کود زیستی

Many efforts have been made to find suitable ways to improve the quality of soil and agricultural products, among which are biofertilizers and organic fertilizers. This study was performed to investigate the effect of mycorrhiza fungus (M) (Funneliformis mosseae), different levels of humic acid (HA) (0, 200, and 400 mg pot-1) and salicylic acid (SA) (0, 100, and 200 mg L-1) on the growth indices, biochemical characteristics and nutrient levels of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L. cv Citronella) in a greenhouse in northern Iran. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with three replications. The results showed that all treatments had a significant effect on the measured variables. The highest fresh and dry weights of shoot, phenol and flavonoid, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium contents were observed in the M + HA 400 + SA 200 treatment and the highest fresh and dry weights of shoot and root volume were obtained in the M + HA 400 + SA 100 treatment. Also, the maximum total chlorophyll content and essential oil yield were obtained in the M + HA 200 + SA 200 treatment. In general, mycorrhizal fungus with humic acid 400 mg pot-1 and salicylic acid 200 mg L-1 treatment is effective to improve vegetative growth, essential oil and nutrient uptake in lemon balm.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a perennial and monocotyledonous medicinal and spice plant, whose rhizome, essential oil and extract are of interest, and this plant has wide uses in various industries. The origin of ginger is Southeast Asia and possibly India. This plant is mainly cultivated as an annual and the rhizome or the underground stem is the used part. It should be noted that the use of biological fertilizers can improve the growth and yield of plants and is also the most natural and best way to keep soil systems healthy. In addition, benefiting from natural solutions instead of using chemicals reduces pollution and destruction of biological resources. The use of Arbuscular mycorrhizal and Trichoderma fungi can leads to a reduction in the consumption of fertilizers and fungicides and an increase in yield, and also reduces production costs and is compatible with environmental principles. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Trichoderma harizanum, mycorrhiza (Glomus etunicatum and G. fasciculatum) and the combined treatment of fungi (G. etunicatum + T. harizanum, G. fasciculitum + T. harizanum) on the growth parameters, rhizome yield and active substances of ginger.

This research was conducted as a factorial experiment based on a completely random design in the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University. The rhizomes were transferred to the greenhouse and cultivated in pots with amended soil. These plants were inoculated with Trichoderma (T. harizanum), Mycorrhiza (G. etunicatum and G. fasciculatum) and combined treatment of fungi (G. etunicatum + T. harizanum, G. fasciculatum + T. harizanum). During the growing season and harvesting, the morphological characteristics and rhizomes yield were evaluated, and then the essential oil content and composition, the amount of fiber and the color of the rhizomes and precisely. The effect of treatments on ginger stem traits contains: Stem Fresh Weight (g), Stem Dry Weight (g), Number of Stems and Stem Length (cm), Leaf Traits contains: Leaf Dry Weight (g), Leaf Fresh Weight (g), Number of Leafs, Greenness Index, Rhizome Traits contains: Rhizome Dry Weight (g), Rhizome Fresh Weight (g), Darkness/Lightnees Indicator, Yellow/Blue Indicator, Rhizome Crude Fiber (%), Essential oil Traits contains: Essential oil Percentage, Essential oil Yield were investigated. Abbreviation of treatments include contains: Control, M1 (G. fasciculatum), M2 (G. etunicatum), T1 (T. harizanum), M1T1 (G. fasciculitum + T. harizanum) and M2T1 (G. etunicatum + T. harizanum).

The results showed that the inoculation with G. etunicatum had the highest value of stem length (35.68 cm), fresh and dry weight of the stem (22 and 10.2 g), Spad index (18.17), fresh and dry weight of leaves (34.46 and 8.96 g), number of leaves (9.46) and fiber content of rhizome (4.28%). Also, the highest number of stems, darkness/brightness index and yellow/blue color index of rhizome were observed in the control treatment with values of 7.16, 73.29 and 98.6 respectively. The highest fresh and dry weight of rhizome (35.5 and 5.2 g) were observed in the inoculation with G. fasciculitum treatment and the highest percentage of essential oil (0.4) was observed under the combined treatment of the inoculation with G. etunicatum. Camphene, 1,8-cineole, neral and geranial were identified as the main compounds of essential oil and the amounts of these compounds in the inoculation treatment with fungi were more than the control. In general, this research showed that the inoculation of rhizomes with G. etunicatum resulted in achieving the desired growth characteristics, rhizome yield and active substances in ginger. Camphene, 1,8-cineole, neral and geranial were identified as the main compounds of essential oil and the amounts of these compounds in the inoculation treatment with fungi were more than the control.

In general, this research showed that the inoculation of rhizomes with G. etunicatum resulted in achieving the desired growth characteristics, rhizome yield and active substances in ginger.

Zataria multiflora</em> Boiss. is an important medicinal plant species in the Lamiaceae family, native to Iran and some neighboring countries. Water scarcity is a significant limiting factor for crop growth and production. Reduced efficiency of chemical fertilizer uptake under drought conditions and their adverse environmental effects necessitates using sustainable agricultural practices. Mycorrhizal fungi, through their symbiotic with plants, provide essential nutrients to plants and mitigate the adverse effects of biotic and abiotic stresses on plants. This study investigates the influence of mycorrhizal symbiosis under drought stress and non-stress conditions on morpho-physiological characteristics of eight Z. multiflora</em> ecotypes.

