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The CAB 6P and JASPI rootstocks belongs to Prunus genus, are very noticeable in terms of dwarfing. Due to the importance of dwarf rootstocks in fruit trees commercial production and also their mass propagation by tissue culture, this research was conducted to study the proliferation, rooting and acclimatization of these rootstocks. A factorial experiment was carried out based on a completely randomized design, including the effect of MS and ½ MS media in combination with different concentrations of BA (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/l) and IBA (0, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/l) on proliferation and also the effect of WPM and MS media in combination with different concentrations of IBA and NAA (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/l) on rooting of two rootstock (JASPI and CAB 6P). Based on the results, MS medium with 1 mg/l BA + 0.2 mg/l IBA for proliferation of both rootstocks and WPM medium containing 1.5 mg/l IBA + 0.5 mg/l NAA and WPM medium containing 0.5 mg/l IBA+ 0.5 mg/l NAA are recommended for rooting stage of CAB 6P and JASPI rootstocks, respectively.

Pepino (Solanum muricatum Aiton) is a diploid herbaceous plant belongs to the Solanaceae family, which is growing in subtropical zone, originates from Andes in South America. It is commercially grown for its fruit, which is appreciated not only for food but also for its appearance, in South American countries, including Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, as well as in countries such as New Zealand and Australia. Pepino is propagated by seed, cutting, and tissue culture methods. Most pepino cultivars are sexually fertile and produce viable seeds, but their seeds have poor germination and high level of heterozygosis causing to highly variable plants. Both mentioned negative aspects have limited the mass production of this plant through seed. In this case, stem cutting is used as the most common way of propagating pepino led to transmission of viral diseases and increasing propagation costs as two main limiting factors of pepino propagation. So, micropropagation systems are a promising tool to produce disease-free clonal plant material with low costs. Therefore, the present study was aimed to assess the effect of different media and plant growth regulators on micropropagation traits of pepino.

Three separate experiments were carried out in institute of plant sciences of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2016. Pepino seeds were bought from company of Plant World Seed, UK, were cultivated on MS medium. Grown plants were used as source of providing explants. Four mediums, including MS, ½ MS, SH and B5 were used to determine the best culture medium for shoot regeneration of pepino using single node explant. A factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design. Some growth properties such as number of shoots, shoot length, number of roots, root length, leaf number and leaf length were evaluated after two and four weeks. In proliferation experiment, MS medium was compared with MS supplemented with different concentrations of BA (0.5, 1 and 2 mg L-1) and Kin (0.5, 1 and 2 mg L-1) applied as combined treatments, and also BA used alone at concentrations of 2, 4 and 6 mg L-1 that was conducted based on a completely randomized design. For rooting of explants, an experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design containing of two concentrations of IBA (at 0.3 and 0.6 mg L-1) and three concentrations of NAA (at 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 mg L-1) in MS medium. Some growth properties including root number and length, root density and root quality were evaluated after four weeks

Results indicated that micropropagation rate of pepino was affected by culture medium type. The highest shoot length, number of root, root length and leaf number were obtained in MS medium, although statistically there was no significant difference between MS and ½ MS media. The highest number of shoots and leaf length were observed in MS medium, which led to a significant difference with other media (½ MS, SH and B5). Overall, Based on obtained results MS medium was the best culture medium for micropropagation of pepino using single node. In the proliferation experiment, the highest shoot and leaf number and plant color were obtained with using 2 mg L-1 BA + 1 mg L-1 Kin, whereas the highest shoot length and leaf length were observed in the 1 mg L-1 BA + 2 mg L-1 Kin and 1 mg L-1 BA+1 mg L-1 Kin treatments, respectively. Increasing in concentration of BA up to 2 mg L-1 in combination with Kin had a positive effect on shoot proliferation, while applying BA at concentration 2, 4 and 6 mg L-1 alone led to decrease in proliferation. Results obtained from rooting experiment showed that the highest root number, root density and root quality were obtained using IBA at the concentration of 0.6 mg L-1, whereas the highest root length was observed by applying IBA at concentration of 0.3 mg L-1, which led to a significant difference with other treatments. Furthermore, results indicated that the effect of IBA on rooting of pepino microshoots was more than NAA.

