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Several experiments were conducted to study the effects of bud position and plant growth regulators on the micropropagation of Rosa damascena. In the first experiment, the effects of bud localities (the proximal, middle, distal and shoot tip), BAP (2.5 and 5 mgL-1), TDZ (0.05 and 0.1mgL-1) and NAA (0.1 mgL-1) were studied on the regeneration of plant. The highest shoot length in the distal, middle and proximal bud locations was attained by 2.5 and 5 mgL-1 BAP + 0.1 mgL-1 NAA. For the proximal and shoot tips, the top data was related to 0.05 mgL-1 of TDZ + 0.1 mgL-1 NAA. In the second experiment, Kin and BAP (0, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 mgL-1) treatment combinations were tested on the regeneration potential without considering bud location. The highest shoot length belonged to 4.5 mgL-1 of BA and BAP. For the rooting stage; 0.1, 0.2 and 2 mgL-1 of NAA and IBA were examined and the highest rooting percentage and root length was recorded for 0.1 mgL-1 IBA. In conclusion, the in vitro regeneration response was controversy for the bud location. However, the growth regulators had promising effects on the regeneration of Rosa damascena.

Purslane (P. oleracea) is considered as valuable plant due to its high antioxidant compounds and important fatty acids such as omega-3 and 6. Phenolic and flavonoid compounds are one of the most important constituents in the purslane. Phenolics are a large group of natural plant compounds with antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory properties. Flavonoids, as a subset of phenolic compounds, have a wide range of effects on plants, including antioxidant activity and improve resistance to environmental stresses. Callus culture is one of the important strategies for the production secondary metabolites, which are difficult to produce chemically. Plant growth regulators including auxins and cytokinins play a crucial role in the stages of plant growth. Various combinations of these two hormones are used to make the desired changes in the cultures. Studies suggest that the accumulation of secondary metabolites can be increased by the application of different elicitors in medium. Researchers reported an increase in the content of secondary metabolites such as phenol and flavonoid compounds in calli treated with elicitors such as yeast extract. The purpose of this study was to determine the best explant, medium and hormonal treatment for calli induction of purslane. The effect of different levels of yeast extract on total phenol and flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity of purslane calluses was also investigated.

Seeds of purslane plant were cultivated in a solid 1/2MS medium for the preparation of sterile seedlings. The explants from sterile seedlings including to leaves, 1 cm stem specimens and terminal buds, were placed on MS and 1/2MS medium containing 0, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 mg L-1 BAP and NAA. After five months, calluses were evaluated for callogenesis and some morphological traits such as color, texture, and size, fresh and dry weight. This experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design with three replications.  In the second experiment, the calluses obtained from the previous stage were transferred to MS medium with selected hormone treatment of the first experiment (0.5 mg L-1 NAA and BAP) and different levels of yeast extract (0, 125, 250, and 500 mg L-1). Total phenol and flavonoid contents of the calluses were determined by Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. Furthermore, Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays were used to determine the antioxidant activities.

The results showed that 1/2MS medium was suitable for sterile seedling production from purslane seeds. Based on the present study, only stem explants in a medium containing BAP and NAA, produced durable calluses. The color of the resulting calluses were green and had a constant and firm texture. The highest callus percentage (90.46%), the size (21.6 mm), and fresh (1826.5 mg) and dry weight (75.33 mg) of calluses belong to MS medium containing 0.5 mg L-1 BAP and NAA. Results of the second experiment showed positive and significant effects of yeast extract on the total phenol, flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities. The highest content of total phenol (664.12 mg GAE 100g-1 DW), flavonoid (42.25 mg QE 100g-1 DW) and FRAP data (787 µmol Fe g-1 DW) were obtained from the calli treated with 500 mg l-1 yeast extract. The maximum DPPH IC50 (2.45 mg ml-1) was also observed in control. The formation of callus associated with plant species, hormonal composition, the stage of development, and the type of explants. Auxin and cytokinin as plant growth regulators are key factors for controlling cell division in tissue culture. In most studies, callus formation in purslane plant were induced in medium containing auxin and cytokinin. The presence of green calluses derived from purslane explants can be due to the formation of chloroplastids in the cells of the callus tissue that rapidly produce chloroplasts under light conditions. In the second experiment, increased phenolic and flavonoid compounds with yeast extract treatment probably resulted in increased antioxidant activity.