This study was conducted on eight Z. multiflora</em> ecotypes collected from Safashahr, Neyriz, Khanekhore, and Fasa (located in Fars province), Faridan, Baharestan, Kalat Ghazi (located in Isfahan province), and Qasreghand (located in Sistan and Baluchestan province). Two-year-old plants of these ecotypes were subjected to two levels of drought stress, consisting of 50% and 90% soil field capacity, representing drought stress and non-drought stress conditions, respectively. Mycorrhizal fungi were applied at two levels (with and without) in a factorial experiment based on the completely randomized design with three replications, conducted in a greenhouse of the Agriculture Faculty, Shahrekord University, Iran. Drought stress was applied through reduced watering, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were inoculated in holes at a depth of 4-5 cm around the roots in the pots. The symbiosis was confirmed through root staining. Morpho-physiological traits, including plant length, width, crown area, leaf area, dry plant yield, and chlorophyll "a" and "b" content, were measured. After variance analysis, the means were compared using the LSD test. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to determine trait correlations, and stepwise regression was employed to identify traits affecting dry plant yield.

The results of the analysis of variance showed that ecotype, drought stress, and mycorrhizal application had highly significant effects on plant length, plant width, crown area, leaf area, dry plant yield, and chlorophyll "a" and "b" content. The significance of the two- and three-way interaction effects of ecotypes with drought stress and mycorrhizal application in all studied traits indicates the different responses of ecotypes to drought stress and mycorrhizal fungus application. Comparing the means of the two drought stress levels indicated a significant reduction in all traits under stress conditions. Mycorrhizal application in non-stress conditions significantly increased the traits. Using mycorrhizal fungi under drought stress conditions compensated for part of the reduction caused by drought stress in the traits, resulting in an increase ranging from 14% (plant width) to 210% (dry plant yield) compared to drought stress conditions. The comparison of ecotypes in each combination of stress levels and mycorrhizal application levels suggests that plant length and width, crown area, leaf area, and plant dry yield increased. The intensity of response or change in these ecotypes to drought stress and mycorrhizal application varies. The correlation coefficients and stepwise regression results indicate the critical role of leaf area and plant length in dry plant yield under both non-drought and drought stress conditions.

In this restudy, high variability was observed in the evaluated traits such as plant length and width, canopy area, leaf area, plant dry yield, and chlorophyll "a" and "b" levels in the Z. multiflora</em> ecotypes. On the other hand, the different reactions of these ecotypes to drought stress indicate the high genetic potential of this native plant in Iran. Therefore, it can be used to select superior genotypes. Considering the increasing and significant effect of most of the characteristics studied, including yield due to the application of mycorrhizal fungus, this fungus can be used in producing Z. multiflora</em> under standard cultivation conditions and drought stress.

Growth-promoting bacteria are among the beneficial soil microorganisms, and by improving the soil quality, they increase the growth and nutritional traits of the plant. Therefore, in order to investigate the effect of growth-promoting bacteria on the leaf surface, specific leaf surface and absorption of nutritional elements of hazelnut seedlings, a factorial experiment was carried out in the form of a randomized complete block design in the field conditions. The main factor was the origin of the seedling (at two levels: Fandoglou and Makesh) and bacterial inoculation (at five levels: P. putida, B. subtilis and E. cloaca, combination of them and Control) with three replications. Twelve seedlings were planted at a distance of 3 × 3 m in holes with dimensions of 50 × 50 × 50 cm on an area of 3240 m2 in the agricultural lands at the neighborhood of Fandoglou forest in Ardabil. The results after four years showed that the inoculated seedlings of both origins were superior in terms of all investigated traits compared to the control (un-inoculated) seedlings. The highest amount of traits was assigned to the seedlings of Fandoglou origin inoculated with the combination of all three bacteria (P. putida, B. subtilis and E. cloaca). The leaf area and specific leaf area were 53.1 and 37.7% more in the inoculated seedling compared to the control, respectively. The concentration of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous, iron and zinc in the seedling leaf increased by 59.4, 89.5, 23.7, 45.4 and 60.6% compared to the control, respectively. Finally, it can be concluded that the planting of hazelnut seedlings inoculated with growth-stimulating bacteria (combination of the three mentioned bacteria) will have more vegetative growth.

In order to investigate the effect of gamma aminobutyric acid and Ascophyllum nodosum extract on some physiological, morphological and biochemical properties of medicinal vegetable Dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.), a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with nine treatments and three replications was performed in the greenhouse. Treatments included different concentrations of gamma aminobutyric acid at three levels (0, 200 and 400) μM and Ascophyllum nodosum at three levels (0, 1 and 2) % v/v. The results showed that the highest fresh and dry root and shoot weight, number of leaves and the lowest amount of malondialdehyde were obtained affected by GABA 400μM+Ascophyllum extract %1v/v. Also, the highest seed weight was observed in GABA 200μM+Ascophyllum extract %2v/v treatment. Interaction of GABA 200μM+Ascophyllum %1v/v extracts had the best results on chlorophyll content, carotenoids, stem diameter and vegetative yield. The highest yield of essential oil was assigned to the combined treatment of GABA 400μM+Ascophyllum %2v/v. finally, foliar application of GABA 200μM+Ascophyllum %1v/v is recommended to increase the vegetative yield of dragonhead.

Purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea L.) is one of the most wellknown medicinal plant species with high economic value worldwide. In Iran, this species' roots and shoots are used in herbal medicines. Many types of phytomedicine are commercially produced from Echinacea aerial portions for boosting the nonspecific immune system and treating the common cold. Environmental and health costs of chemical fertilizers have led researchers to meet plant nutritional needs using chemical, organic and biological fertilizers. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of organic and biological fertilizers on morphological traits, shoot and root dry matter, and essential oil percentage and yield in the leaves and stems of coneflower plants. This experiment was conducted on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Iran, in 2018-2019. Treatments included control, NPK (N50P25K25; N75P35K35 and N100P75K75 Kg.ha-1), manure (30, 60 and 90 ton.ha-1), vermicompost (5, 10, and 15 ton.ha-1), N50P25K25 fertilizer + 30 ton.ha-1 manure, N50P25K25 + 5 ton.ha-1 vermicompost, biological fertilizers including Glomus intraradaices + G. mosseae, Azospirillum + Pseudomonas, Thiobacillus + 5 ton.ha-1 vermicompost and Thiobacillus + 250 Kg.ha-1 of sulfur (S). Before applying fertilizer treatments, a soil analysis was done. After applying fertilizer treatments, the physical and chemical properties of the soil were also determined. The treatments were selected based on the fertilizer requirements of the plant as well as soil test results. Parameters such as plant height, leaf, stem, and flower numbers, root penetration depth, root volume, leaf, stem, root, and flower dry matter, leaf, stem, and flower essential oil, and essential oil yield of leaves, stems, and flowers were evaluated. At the full flowering stage, samples were taken from aerial segments of plants in all treatment groups. After shade-drying, the samples through a Clevenger-type apparatus were hydro-distillated to obtain the essential oil. The oil percentage, as well as yield, was calculated based on the dry weight. The results showed that the highest leaf and stem dry matter was observed in the 15-ton.ha-1 vermicompost treatment. A 5-ton.ha-1 vermicompost treated with NPK fertilizers displayed the highest flower dry matter. On the other hand, the highest root dry matter was obtained in the treatment with 30 tons.ha-1 manure + NPK fertilizers. The highest flower essential oils yield was obtained in ton.ha-1 manure + NPK fertilizers. The highest leaf + stem oil yields were found at the flowering stage in 15 tons.ha-1 vermicompost. Also, NPK treatment + 30 tons.ha-1 of manure resulted in the highest yield of flower essential oil. 15-ton.ha-1 vermicompost treatment yielded the highest stem and leaf essential oil yield. Only the organic fertilizer group (CM vs. V5) and the biofertilizer group (GM and GI vs. T) showed an increase in flower essential oil yield compared to the other nutritional treatments. In the leaf+stem essential oil yield results, all comparisons between treatment groups showed a significant effect, except for the organic fertilizer group (CM vs. V5). Compared to the NPK group, the biofertilizer and organic fertilizer group yielded the highest leaf+stem essential oil yield. It was concluded that biological fertilizers treatment combined with organic fertilizers could be a suitable alternative to chemicals in the sustainable production of this valuable medicinal plant. These findings suggested that biofertilizers and organic fertilizers can benefit Echinacea purpurea cultivation because, when combined, they enhance the essential oil percentage and yield.

 Heavy metals are one of the most important environmental contaminants, particularly in soil and water sources. Mining and metal mining activities are major factors in soil contamination and generally surface soil around mines contain high amounts of these metals. Lead (Pb) is one of the heavy metals and important pollutant in arid ecosystem. The use of plants to remove contaminated soil or phytoremediation is an economical method. Today, due to increasing the pollution of soil sources and resultant problems, identification of the resistant plant species against soil pollution is essential. Using lead-contaminated soils requires their decontamination and improvement. There are different methods to remove these pollutions, one of them is the use of phytoremediation to remove pollutants from water and soil or to reduce them. Among the plants that as an ornamental plant can have a covering role in the green space and also perform the work of phytoremediation is the ornamental cabbage plants (Brassica oleracea L.). In this regard, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of lead heavy metals and the use of brown algae (Polycladia indica) and spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) as biofertilizers on ornamental cabbage plants in the direction of plant treatment. In addition, due to the presence of polysaccharide compounds such as carrageenan and alginate in the cell wall, algae (seaweeds) have a higher ability to absorb many heavy metals.

 The experiment was conducted as factorial based on a completely randomized design in 2020 at the research greenhouse of Zanjan University. The studied factors including lead from lead nitrate source Pb(No3)2 with three concentrations (0, 25 and 50 mg/kg) were applied to the potting soil in four replications in two stages with an interval of two weeks. The second factor was included no algae, brown algae (Polycladia indica) and spirulina (Arthrospira platensis), which occurred in four replications. The measured traits included morphological traits: number of leaves, leaf surface index. Wet and dry root weight, and physiological traits included total chlorophyll content, total leaf antioxidant, peroxidase enzyme, glycine betaine, malondialdehyde, and leaf lead and phosphorus content. Data analysis was performed using SAS software and means were compared by LSD method.

