harvest index

To observe the effect of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and salicylic acid under drought stress conditions on yarrow, an experiment was arranged as split-plot factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in a research farm in Basht, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-ahmad provice, during two years (2018 and 2019). Drought stress as the main factor in two levels (drought and non-drought stress), and secondary factors include foliar spraying with salicylic acid in two levels: control (no foliar spraying) and foliar spraying with salicylic acid (400 mg/L), and PGPR at four levels: control (no inoculation with bacteria), inoculation with Pseudomonas, inoculation with Azotobacterial and inoculation with both bacteria were assigned to the main and sub-plots, respectively. The results of a two-year combined variance analysis showed that effects of year, drought stress, bacteria, salicylic acid and drought stress × salicylic acid × bacteria on plant height, thousand seed weight, flower yield, biological yield, essential oil content, and essential oil yield were significant. The average flower yield in the first year was 731.45 kg/ha, which had a significant difference compared to the second year. The highest plant height (65.94 cm) was obtained from azotobacterial and salicylic acid treatment under non-drought stress conditions. Meanwhile, in both conditions (non-drought stress and drought stress), the maximum thousand seed weight (0.29 and 0.23 g), flower yield (1389 and 492 kg/ha), biological yield (8634 and 4106 kg/ha), harvest index (16.09 and 11.99 %), essential oil content (1.41 and 0.80 %) and essential oil yield (1.77 and 19.54 kg/ha) were obtained for bacteria and salicylic acid treatment. Although drought stress caused a significant decrease in all traits, especially flower yield, essential oil content and yield, the use of growth-promoting bacteria or salicylic acid, especially in the treatment of simultaneous application of two bacteria and salicylic acid, significantly reduced the damage of drought stress on flower yield, essential oil content and yield compared to the control.

In order to investigate the effect of iron, manganese and zinc foliar spray on the yield and grain protein in barley, an experiment was carried out in a randomized completely block design with 3 replications in Darab, during 2012-2013. The total of 8 treatments were used that consisted of T1- Control test without spraying, T2- Spraying with a concentration of 0.2% iron, T3- 0.2% zinc, T4- 0.2% Mn, T5- T2+T3, T6- T2+T4, T7- T3+T4 and T8- T2+T3+T4. The results showed that application of micronutrient fertilizers increased the yield and yield components of barley. So that the simultaneous application of iron, zinc and manganese could significantly increase the grain yield, number of grains per ear, 1000 seed weight, biological yield, harvest index, stem soluble carbohydrates and grain protein. The highest concentrations of iron, zinc and manganese in grain and leaf were observed when each one of the elements was individually sprayed on plant aerial parts. The lowest concentrations of iron, zinc and manganese in grain were obtained in the combination of zinc+ manganese, iron+ manganese and iron + zinc, respectively. Among the applied, iron had the best effect on the increase of grain yield than the other elements. By increasing the number of elements used in the spraying solutions, their efficiency in supplying the plant requirement was reduced. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that in addition to grain enrichment, the micronutrient fertilizers have been able to increase the yield and yield components of the barley

Bio-fertilizers of bacteria and fungi that are useful are produced each specific purpose, such as nitrogen fixation, release of phosphate ions, potassium and iron insoluble compounds of them. An experiment to study the effects of Mycorrhizal fungi (Glomusmosseae) and Pseudomonas bacteria (Pseudomonasputida) on yield under drought stress, antioxidant enzymes and biomarkers destruction of the corn plant KSC704 varieties in crop year 2013-2014 was conducted in Varamin. The experiment was a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications were studied. The main factor of three irrigation levels (1- Normal irrigation. 2. Cut irrigation in the flowering stage. 3- Cut irrigation at grain filling) and Bio-fertilizer mixing sub Mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas bacteria to the seeds when planting at four levels (1. non-use of Mycorrhiza and Pseudomonas. 2. The application of Mycorrhizal 60 g.ha-1. 3. Application of 100 g.ha-1 Pseudomonas. 4. Application of Mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas) was considered. The results showed that the interactions between stress and the use of Mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas on all traits was significant at the level of one and five percent. The highest grain yield (7965.3 kg.ha-1), biological yield (20468.3 kg.ha-1) and harvest index (39.1 %) were obtained with simultaneous application of Mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas and normal irrigation and The least of these traits of stress during flowering and non-use of Mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas allocated to that with drought stress during grain filling was no significant difference. It should be noted in irrigation and Application of Mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas usually the least amount of catalase, D-OH guanosine and malondialdehyde were obtained. The highest amount of leaf prolinein the amount of 0.336 µg.g-1 in irrigation cut off at flowering stage and the application of Mycorrhiza and Pseudomonas was obtained. Simultaneous use of Mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas conditions of drought stress on the growth, the plant could greatly increase your tolerance through increasing adaptability metabolites

