenugreek plant. Plant cell suspension culture is a recommended method for in vitro production of secondary metabolites. To study the possibility of Trigonelline production in fenugreek cell suspension culture, factorial experiment based on CRD was designed.  In this research different explants such as leaf, stem and root were used on MS medium including four different concentration of 2,4-D and BAP plant growth regulators to study callus induction ability in fenugreek plant. The results showed that largest size of calluses belonged to the root explant under 2,4-D(2mg/l) with 315 mm and stem explant on MS including 1 mg/l  BAP with  320 mm.  Also, the highest fresh and dry weight of callus belonged to root explant in MS including 2 mg / l 2,4-D  with 1. 5 and 0.08g and stem explant in concentration of 1 mg / l BAP with 1.5 g and 0.07g. The data registered for callus dry weight showed the same results. Three different elicitors methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid and yeast extract were used to increase the in vitro production of Trigonelline using cell suspension culture obtained from Fenugreek calluses. The highest amounts of Trigonelline was obtained from 100 μM salicylic acid.

In order to investigate the interaction of Methyl Jasmonate (MeJA)and silicon on the yield and its components in tomato plant ‘Dafnis’ cultivar under salinity stress, an experiment as split-plot design was carried out using the Randomized Complete Block design (RCB) and with 3 replications contained 4 observations.  Experiment was done in pots containing 8 kg of sandy soil in a commercial greenhouse for 11 months. The main factor, irrigation water Salinity, was assessed in 3 levels with electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.4 and 6 ds.m-1, MeJA as a sub-factor at 0.5 and 7.5 µM and silicon in the form of sodium silicate in 3 levels of 0.4 and 8 mM. The results showed that with increasing in salinity of irrigation water from 0 to 6 ds.m-1, MeJA level from 0 to 7.5 µM and sodium silicate from 0 to 8 mM, the total yield decreased from 145.1 to 133.5, 144.2 to 136.2 and 141.3 to 136 t. ha-1, respectively. The highest yield was obtained as 147.7 t. ha-1, using 4 Mm sodium silicate and 7.5 µM MeJA in non-saline conditions.

In order to evaluate the effects of foliar application of osmolytes on the quantitative and qualitative yield of German chamomile (Chamomilla recutita L.) in drought stress conditions, a split-plot experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Shahed University. The treatments included irrigation as the main factor in three levels [(irrigation after 50 (without stress), 100 (moderate stress) and 150 mm evaporation from the class A pan (severe stress)] and foliar application of osmolytes as sub-plots in seven levels [(without Spraying (NS), distilled water (W), methyl jasmonate (MJ= 75mM), salicylic acid (SA= 2mM), humic acid (HA= 2.5lit/1000), glycine betaine (GB= 5mM), and g- aminobutyric acid (GABA= 50mM). The electrical conductivity of the irrigation water was 4.8 dS/m. Mean comparisons showed that GABA combined with severe stress had the highest essential oil yield (3.7 kg ha-1). In plants treated with GABA under severe stress, essential oil harvest index was increased by 60 and 58%, respectively, compared to W and NS treatments. The highest and lowest capitol harvest index with 70.81% and 23.28% were respectively obtained from GB combined without stress and W with severe stress. SA, GB, and GABA increased the capitol yield in severe stress compared with the moderate stress. Severe stress caused a significant increase in essential oil content from 0.66 to 1.13%, a 35% reduction in seed harvest index compared to control treatment, and a significant reduction in biomass yield rather than moderate stress. MJ and SA increased seed yield compared with NS in moderate stress.

Jasmonates are key signaling compounds in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses as well as in development. We studied the role of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) in alleviating NaCl-induced salt stress in Mentha piperita L. through evaluating its growth, mineral and phenolics contents, essential oil (EO) quantity and quality. Accordingly, plants were exposed to the NaCl concentrations of 1.86 (control), 5, 75 and 10 dS/m for two weeks, 24 h after foliar application of 0, 60 and 120 µM MeJA. The results showed that salt stress decreased fresh and dry weights of aerial parts and concentrations of potassium (K), calcium (Ca2), magnesium (Mg2), K Na ratio and phenolic compounds, while sodium (Na) content increased significantly under salt stress. Also, EO yield increased with the increase of salinity concentration then decreased at the salinity concentration of 10 dS/m. However, exogenous application of MeJA enhanced the contents of K, Ca2, Mg2, K Na ratio and phenolics, while Na content in salt stressed plants declined. In addition, pretreatment with 60 µM MeJA improved the growth and EO yield. The highest values of menthone and menthol were obtained at the salinity concentration of 7.5 dS/m and concentrations of 60 and 120 µM MeJA. In summary, our results indicated that application of MeJA could reduce the adverse of salinity stress in M. piperita.