 The results of the variance analysis showed that different levels of lead and the application of algae had a significant effect on the number of leaves per plant, leaf area index, weight, and drying of roots, total chlorophyll, and antioxidants. Moreover, the interaction effect was significant for leaf area, root fresh and dry weight, antioxidants, and leaf lead content. The simple effect of lead at p≤0.01 significantly affected glycine betaine, malondialdehyde, and leaf phosphorus. When comparing the average mutual effects of lead and algae application, it was found that the treatment with no use of lead and spirulina algae resulted in the highest weight and dry weight of the root, with an average of 11.19 and 3.625 grams, respectively. Additionally, despite the decrease in dry weight of the root due to increased lead concentration, using algae, especially for ornamental cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.), increased the dry weight of the root. The presence of natural plant hormones, organic substances, carbohydrates, fiber and amino acids in algae accelerates rooting, reduces stress caused by heavy metals and absorbs more water due to the presence of o developed root system. Also according to the results of comparing the amount of leaf lead with increasing lead, algae as an auxiliary factor can reduce the amount of uptake in the plant. Leaf phosphorus was also significant due to the simple effect of lead and algae. The highest amount of phosphorus with an average of 0.56% was observed in spirulina and the lowest with 0.48% was observed in control.

 In general, due to the toxicity of lead metal even in low concentrations, sufficient attention should be paid to the sources of this pollutant entering the environment. In this study, the effective parameters on the uptake of heavy metal lead from the soil by spirulina and brown algae were investigated. The findings of this study indicate that the ornamental cabbage plant is capable of sustaining its growth in the presence of lead and has a high resistance to this heavy metal while simultaneously absorbing it from the soil. Furthermore, the addition of algae as an auxiliary factor can improve the growth of ornamental cabbage under adverse conditions. Therefore, it is recommended that this plant be further examined for its potential to absorb other heavy metals.

To investigate the effects of soil fertility methods on economic yield and essential oil compositions of Nigella sativa L., an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments included different levels of NPK chemical fertilizer, manure, NPK+ manure, and NPK+ manure+ inoculation of Azorizobium biofertilizer. Seed yield, aerial parts yield, and percentage, yield, and essential oil compounds were studied. The results showed that the highest seed yield (1270.43 kg.ha-1) was obtained in the 40 kg.ha-1 N+ 32 kg.ha-1 P+ 40 kg.ha-1 K+ 30 ton.ha-1 manure treatment. The highest percentage (0.25%) and essential oil yield (2.8 kg.ha-1) was obtained in the 40 kg.ha-1 N+ 32 kg.ha-1 P+ 40 kg.ha-1 K+ 30 ton.ha-1 manure+ Azurizobium treatment. The highest thymoquinone percentage (14.9%) was observed in the 30 ton.ha-1 manure treatment. Overall, the integrated and biological treatments had the most positive effects on seed yield and essential oil percentage of N. sativa. The use of suitable fertilizer sources not only increased the yield, essential oil percentage, and thymoquinone content in Nigella sativa, but also reduced the consequences of excessive use of chemical fertilizers. The use of integrated fertilization methods is an effective step to achieve the sustainable agriculture goals.

The Lippia genus which has over than 200 species and Lippia citriodora L. is medicinally important. In order to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative characteristics and elements of Lippia citriodora L. under the influence of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), vermicompost and biochar, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Alborz Research Station in field conditions, was implemented in 2017 on one-year seedlings. The  first factor included factors: vermi-compost at three levels (0, 6 and 12 ton/ha), the second factors was biochar  at three levels (0, 5 and 10 ton/ha) and the thirs factor was plant growth promoting rhizobacteria at two levels (non-inoculation and inoculation with combination of Azotobacter chroococcum strain 5, Azospirillum lipoferum strain OF and Pseudomonas putida). Comparison of means demonstrated that the highest essential oil percentage (0.86 %) was acquired from control treatment and the highest essential oil yield with 3.74 kg/ha was observed in treatment 12 ton/ha vermicompost, 10 ton/ha biochar and inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. The highest Fe (377.06 ppm) was observed in 12 ton/ha vermicompost, 10 ton/ha biochar and non-inoculation. Generally, application of 6 ton per hectare vermicompost, 10 ton per hectare biochar and PGPRs on Lippia citriodora can improve yield and qualitative traits of the plant through increasing growth, developing root and better absorbing water and nutrients from soil.