In the present study, 1/2MS medium is suitable for the production of sterile seedlings from purslane seeds. MS medium containing 0.5 mg l-1 BAP and NAA is the best treatment for calli induction from stem specimens. The concentration of 500 mg L-1 of yeast extract is introduced as the most effective concentration for increasing the phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant activity in the purslane calluses.

Hairy root cultures are an effective method for production of secondary metabolites, because hairy roots are genetically and biologically stable and they are able to produce metabolite within a short time without need to use hormones. Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) is one of the important medicinal plants that contains a number of important medicinal compounds.In this research, hairy root induction was established through the mediation of the A4 strain of Agrobacterium rhizogenes. In first experiment, the effects of type and age of explant and co-culture times on the efficiency of hairy root induction were investigated. In the second experiment, the effect of three different media (Murashige and Skoog solid, liquid and liquid half strength) were investigated on growth rate and biomass accumulation hairy roots. In third experiment, effects of type and age of explant were investigated on the total phenolic content of hairy roots. In fourth experiment, the effect of various concentrations of NAA (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/l) and sucrose (3, 4, 5 and 6%) were investigated on biomass accumulation. The obtained results showed maximum hairy root induction (60 percent) and number of roots (11.61 roots per explant) induced from 5-days-old cotyledons. The half strength medium of liquid Murashige and Skoog was the best medium for growth of hairy roots. Also, maximum total phenolic content in hairy roots was obtained by 28-days-old leaves. Medium supplemented with combination of 0.5 mg/l NAA and 3% sucrose showed the best effect on biomass accumulation.

Size of fruit in Japanese plum has an important role in marketability and fruit quality. In Golestan province, one of the most important areas of plum production in Iran, due to high temperatures in summer that led to unfavorable conditions in fruit ripening stage, final fruit size are reduced in commercial scale. In this respect, the large financial loss is imposed to plum growers. Today, synthetic auxins are widely applied in the commercial gardens of the world in order to increasing fruit size and improving fruit growth . Auxins can promotes cell division, cell enlargement in fruit growth stages and it also acts as sink for nutrients absorption. In this study, the effects of the foliar application of two synthetic auxins were investigated on fruit qualitative and quantitative of Japanese plums in Golestan province climatic conditions.
Material and

A split-plot factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted in a commercial orchard from Run Agri Company in Golestan province, Iran for two years (2015 and 2016). The main factor was considered four plum cultivars including ‘Ghatreh Tala’, ‘Shablon Zodras’, ‘Shablon Mianras’ and ‘Shablon Dirras’ which were spraying by two synthetic auxins: NAA (0, 300 and 400 mg/l) and 2, 4-D (0, 10 and 30 mg/l) along and in combination. Fruit length, diameter, length to diameter ratio and fruit weight, yield, yield efficiency and percentage of first and second fruit grade production characteristics were evaluated. Data analysis was performed by SAS 9.1 software and the comparison of mean values was done by Duncan's multiple range tests at 0.05 of probability level.