Generally, the best results were obtained by MS medium, 2 mg L-1 BA with 1 mg L-1 Kin for shoot proliferation, and IBA at concentration of 0.6 mg L-1 for the rooting of pepino nodal segments.

Echinacea is one of the most important medicinal plants and an important source of cichoric acid. In this research, callus induction, indirect shoot regeneration, and shoot rooting of Echinacea angustifolia DC. were investigated. The effects of explant (leaf, petiole and root) and NAA concentrations (0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg l-1) on callus induction as well as the effects of explant (leaf, petiole and root) and BAP concentrations (3, 4 and 5 mg l-1) on the indirect shoot regeneration of callus were evaluated in two separated experiments. The study was conducted as factorial in a completely randomized design (CRD). The effects of IBA concentrations (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mg l-1) on shoot rooting were also investigated in a completely randomized design. The effects of the factors studied on the callogenesis were not significant while these factors had significant effects on the shoot regeneration and rooting at 1% probability level. In general, the results indicated that the highest indirect shoot regeneration (72%) was obtained from the leaf explant and by the use of 4 mgl-1 BAP. In addition, the highest shoot rooting (38% and 40%) was obtained using 1 and 1.5 mgl-1 IBA. The good potential of this species for indirect shoot regeneration was shown in this research. These results can be used in micropropagation programs, gene transfer, and transgenic plants production.

Rosa damascena is one of the most important Aromatic plants in the world. The extracted oil from the petals of the flowers is used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. Traditional methods to propagate this plant have problems such as transfer of pollution agents and limited native plants. Due to more advantages of the in vitro proliferation in compared to traditional methods, this study designed to evaluate impression different medium cultures with diverse hormone levels to improve the proliferation and control of shoots chlorosis. In this research we used medium cultures of MS and mMS (mMS0, mMS1, mMS2, mMS3, mMS4 and mMS5). In order to establishment in MS medium, nodal segments containing 1 or 2 lateral buds were cultured. For regenerating the shoots, mediums with different concentrations of 1 and 2 mg/l BAP and 0/2 mg/l IBA were supplied, then plantlets were transferred to the rooting medium (1/2 MS and LS) with different levels of IBA (1 and 2 mg/l). The best treatment to increase the number of rose shoots was mMS medium containing 1.5 mg/l of BAP and 0.2 mg/l of IBA. The highest chlorophyll content of leaves was observed in mMS medium. Gallica plantlets produced the highest percentage of rooting on 1/2 MS with 2 mg/l of IBA.

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)، belonging to Lamiaceae family، is a perennial، medicinal and aromatic plant. The plant and its secondary metabolites are widely used in landscape designing and pharmaceutical، cosmetic and food industries. This research was conducted as two experiments in a RCBD (Randomized Complete Block Design) with six treatments (0، 1000، 2000، 3000، 4000 and 5000 mg l-1) and four replications in order to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of IBA and NAA on rooting of semi-hardwood cuttings of rosemary. Cuttings were treated in solutions of IBA and NAA for 1 min and held in plastic tunnel under mist system. After 70 days، the percentage of rotting، number of roots، average root length، the root fresh and dry weight، length of cutting، leaves and stem fresh and dry weight were measured. The analysis of variance showed that application of IBA and NAA had a significant effect on all the parameters studied. The highest rooting percentage was obtained at concentration of 1000 mg l-1 NAA (84%) and 5000 mg l-1 IBA (66%). The concentration of 4000 mgl-1 IBA was the best treatment on quality and rooting of the semi-hardwood cuttings of rosemary.

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is of great value as an ornamental and medicinal plant. Therefore، studying the growth، morphological and anatomical parameters of rosemary cuttings in rooting stage is of utmost importance. In recent research، the separate and combined effects of Indole 3- Butyric acid (IBA) and vitamin- B1 (thiamine) on growth، rooting and anatomical structure of adventitious roots in Rosmarinus officinalis cuttings were investigated under hydroponic conditions. A factorial experiment was implemented using nine combined treatments including IBA and vitamin B1 at three levels. The treatments were applied on cuttings for two weeks under standard condition of light، temperature and humidity in hydroponic medium. Then، using cross-section method and double staining، the anatomy of root، in terms of cross-section، cortex cells growth and the density of secondary roots، were studied by a light microscope. Results showed that IBA application with or without B1 significantly affected the growth، anatomy and morphology of rosemary cuttings in rooting stage. However، our results clearly showed that vitamin B1 had an essential role on the growth of roots and IBA stimulated cell division in pericycle، causing the stimulation of rooting response of cuttings. According to he obtained results، the combined use of IBA and vitamin B1 showed significant effect on the propagation of rosemary as an ornamental and medicinal plant; therefore، their application could be recommended in commercial and farm conditions، and even in the case of other ornamental plants having difficulty propagating.