Intercropping systems and biofertilizers application play an important role in improving the quantity and quality of plant products. In this regard, to evaluate the effects of Myco-Root biofertilizer on the quantitative and qualitative traits of Thymus vulgaris L. in intercropping with Cicer arietinum L., an experiment was carried out as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) at the faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh during 2020 growing season. Treatments included thyme sole culture, thyme sole culture inoculated with Myco-Root, chickpea sole culture, chickpea sole culture inoculated with Myco-Root, intercropping of one row chickpea+one row thyme (1:1), planting pattern of 1:1 inoculated with Myco-Root, intercropping of two rows chickpea+one row thyme (2:1), and planting pattern of 2:1 inoculated with Myco-Root. The results demonstrated that the highest seed (751.40 kg.ha-1) and biological (1645.6 kg.ha-1) yields of chickpea were obtained in the chickpea monoculture inoculated with Myco-Root, which was not significantly different from planting pattern of 2:1 inoculated with Myco-Root. Moreover, the highest dry matter yield of thyme (189.47 g.m-2) was achieved in the sole culture with application of mycorrhizal fungus. Also, the highest percentage (1.69) and essential oil yield (3.31 g.m-2) of thyme was obtained in planting pattern of 1:1 with application of mycorrhizal fungus in first harvest. Thymol, γ-terpinene, and p-cymene were recognized as the main essential oil compounds. The highest percentage of thymol and γ-terpinene was obtained in planting pattern of 1:1 inoculated with mycorrhizal fungus. Also, the highest agronomical (land equivalent ratio, area harvest equivalent ratio, area time equivalent ratio, and land use efficiency) and economic (intercropping advantage, monetary advantage index, and system productivity index) indices were achieved in the intercropping ratio of 2:1 and 1:1 with application of Myco-Root biofertilizer, respectively. In general, the results showed that the Myco-Root biofertilizer application in intercropping, especially the planting pattern of 1:1, could improve the quantity and quality of thyme essential oil.

Effect of Bacillus subtilis (0, 102, 105, 106, 108 cfu/ml) was studied on saffron (Crocus sativus L.) ecotypes Natanz and Zanjan during 2017-2019 via a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design in three replicates. Number of leaves per corm, average length of leaves, flowers, petals and sepals, stigma fresh and dry weights, fresh and dry flower yield, number of flowers per plot, total phenol and anthocyanin in petals and the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were measured. All morphophysiological were significantly affected due to B. subtilis treatment. The highest and the lowest fresh and dry weight of stigma was observed in 108 cfu/ml (41.44 mg and 7.13 mg) and no treated samples (32.91 mg and 6.14 mg), respectively. The maximum stigma fresh and dry weight was observed in Natanz ecotype. The highest amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was recorded in 108 cfu / ml (5.55 %, 2061ppm 66.75 and 7540.8 ppm, respectively) and the lowest in control (3.25 %, 1314.42 ppm and 4339.8 ppm, respectively). The highest amount of nitrogen and phosphorus was observed in Zanjan ecotype. According to the results, utilizing the B. bacteria in a proper concentration as a bio fertilizer can be considered beneficial towards optimal growth indices in saffron.

 Fulvic acid has a relatively low molecular weight and contains a large number of oxygen and carbon-rich functional groups. Many of the beneficial effects of fulvic acid spray include stimulating plant metabolism, increasing the activity of transaminase and invertase enzymes, increasing bioavailability and nutrient uptake, as well as increasing crop growth and yield. Fulvic acid spraying solution helps to transfer minerals to metabolic sites within plant cells. Fulvic acid at certain stages of plant growth can be used as a major method to maximize plant production capacity. Due to the fact that calcium transfer is difficult, although the soil is rich in this element, so its foliar application is recommended. In addition, calcium deficiency leads to a decrease in root growth and leaf loss, but also leads to the production of poor quality fruits. Therefore, this study was carried out with the aim of investigating the use of fulvic acid and calcium as a spraying solution on growth and yield of Quince ‘Haj Agha Kishi’.

  In order to investigate the effects of fulvic acid concentration and chelated calcium on quality and quantity of fruit indices of Quince ‘Haj Agha Kishi’ an experiment was conducted during 2017-2018 in kosar city, Ardabil province. The experiment was performed as a factorial in based on the randomized complete block design with four levels of fulvic acid application with concentrations of 0, 1, 2 and 3 per thousand and three levels of application of chelated calcium with concentrations of 0, 1.5 and 3 per thousand in three replications. The treatments were applied to six-year-old seedlings. The treatments were applied on the trees as a spray solution and applied three times: after fruit set, one and two months after fruit set. In this study, leaf chlorophyll content index was measured by Arnon method. The leaf area of the plant was measured with a level gauge, model AM300, In this study 10 leaves were randomly selected from each tree branch, the average leaf area was multiplied by the number of main and secondary branches, and the leaf area of each treatment was recorded as average. In order to determine the length, diameter and average weight of fruit, ten fruits were randomly harvested from treated trees, then the diameter and length of the fruits were measured with a caliper with an accuracy of 0.01 mm. Also, the weight of the fruits was determined with a scale of model GF800, made in Japan with an accuracy of 0.01 grams. Yield was calculated by measuring the total weight of the crop in each tree. Statistical analysis of data was performed using SAS 9.2 statistical software. Means were compared based on LSD lest at 1 or 5% and charts were drawn using EXCEL 2013 software.    

 The results of data analysis of variance showed that the effects of chelated calcium and fulvic acid on leaf area, length, diameter, wet weight and fruit yield were significant (P<0.01). Based on the results, fulvic acid had a significant (P<0.05) effect on chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content of leaf. The interaction of calcium ×fulvic acid treatments had a significant (P<0.01) effect on leaf area and fruit length. The highest total chlorophyll content of 1.20 mg.g-1 was obtained by using 3 per thousand concentration of fulvic acid and the lowest rate was 0.79 mg.g-1 in the control. The highest (5481.69 mm2) leaf area was obtained with the simultaneous use of 3 per thousand concentration of chelated calcium and 3 per thousand concentration of fulvic acid, which was significantly different from other levels. The lowest leaf area was also observed in control. Comparison of the means showed that the treatments of 3 per thousand concentration chelated calcium and 3 per thousand concentration of fulvic acid had the highest fruit yield with 167.63 and 135.30 kg, respectively. The lowest yield was recorded for control trees.                                 
 