The results showed that foliar application of auxin significantly increased fruit size and weight. The results showed that the response of plum cultivars to synthetic auxins was different. Fruit length and width of ‘Shablon Dirras’ cultivar were increased with the 2,4-D application at 10 and 30 mg/l , but in the ‘Shablon Mianras’ cultivar, the combination of 2,4-D with NAA improved fruit size. NAA at its highest concentration (400 mg/l) plus 2, 4-D at its highest concentration (30 mg/l) produced the largest fruits and the highest yield in ‘Shablon Mianras’ cultivar. Stern et al. (16) also obtained similar results from NAA and 2, 4-D treatments in plum, which is confirmed our results. The yield (kg/tree) and yield efficiency in plum cultivars increased significantly by synthetic auxin treatments. The average of yield (kg/tree) by 2, 4-D and NAA foliar application increased 30, 60, 28 and 34 percent in ‘Shablon Zodras’, ‘Shablon Mianras’, ‘Shablon Dirras’ and ‘GhatrehTala’ cultivars, respectively. The highest yield efficiency was obtained in ‘Shablon Mianras’ cultivar (0.38 kg/cm2) in 30 mg/L of 2, 4-D plus 400mg/L of NAA, which showed a 120 % increasing in comparison to control trees. Denis (7) reported increases the quantitative characteristics of stone fruits such as fruit size and weight by using synthetic auxin spray. The effect of auxin on increase cell proliferation and cell size are main reason for increasing the length and weight of the fruits (7). The results showed that 2, 4-D and NAA auxins were able to increase the percentage of first grade fruit relative in all plum cultivars in comparison to the control trees, but the concentrations and composition of plant growth regulators that increased the percentage of first grad fruits were not completely same to best treatments on fruit size, weight or yield. It referred to the first-grade fruits selection criteria. In selecting of best marketable fruits, in addition to the size of the fruit, others feature such as fruit appearance, color, physical damage and the absence of symptoms of diseases are also taken into grading. Temperature, water, nutritional and genetic conditions can affect the effect of plant growth regulator treatments (13).

Plum cultivars showed different reactions to synthetic auxin treatments. The largest fruit, highest yield and yield efficiency obtained in 2,4-D (30 mg/l ) with NAA (400 mg/l) in ‘Shablon Mianras’, ‘Shablon Dirras’ and ‘Ghatreh Tala’ cultivars and 2,4-D at 30 mg/l with NAA at 300 mg/l concentration in ‘Shablon Dirras’ and ‘Ghatreh Tala’ Cultivars. The highest degree of first grad-fruit was observed at 10 mg/l 2,4-D in ‘Shablon Zodras’ and ‘Dirrras’ cultivars and 300 mg/l of NAA in ‘Shabolon Mianras’ and ‘Ghatreh Tala’ cultivars.

Aeroponic culture is an alternative method for optimizing growth of different plants in controlled conditions. In this study aeroponic system was designed and constructed and then the morphological traits of chicory in this system were compared with the plants cultivated in soil. Also in the another experiment the effects of different NAA concentration (0, 0. 1, 0. 3, and 0. 5 mgl-1) on some morphological traits of chicory in aeroponic systemو based on completely randomized design was investigated. The results indicated that the effects of production system were significant on plant height, root length, number of leaves, volume of the root and dry weights of the shoot and root. Also result showed that 0. 5 mg/l of NAA hormone has produced the highest of leaf number (59), root length (76 cm) and volume (17. 9 cm), plant height (152. 4 cm), dry weight of root (6. 1 g) and shoot (15. 3 g) and fresh weight of root (18. 1 g) and shoot (51. 3 g).

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of NAA, BA and ultrasound waves on in vitro rooting and callus induction of Lilium ledebourii. For this purpose, scale explants after exposure to an ultrasonic bath with a frequency of 35 kHz in times 0, 5, 10, 20 and 30 seconds were cultured on MS medium containing different concentrations (0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg l-1) of NAA and BA alone or in combination with each other. This study was carried out in four experiments including combination of NAA and BA, NAA and ultrasound, BA and ultrasound, and the best treatments which achieved from first experiment with ultrasound, respectively. In the first and second experiment, 1 mg l-1 NAA treatments had the highest root induction and in the third experiment control treatment had the better result. In the second experiment, ultrasound did not stimulate root induction, however, in the third experiment, in 0 and 1 mg l-1 BA concentrations, ultrasound had no positive effect on root induction, but at low concentrations, BA increased the number of roots. Moreover, it was indicated that plant growth regulators and ultrasound had no significant effect on callus induction. In this study, concentration of 1 mg l-1 NAA was the best treatment for increasing of rooting parameters in scale explants.