This study was conducted to compare rooting of cutting in Ficus benjamina cv. ‘Comosa’ and cv. ‘Starlight’ and also the effect of different concentrations of IBA and time of taking cutting on rooting of Ficus benjamina in Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, in 2012. The experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments consisted of four levels of IBA (0, 2000, 4000 and 6000 mg l-1 IBA, two time of taking cuttings (late June and early September) and two plant cultivars (F. benjamina cv. ‘Comosa’ and cv. ‘Starlight’). Results showed that maximum of root percentage of cuttings was observed in F. benjamina cv. ‘Comosa’ and cutting time of early September with 4000 and 6000 mg l-1 IBA and also in late June with 4000 mg l-1 IBA. The maximum root length and fresh weight was achieved in cuttings of F. benjamina cv. ‘Comosa’ and cutting time of early September with 6000 mg l-1 IBA. The greatest number of root was obtained in cuttings of F. benjamina cv. ‘Comosa’ with 6000 mg l-1 IBA in both cutting time of late June and early September. The highest survival percentage of plant was recorded in cuttings of F. benjamina cv. ‘Comosa’ and cutting time of early September with 2000, 4000 and 6000 mg l-1 IBA. In general, results showed that F. benjamina cv. ‘Comosa’ had better rooting than F. benjamina cv. ‘Starlight’ and higher concentrations of IBA caused increase in rooting percentage, length and number of roots.

Drought stress is the most important factor which negatively affects the plant growth and crop productivity in arid and semi-arid areas. The main problem which Iranian farmers are faced with cultivation of garlic (Allium sativum L.) is low production efficiency and performance. Therefore, in a field experiment, the effect of IBA (0 and 100 ppm) was studied on growth parameters, bulb yield and allicin content of a local garlic cultivar under water deficit conditions (40% reduction of available water) in 2010 in Jiroft. The results showed that drought stress significantly reduced chlorophylls (a, b and total), caretenoids, anthocyanins, bulb and allicin yield, plant fresh weight, root fresh weight and also increased ion leakage. However, it had no significant effects on the percentage of allicin. In contrast, under non-stress conditions, IBA significantly improved most recorded parameters and reduced ion leakage and amount of anthocyanins while it had no effect on product quality and quantity under water deficit conditions. Compared with the controls, IBA increased plant fresh weight, bulb yield, and allicin respectively by 30%, 19% and 25%.

This experiment was carried out in the Agricultural Faculty of Guilan University. The Factorial experiment was performed based on a completely randomized design of three replications. The experimental factors comprised of: lillium cultivars, Navona (Asiatic) and Fangio (LA), four levels of calcium nitrate (0, 1, 1.5 and 2 mM) in combination with three levels of IBA (500, 750 and 1000 ppm). The results indicated that calcium content, significantly affected all sections of the plants at the level of 5%(α=%5) except for the adventitious roots in crown. The longest vase life, wet and dry weights of plants as well as leaf area were observed at 2 mM calcium nitrate level treatment. The most adventitious roots per plants were observed in 1000 ppm of IBA treatment. The lowest leaf necrosis, ethylene production in flower, floret drop and cell leakage of leaf, stem and flower observed at the 2 mM calcium nitrate and at 1000 ppm IBA. However, interaction of calcium nitrate and varieties indicated that threshold of good nutrition in the two varieties varies. Overall, it is indicated that, the best growth in Navona and Fangio occur in 1.5 and 2 mM of calcium nitrate application, respectively. The results finally showed that one of the methods of decreasing leaf necrosis while increasing vase life in lily cut flower is the use of calcium nitrate, accompanied with somehow promotion of adventitious roots.