 Increasing yield and quality is the most important goal in agricultural production. Due to the fact that biostimulants do not have adverse effects on soil and water. In order to maintain sustainable production should be used in the production program. Folic acid, as a biostimulant, improves plant metabolism and facilitates the absorption of elements. According to the findings of this study, application of fulvic acid and chelated calcium at 3 per thousand concentrations is recommended for Quince ‘Haj Agha Kishi’ to improve leaf efficiency and fruit yield.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of biochar and mycorrhizal fungi on growth, plant biomass and some nutrients of two parsley cultivar. A factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was conducted. The first factor was parsley variety at two levels (crispum and neapolitanum). Application of biochar at three levels (0, three and six percent of soil weight) was used as the second factor. While, application of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in two levels (mycorrhiza and non mycorrhiza) was considered as the third factor. The results showed that the highest fresh and dry weights of aerial parts (210.218 and 64.8783 gr, respectively) was related to crispum cultivar with applications of mycorrhizal and biochar 3%. The highest fresh and dry weights of root (70.74 and 18.68 gr, respectively) and the highest colonization rate (96%) were observated in neapolitanum cultivar using mycorrhizal and biochar 3%. The highest amount of sodium, potassium, nitrogen and copper was obtained by application of biochar 6%. Mycorrhizal treatmeant also increased the concentration of magnesium, iron, copper and calcium in both neapolitanum and crispum cultivars. Finally, the highest amount of phosphorus (8918.678 ppm) was observed in neapolitanum cultivar with application of mycorrhizal and biochar 6%, while the highest concentration of manganese (50.7296 ppm) was obtained in crispum cultivar using mycorrhizal and biochar 6%. In general, in this study, application of biochar led to better colonization of parsley root with mycorrhizal fungus. Therefore, it can be concluded that the combined use of biochar and mycorrhizal fungi provides better conditions for achieving sustainable agricultural goals and increasing the growth of parsley.

The tendency to produce aromatic and medicinal plants and the demand for natural products is increasing especially in the world. Ecological agriculture (Agroecology) of medicinal plants guarantees their quality and reduces the possibility of negative effects on their quality and yield. Evaluation of different plant nutrition systems is one of the most important principles in the production planning of medicinal plants in order to achieve high yield and quality of effective ingredients. Proper fertilizer management is one of the most important factors in agricultural production. Identification of fertilizers which are compatible with nature and are suitable for plant growth could have favorable effects on quantitative and qualitative indices of the plant. Organic fertilizers are genuine and risk-free products that could be suitable for agricultural sustainability. Soil organic matter improves fertility and water retention, provides proper ventilation, long-term storage of plant nutrients and microorganisms, so replacing chemical fertilizers with fertilizers such as vermicompost and biofertilizer can reduce the above-mentioned effects. Biofertilizers are one of the operations that is nowadays in accordance with the principles of sustainable agriculture for soil fertility. Biofertilizers include the compost of one or more types of useful soil organisms or as metabolic by-products of these organisms that are used to provide the plant with the nutrients it needs in an agroecosystem.

In order to investigate the effect of biochar, organic and biological fertilizers on the quantity and quality of Ocimum bacilicum L., a factorial experiment was done in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments included two levels of biochar (0 and 20 ton ha-1) and five levels of fertilizers (vermicompost (10 ton ha-1), Mycorrhiza, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas and no fertilizer application). Prior to planting sweet basil seed, biofertilizers and vermicompost were mixed with soil to the depth of 15 cm. Mycorrhizal fungi were mixed with seed. Azotobacter and Pseudomonas bacteria were also incubated with seeds (seed inoculated). It should be added that in this study no chemicals were used to control weeds and pests.

According to the results, the highest plant height and number of main branches were obtained in biochar application with vermicompost (49.37 cm and 7, respectively), which was significantly better than other treatments. The interaction effect of biochar and fertilizer had a significant effect on fresh and dry weight of leaf and stem. Mean comparison of treatments showed that the highest leaf and stem fresh weight were obtained in biochar + Pseudomonas application (792 and 876 g m-2, respectively), which had no significant difference with biochar + vermicompost; and also, the maximum leaf dry weight and stem dry weight were obtained in biochar with Pseudomonas application (166 and 175 g m-2, respectively). The interaction between biochar and fertilizer on phenol, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of basil showed a significant differences between treatments.