Echinacea is one of the most important medicinal plants and an important source of cichoric acid. In this research, callus induction, indirect shoot regeneration, and shoot rooting of Echinacea angustifolia DC. were investigated. The effects of explant (leaf, petiole and root) and NAA concentrations (0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg l-1) on callus induction as well as the effects of explant (leaf, petiole and root) and BAP concentrations (3, 4 and 5 mg l-1) on the indirect shoot regeneration of callus were evaluated in two separated experiments. The study was conducted as factorial in a completely randomized design (CRD). The effects of IBA concentrations (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mg l-1) on shoot rooting were also investigated in a completely randomized design. The effects of the factors studied on the callogenesis were not significant while these factors had significant effects on the shoot regeneration and rooting at 1% probability level. In general, the results indicated that the highest indirect shoot regeneration (72%) was obtained from the leaf explant and by the use of 4 mgl-1 BAP. In addition, the highest shoot rooting (38% and 40%) was obtained using 1 and 1.5 mgl-1 IBA. The good potential of this species for indirect shoot regeneration was shown in this research. These results can be used in micropropagation programs, gene transfer, and transgenic plants production.

Satureja bachtiarica L., belonging to the Lamiaceae family, is rich in essential oils, used for various purposes including pharmaceutical, food, and health applications. In vitro culture of Satureja, in order to callus induction and optimization of cell suspension, provides rapid production and easy extraction of secondary metabolites. In the present study, callus induction was conducted by using different explants and concentrations of growth regulators. The most suitable calli were selected to induce suspension cultures and were transferred to liquid media supplemented with different combination of BAP and NAA. The experiment was performed in a factorial completely randomized design by using three replications. The cell biomass (cell number) was examined on different days. The mean comparison results for the explant origin showed that the internode explant produced the highest cell number. In addition, evaluation of interaction of explants with media showed that the maximum cell biomass was obtained by internode explant and the medium containing 2mg.L-1 NAA plus 0.5mg.L-1 BAP in the fifth day. On the other hand, study of growth process and cell proliferation during the days after the establishment of suspension cultures, also revealed that this hormonal composition had the highest utility to generate the maximum number of cells in all explants tested.

Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) belongs to Asteraceae family is commonly known as witloof chicory. The leaves and the roots of this medicinal plant are edible and commonly used as salad. Some varieties are also cultivated as coffee substitute after roasting the roots. All parts of the plant contain these volatile oils, with the majority of the toxic components concentrated in the plant's root. In folk medicine, the plant is used for the treatment of diarrhea, spleen enlargement, fever, and vomiting. Antihepatotoxic activity on damaged rat’s liver sections and anti-bacterial activity of this crop has been recently reported. In vitro regeneration from leaf explants with various hormonal combinations has been reported previously. Moreover, in vitro regeneration of Chicory from cotyledon explants using different combinations of plant growth regulators has been studied. Also, a protocol for the regeneration of plantlets from leaf and petiole explants of witloof chicory has been developed. The aim of the present investigation was optimization of callus induction and shoot regeneration from leaf and petiole tissues of Chicory (Esfahan genotype).
In this investigation, Esfahan genotype was used for callus induction and direct shoot regeneration. Seeds were first washed with running tap water for 30 min then seeds were surface sterilized by dipping in 70% ethanol for 90 s and rinsed with sterile distilled water, followed by immersing in 5% sodium hypochlorite solution for 25 min and thereafter rinsed for 30 min with sterile distilled water. The basal medium used in this investigation was MS. For shoot regeneration, leaf and petiole explants (5 mm segments) were excised from 4-week-old sterile seedlings and cultured on MS medium containing different combinations of NAA / BA and KIN / BA in two separate experiments. Experiments were performed factorial based on completely randomized design. Cultures were incubated at 25° C ± 2 with a 16/8 hour (day/night) photoperiod and an irradiance of 1500 LUX using Sylvania cool white fluorescent tubes. The percentage of callus induction, shoot regeneration and the number of regenerated shoots were calculated for the leaf and petiole explants. Data was subjected for analysis of variance and means were compared in 5% level with Duncan’s multiple range tests.
Explants cultured on medium containing either no plant growth regulators (control) or cytokines alone produced no callus. However, after 2 weeks, other concentrations of NAA and BA indicated callus formation from leaf and petiole explants in all hormone combinations. In leaf explants, the highest callus induction were obtained in the medium containing 0.3 mg l-1 NAA with 1 mg l-1 KIN and 0.3 mg l-1 NAA with 1.5 mg l-1 KIN (81.25%). Leaf and petiole explants cultured on medium containing no plant growth regulators (control treatment) and medium containing NAA produced no shoots. The combination of 0.3 mg l-1 NAA and 0.1 mg l-1 BA was the best treatment tested. This treatment produced 2.7 shoots per explant at 71% shoot regeneration frequency in leaf explant and 2.73 shoots per explant at 73% shoot regeneration frequency in petiole explants. The results also showed that the highest percentage of regeneration and the highest number of regenerated shoots were obtained in the medium containing 0.1 mg l-1 NAA and 1 mg l-1 KIN in leaf explants (65.6% regeneration and 1.37 shoots per explant, respectively). The highest number of regenerated shoots was obtained in the medium containing 0.3 mg l-1 NAA and 0.5 mg l-1 KIN in petiole explants (40.6% regeneration and 0.5 shoot per explants, respectively. Shoot regeneration requires plant cells to undergo dedifferentiation which is known to be affected by not only exogenous plant growth regulators but also endogenous content of the hormones. Different tissues may have different levels of endogenous hormones and, therefore, the type of explant source would have a critical impact on the regeneration success. In our study, when leaf and petiole explants were compared, it was clear that leaf explants were much more productive for regeneration than petiole explants.
Callus induction and shoot regeneration are in vitro tissue culture methods. Plant growth regulators and types of explant are the most important factors for callus induction and shoot regeneration phases. Therefore, optimization of these factors is essential to establish a high frequency of callus induction, shoot regeneration and gene transfer to this plant.