The gene 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS) and TcGLIP multifunctional genes are two key genes involved in pyrethrins biosynthetic pathway, which retain insecticidal properties. DXS gene in the MEP pathway produces 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate using pyruvate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. TcGLIP gene is involved at the last steps of pyrethrins biosynthesis pathway and integrates chrysanthemyl-CoA and pyrethrolone, which are produced in the MEP pathway and lipoxygenase pathways, respectively to yield pyrethrin I. Based on the significances of pyrethrins, further identification and studies are needed on these metabolites. The aim of this study was to isolate DXS gene in pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Vis.) from the Asteraceae, as well as expression analysis of these two genes under methyl-jasmonate treatment. In the present work, the nucleotide sequences of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase gene of different plant species were obtained from NCBI database and subsequently aligned with ClustalW online software. Specific primers were designed from the conserved regions of aligned sequences. The polymerase chain reaction product with 715bp length showed that the specific primers had high efficiency to isolate DXS. In addition, gene expression analysis under methyl-jasmonate treatment showed that both DXS and TcGLIP were up-regulated in response to methyl jasmonate elicitor. Our data showed that methyl jasmonate treatment in seedling stage could be used as a suitable elicitor to increase pyrethrin production.

In order to study the effects of spermidine (0.5 and 0.75 mM) and methyl jasmonate (0.25 and 0.5 mM) on the vegetative and reproductive growth of snake melon, an experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology. Each replication consists of 8 plants. Each plant (5-7 leaf stage) was sprayed with 100 ml of related solution and distilled water was used as a control. Characteristics including the date of flowering, the number of male and female flowers, yield, fruit characteristics were measured during and at the end of the experiment. Results showed that the plants treated with 0.5 mM spermidine, had the highest number of female flowers and the highest ratio of female to male flowers and they had the highest number of fruits in the plant. Also, the plant related to this treatment produced male flowers sooner than other plants. Overall, srpermidine increased vegetative growth and the photosynthetic surface of plants.

Salicylic acid (SA) and Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) as phytohormone regulate synthesis of secondary metabolites in a wide range of plant species by accumulation of phenylalanine ammonia lyase enzyme (PAL) and accelerate the production of oxygen free radicals, protein kinase, proline and nitrite oxide content. To study the effect of these compounds on synthesis of secondary metabolites, in two separate experiments the callus of artichoke was treated with different levels of MJ and SA (0, 50, 100, 200,250 µM) in the solid MS medium. A positive correlation between proline accumulation and phenolic compounds and negative correlation by photosynthesis pigments showed that in artichoke, the cells try to balance primary and secondary metabolites. Based on the obtained results, when the elicitors applied to cell culture, the amount of phenyl propanoid compounds and proline significantly increased. Application of SA at 100µM had the highest effect on the production of chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid as well as proline. And MJ in 100 µM had the maximum amount of caffeic acid and proline and highest amount of chlorogenic acid was seen in 200 µM. It can be concluded that poly phenolic compounds production, influenced by executed treatments. Optimization the elicitor concentrations could lead to desirable secondary metabolite production of artichoke under in-vitro conditions.

Using plant growth regulators at the stresses environment can improve plant growth and crop production. Hence، in this research response of photosynthesis rate، chlorophyll، soluble sugar and flower dry weight of chamomile to methyl jasmonate under different salinity levels was studied. Values of 0 (control)، 75، 150، 225 and 300μM methyl jasmonate (MeJA) with salinity levels of 2، 6، 10 and 14 dS/m was evaluated as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The effect of MeJA and salinity was significant for photosynthesis rate، leaf temperature difference (T)، relative water content (RWC)، chlorophyll a، chlorophyll b، total chlorophyll، soluble sugar and flower dry weight. Also، MeJA × salinity interaction affected all traits except T. The highest value of photosynthetic rate (9. 99 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1)، chlorophyll a، b and total chlorophyll، in averaging 5. 98، 41. 18 and 45. 10 mg g-1، respectively، and flower dry weight (3. 73 g pot-1) were obtained at 75μM MeJA and 6 dS/m salinity. But، there was no significant difference between 75μM MeJA×6 dS/m and 75μM MeJA×2dS/m for RWC and flower dry weight traits. Maximum soluble sugar was achieved at 75μM MeJA×14 dS/m treatment. In general، using of MeJA increased RWC and decreased undesirable effects of salinity. With decreasing RWC photosynthetic rate، chlorophyll and flower dry weight decreased، but T increased.