In general, the results showed that the use of biochar and biological and organic fertilizers could be effective in both the quality and quantity of sweet bail, where, the use of the bacterium Azobacter and Pseudomonas with biochar had the greatest effect on the quality and quantity of sweet bail. Finally, it could be concluded that the combined use of biochar with biological fertilizers had significant impacts on the quantitative and qualitative traits of sweet bail in ecological or low input agricultural.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential effects of biological fertilizer (BF) and biochar (BC) application on flowering and morphophysiological charachteristics of Narcissus. A factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design was conducted in12 treatments with three replications. The BC was applied by mixing dry soil at three levels (0, 2 and 4%w/w), whereas the BF was used at four levels (0, 20and 40 g Kg-1  mycorrhizal fungi(MF) and Nitrozist biofertilizer). The MF was used in direct contact with the underside of bulbs and bulbs were dipped in Nitrozist biofertilizer solution for 5 minutes. According to the results the highest fresh weight of flower, number of flowers, flower diameter, flowering stem diameter, height, leaf fresh weight, chlorophyll a, b and total leaf and potassium uptake were obtained in the combined treatment of 2%biochar by 40 g Kg-1 MF. Generally, in the most of studied traits, alone use of BF and BC improved the growth and flowering characteristics of plant compared to the control. However, the best results were obtained in the combined treatment of 2%BC and 40 g Kg-1 of MF, while by increasing the levels of BC and BF in combination with 4%BC and BF the desiered results were not obtained.

To determine the effects of Myco-Root biofertilizer and different irrigation levels on the content and essential oil compounds of thyme (Thymus daenensis Celak.), a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with eight treatments and three replications in the greenhouse of Plant Production and Genetics department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Iran, in 2020. The factors included drought stress at four levels of without stress (irrigation at field capacity (FC) as a control), mild (irrigation at 75% FC), moderate (irrigation at 55% FC), and severe (irrigation at 35% FC) stresses and biofertilizer at two levels of inoculation and non-inoculation with Myco-Root. The results demonstrated that the fresh and dry weight of leaves, stem dry weight, total dry weight, leaf relative water content, chlorophylls a and b and total chlorophyll content, and root colonization percentage decreased significantly with increasing the water deficit level. However, the carotenoid content and essential oil percentage showed an increasing trend with increasing drought stress. The highest carotenoid content and essential oil percentage was obtained by using Myco-Root under moderate drought stress. Thymol, carvacrol, p < /em>-cymene, 1,8-cineole, (E)-caryophyllene, borneol, γ-terpinene, and α-pinene were identified as the major constituents of essential oil in the all treatments. The highest content of thymol was obtained under mild drought stress with the Myco-Root application. Furthermore, the highest content of carvacrol was recorded under mild, moderate, and severe drought stresses, respectively with the Myco-Root application. On average, the application of Myco-Root biofertilizer increased the content of thymol, carvacrol, 1,8-cineole, E-caryophyllene, borneol, and α-pinene by 4.19, 48.28, 15.93, 16.33, 14.15, and 3.78%, respectively compared to not using this biofertilizer. Overall, the results showed that some morphological and physiological traits of thyme decreased significantly with increasing the water deficit levels, but the application of Myco-Root biofertilizer could amend drought stress and improve the growth, percentage and essential oil quality of the plant. Thus, the use of Myco-Root biofertilizer instead of chemical fertilizers could be recommended to achieve the sustainable agriculture in the thyme cultivation.

Bio-fertilizers of bacteria and fungi that are useful are produced each specific purpose, such as nitrogen fixation, release of phosphate ions, potassium and iron insoluble compounds of them. An experiment to study the effects of Mycorrhizal fungi (Glomusmosseae) and Pseudomonas bacteria (Pseudomonasputida) on yield under drought stress, antioxidant enzymes and biomarkers destruction of the corn plant KSC704 varieties in crop year 2013-2014 was conducted in Varamin. The experiment was a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications were studied. The main factor of three irrigation levels (1- Normal irrigation. 2. Cut irrigation in the flowering stage. 3- Cut irrigation at grain filling) and Bio-fertilizer mixing sub Mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas bacteria to the seeds when planting at four levels (1. non-use of Mycorrhiza and Pseudomonas. 2. The application of Mycorrhizal 60 g.ha-1. 3. Application of 100 g.ha-1 Pseudomonas. 4. Application of Mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas) was considered. The results showed that the interactions between stress and the use of Mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas on all traits was significant at the level of one and five percent. The highest grain yield (7965.3 kg.ha-1), biological yield (20468.3 kg.ha-1) and harvest index (39.1 %) were obtained with simultaneous application of Mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas and normal irrigation and The least of these traits of stress during flowering and non-use of Mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas allocated to that with drought stress during grain filling was no significant difference. It should be noted in irrigation and Application of Mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas usually the least amount of catalase, D-OH guanosine and malondialdehyde were obtained. The highest amount of leaf prolinein the amount of 0.336 µg.g-1 in irrigation cut off at flowering stage and the application of Mycorrhiza and Pseudomonas was obtained. Simultaneous use of Mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas conditions of drought stress on the growth, the plant could greatly increase your tolerance through increasing adaptability metabolites

Teucrium chamaedrys L. belongs to Lamiaceae family and besides its usage as a ground cover plant in landscape, it has medicinal properties as well. This greenhouse study was carried out in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four replications to evaluate the effects of mycorrhizal fungi (non-inoculated, inoculated with Funneliformis mosseae, inoculated with Rhizophagus intraradices) on morphophysiological responses of T. chamaedrys L. under salinity stress (0, 60 and 120 mM NaCl). Under salinity conditions, application of mycorrhizal fungi increased root growth, chlorophyll, proline and phosphorus content and reduced electrolyte leakage and sodium content. The highest dry weight of root (44.53 g) was observed in 60 mM salinity using F. mosseae. In 120 mM salinty treatment, applicatin of F. mosseae caused 12.7 percent increas inleaf dry weight compared to non-inoculated plants. The highest sodium content (11.97 mg /g) was detected in 120 mM salinity treatment without inoculation. Non-stressed plants that inoculated with F. mosseae showed the maximum amount of phosphorus (23.98 mg /g). There was no significant difference between F. mosseae and R. intraradices treatments in chlorophyll, proline and ion leakage in all salinity levels. The results clarify that application of both F. mosseae and R. intraradices were beneficial for T. chamaedrys tolerance to salinity stress and this effect was more pronounced with F. mosseae.