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)، belonging to Lamiaceae family، is a perennial، medicinal and aromatic plant. The plant and its secondary metabolites are widely used in landscape designing and pharmaceutical، cosmetic and food industries. This research was conducted as two experiments in a RCBD (Randomized Complete Block Design) with six treatments (0، 1000، 2000، 3000، 4000 and 5000 mg l-1) and four replications in order to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of IBA and NAA on rooting of semi-hardwood cuttings of rosemary. Cuttings were treated in solutions of IBA and NAA for 1 min and held in plastic tunnel under mist system. After 70 days، the percentage of rotting، number of roots، average root length، the root fresh and dry weight، length of cutting، leaves and stem fresh and dry weight were measured. The analysis of variance showed that application of IBA and NAA had a significant effect on all the parameters studied. The highest rooting percentage was obtained at concentration of 1000 mg l-1 NAA (84%) and 5000 mg l-1 IBA (66%). The concentration of 4000 mgl-1 IBA was the best treatment on quality and rooting of the semi-hardwood cuttings of rosemary.

This research was carried out to evaluate the effects of chemical thinners urea and NAA on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of nectarine (cv. Independence and Nectared4) in Horticultural Research Station of Meshkinshar. Experiments were carried out randomized complete block with five treatments and three replications for three years. Application of urea (10, 12%) and NAA (15, 20 mg l-1) and control trees take place at full bloom stage. Characteristics such as flower abscission, fruit weight, fruit size, acidity, TSS and yield were measured. Results showed that effect of different concentrations of urea and NAA on flower abscission, fruit weight, fruit size, acidity, TSS and yield in cultivars were significant. Results showed that different concentrations of urea and NAA increased flower abscission, fruit weight, fruit size and decreased yield in two cultivars compared with the control trees. Application of urea at 12% had the most effect on flower abscission and produced the lowest yield in all cultivars. Urea at 12% increased fruit weight and fruit size in all cultivars compared with other treatments. Urea at 12% treatment decreased TSS content and increased acidity content in cv. Independence nectarine compared with other treatments. Results showed that application of urea 12% had the highest and control trees had the lowest flower abscission in nectarine cv. ‘Nectared4’. NAA at 15 and 20 mg l-1 and urea at 10% treatments had the highest TSS in ‘Nectared4’. The highest amount of yield was obtained from control trees in all cultivars.