The effect of methyl jasmonate (MeJa) upon Agastache foeniculum [Pursh] Kuntze was investigated in aspects of enzymatic activities of phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) and 4-coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL)، total phenolic content and total protein. The experiments were carried out based on a completely randomized design under a hydroponic system. The plants were subjected to different concentrations of MeJa (0، 0. 1 and 1 mM). The PAL activity significantly increased in plants treated with 1 mM MeJa for 24 h compared with 0. 1mM MeJa and control. In addition، 4CL activity also significantly increased at 24 h after 1mM MeJa treatment compared with 0. 1mM MeJa treatment and control. However، MeJa treatments did not have any significant effect on total phenolic compounds after 8، 12 or 24 h of treatment compared with controls of those times. Total protein content significantly increased with 1 or 0. 1 mM MeJa treatments after 24h of treatment compared with control plants.

Artemisinin, a secondary metabolite, is produced by Artemisia annua L. plant and is nowadays, the most effective drug in the treatment of malaria. This component and its derivatives are also used against hepatitis B and different types of cancers. Chemical synthesis of artemisinin is possible but because of its complex structure and low yield, it is not economically feasible. Since this plant serves as the only commercial source of artemisinin production while also producing it at very low levels, efforts to increase the production source of this valuable drug are indispensable. In this study, the effects of four hormones namely: gibberellic acid (GA3), cytokinin(2-iP), methyl jasmonate(MeJA) and salicylic acid(SA) on artemisinin production were studied at different time points following treatments. It was observed that MeJA had the highest positive effect on artemisinin production as compared to the other three hormones, and in a descending order of effect there stood 2-iP, SA, and GA3. Therefore, due to the more provoking and uniformly increasing effects on artemisinin content throughout the study, MeJA is a proved to be a promising and suitable candidate for further studies in field applications.

To evaluate the effect of spraying with methyl jasmonate on membrance properties, ion uptake and osmotic adjustment and flower dry weight of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) under salt stress an experiment was conducted at greenhouse with three replications. The experimental design was factorial based on randomized complete blocks design. The studied factors were as follows: spraying with methyl jasmonate at five levels including, 0, 75, 150, 225 and 300 μM in three growth stages: 1) 3 to 4 leaves, 2) stem elongation and 3) flowering (anthesis) and salt stress applied at four levels of 2.1, 6, 10 and 14 dS/m NaCl. The results showed that spraying with methyl jasmonate and salinity stress had significant effects (p ≤ 0.05) on all measured traits. The highest cell membrane stability, proline, K+, Ca+content, ratio of K+/Na+ and flower dry weight, with the lowest content of Na+ were obtained in spraying 75 µM MeJA and 6dS/m salinity stress. High amount of the mentioned parameters at the concentration of 6 dS/m salinity could be related to the assisting role of MeJA through preventing salt entrance and preferential absorption of K+ in mild salinities compared with the control treatment. In addition, application of MeJA induced significant increase in proline content. It seems that increase in proline content leads to cell membrane stability and salt resistance.

In order to increase of quality and storage life of strawberry fruits (cv. 'Selva'), UV-C irradiation at tow doses (5 and 15 min) and immersion in Methyl jasmonat solution with three concentrations (0,1,3 µMol/ lit), were applied. A factorial experiment (Dummy Plot) was carried out with Randomized Completely Design at 8 replications. Fruits after harvesting, treated and stored in a cold storage in +2 0C with 95% relative humidity for 14 days. Immediately after treatments and end of storage, quality traits including, total soluble solid (TSS), titrable acidity (TA), vitamin C, total phenols, decay percentage were measured. The results showed that fruits which took UV-C irradiation (5 min) and MJ solution (1 µMol/ lit), increased total phenol and decreased of decay percentage after 14 days of storage more than others. UV-C irradiation with Methyl jasmonat solution didn’t have any significant effects on TA, TSS and Vitamin C.