In the past decades, chemical fertilizers are used by farmers have numerous environmental impacts, including various types of water and soil contamination, and cause many problems to human health and other organisms. Sustainable agricultural policy and sustainable agricultural development have prompted experts to make greater use of soil organisms to meet the plant's nutritional needs, and that is why the production of biofertilizers began. Biological imbalances in the field of sustainable agriculture can be attributed to the fungi of myoderma and its species. According to various studies, it seems that this microorganism having high ability to compete for food and space, and the establishment of spores in the environment and in particular soil around the roots of most crops and non-farm and can induce plant resistance not only reduces pathogen agents Vermicompost is a microbiologically rich, nutrient-rich, organic modifier that is produced by the interaction between earthworms and microorganisms during the decomposition of organic matter. This type of organic fertilizer contains the waste of certain species of earthworms as a result of alteration, conversion, and relative organic residues as they pass through the digestive tract of these animals. Research has shown that vermicompost has a positive effect on growth, crop development, and crop yield. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different amounts of vermicompost and different concentrations of Trichoderma Bi isolate on different properties of celery.
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Trichoderma and vermicompost as a biofertilizer promoting growth in research greenhouse at the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad with an average daily temperature of 15-27 °C and relative humidity of 40-70%. The present study was a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replicates as a pot experiment under no-tillage conditions in the greenhouse. The first factor consisted of four concentrations of Trichoderma harizianum isolate Bi: zero percent (control), 5%, 10%, and 15% volume of 50 liters of water consumed. The second factor also included four vermicompost treatments: zero percent (control), 25 percent, 50 percent, and 75 percent pot volume. Celery seeds were sown in transplant trays. The transplants were ready for transfer to the main litter after 10 weeks. The pots used were of plastic-type with a span diameter of 20 cm and a height of 25 cm. The plant media consisted of a mixture of 20% cocoon and 80% perlite, the roots of which were easily separable. After full harvest of plants at the commercial size, when a complete set of petiole sets was created (40 days after transplanting) morphological traits including the fresh and dry weight of roots and stems, a number of leaves, stem diameter, stem and root lengths were evaluated. The dry and dry weight of plant root was measured using a digital marking scale and with an accuracy of 0.01 g. Dry weight was determined after placing the specimens in the oven at 72 ° C for 48 hours. Also, the stem diameter was measured using a caliper machine with 0.01 mm accuracy. Root and shoot lengths were measured separately in the laboratory by a ruler in cm. Chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids were read at 663 nm, 653 nm and 470 nm for absorption by spectrophotometer, respectively. Data were analyzed using JMP8 software and ANOVA was performed using the LSD test at 5% probability level. Charts were drawn using Excel 2013 software.
The results of this study showed a positive and optimal effect of combined vermicompost and Trichoderma fungi. The highest shoot dry weight (49.23 g), leaf number (46), stem diameter (15 mm) and chlorophyll and carotenoid were observed in the effect of vermicompost and Trichoderma fungi compared to the control treatment. The main stem length (77.20 cm) was affected by the fungus with a 10% concentration at the highest rate compared to other treatments. Also, 50% vermicompost treatment had the highest root length (36.66 cm). The highest chlorophyll a was observed at 75% vermicompost interaction at 15% fungi concentration (10.02 mg / g fresh leaf weight). Application of vermicompost in the culture medium and application of Trichoderma fungus extract resulted in improved growth and yield. As can be seen in the results, the best treatment was 15% and 75% vermicompost, respectively. They can be used to improve plant growth and function. Many researchers believe that mainly isolates of Trichoderma produce biochemical stimuli to stimulate plant growth or reduce the inhibitory effects of certain compounds, biological and chemical toxins. According to available reports, the application of vermicompost with 30% volume in ornamental Lilium increased leaf area, fresh and dry weight of plant and plant height. So, fresh and dry weights of bean stem under vermicompost application significantly increased compared to the control treatment, which is in line with the results of this study. However, the researchers believe that the wet and dry weight gain of the plant body if used with vermicompost is probably due to the high amount of humic acids in this biofertilizer.
Based on the results of this study and other studies on vermicompost as an enriched fertilizer with numerous growth enzymes and hormones, as well as Trichoderma, it can be concluded that the use of bio-fertilizers plays an important role in the production of high-quality products. Also, the effect we find depends on the concentration used, but in the end, even their application at the lowest concentration compared to the control treatment increased growth and morphological characteristics of the plant. Overall, the results of this study showed that, in the case of the studied species, the combination of vermicompost and Trichoderma had a significant advantage over their separate application, and considering the superiority results of most traits at the time of application of these two together. Therefore, a combination of Trichoderma and vermicompost based on the results (concurrent use of 15% fungus extract and 75% vermicompost) is recommended to improve plant growth and yield.