ABSTRACT To estimate genetic progress and the variation in grain yield and characteristics physiology in facultative and winter bread wheat in 15 wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) cultivars with facultative and winter growth habit released in Iran between the 1930 and 2010, a field experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design with three replications at the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute’s Research Field Station in Karaj, during the 2010-2011 crop cycle. Results of analyzing average square of characteristics indicates significance difference between genotypes for most characteristics at statistical probability level of 1% and there is great diversity between genotypes with respect to these characteristics. Trend of temporal variation in the traits measured revealed that yield components, harvest index and biological yield have increased in more recent released cultivars, however, Physiological attributes including crop growth rate increased in recent varieties in comparison with the older cultivars but the similar trend was not found for relative crop rate in recent varieties.

To investigate the effect of integrative application of mycorrhizal fungus and chemical fertilizer on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of medicinal plant dragon’s head (Lallemantia iberica Benth.) under rainfed conditions, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with seven treatments and three replications in the research farm of Maragheh University, Iran, in 2017. Treatments included 100% conventional chemical fertilizer (250 and 150 kg ha-1 urea and triple superphosphate, respectively), Glomus mosseae (GM), G. intraradices (GI), 50% chemical fertilizer+GM, 50% chemical fertilizer+GIand 50% chemical fertilizer+GI+GM. The results demonstrated that the highest (802.8 kg ha-1) and lowest (463.5 kg ha-1) seed yield and the highest (40.64%) and lowest (25.85%) harvest index were achieved in the integrative application of 50% chemical fertilizer+GI+GMand separate application of GI treatments, respectively. Besides, the highest content (9.18%) and yield (73.75 kg ha-1) of mucilage was observed in 50% chemical fertilizer+GI+GM treatment. Furthermore, the highest amount of mucilage compounds (glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, arabinose, raffinose, galactose, glucose, xylose and rhamnose) was obtained in 50% chemical fertilizer+GI+GM treatment. Based on cluster analysis, the treatments were divided into three groups. In general, the application of 50% chemical fertilizer+GI+GM while reducing the use of chemical fertilizers improved the quantitative and qualitative yield of the dragon’s head.

In this study, the effects of six citrus rootstocks: Swingle citromelo; Troyer citrange; Carizo citrange, C-35 citrange; Smooth flat sevill and Gou tou) on reproductive reactions of Miyagawa Satsuma mandarin was investigated during 5 years (2013-2017). Experiment was done in randomized complete block design with 96 trees. Results showed that trees on Swingle citromelo at the beginning of fruiting phase (2013 and 2014) was more productive (58 and 48 kg/tree respectively) than other rootstocks and they had the most annual mean yield (52 kg/tree), cumulative yield during 5 years (261 kg/tree) and minimum alternate bearing index (22.1%), statistically. Also, cold tolerance in this rootstock was more than others due to maintaining the flower and fruit and high final yield in the year after the frost (2014). Annual mean yield and cumulative yield during five years on Citranges (Troyer, Carizo and C-35) and Smooth flat sevill was statistically similar. But, the highest yield efficiency was obtained on C-35 (6.72 kg/m3). Fruits on Swingle citromelo, were more spherical (length/width: 0.953) and juicy (46.22%), on Carizo were more oblate (length/width: 0.939) and thinned peel (2.21 mm) and on C-35 were heavier (150.2 g) and more premature (harvest index: 11.21) than fruits on other rootstocks. Gou tou significantly increased the thickness of the peel (2.83 mm), reduced fruit juice (41.65%) and extended fruit ripening time (harvest index: 8.52). Also, trees on Gou tou had the highest alternate bearing index (42.4%) during five years.