تنش شوری

Water and soil salinity is one of the most important environmental factors limiting the growth and performance of plants around the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. The increase in population on the one hand and the decrease of fresh water and soil resources on the other hand has doubled the necessity of studying in relation to the identification of salinity resistant plant species and strategies for the efficiency of saline soil and water resources. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of finding and determining the salinity resistance of artichoke plant species and the growth rate of the species under different conditions of irrigation water salinity and evaluating the performance of vegetative and physiological growth parameters in field conditions in order to use this plant in areas with limited water salinity.

In order to evaluate the salinity resistance of the artichoke medicinal plant species and to determine the salinity resistance of this species, an experiment was conducted with six salinity levels including (control), 9, 12, and 15 dS m-1 in a completely randomized design and in three replications in potted conditions. Four weeks after applying salinity stress, traits including photosynthetic pigments, dried leaves, leaf water content, leaf dry weight, ash content, SLA were measured. Finally, significant difference at 5 percent level statistically were calculated among treatments using analysis of variance and mean differences was calculated using Multiple Duncan test.

Results showed that salinity treatment has a significant effect on the characteristics of total chlorophyll, percentage of dryness and leaf fall, percentage of leaf ash, leaf specific weight and moisture content of leaves at the level of five percent, and the Artichoke plant can tolerate salinity up to 9 dS m-1 but it is sensitive at higher levels of salinity. In other words, the salinity of 12 dS m-1 has reduced the germination of Artichoke species by more than 50% and caused a significant increase in ash percentage, as well as drying and leaf fall percentage by 50%, and significant decreasing in leaf water content, dry root weight while it significantly increased electrolyte leakage which can indicate a significant decrease in vegetative growth and performance of this species at this level of salinity. According to the results, per unit increase in salinity, the weight loss of Artichoke leaves was recorded as 11%. In general, Artichoke plant species, in terms of resistance to salinity, it has a relatively good tolerance, and it seems this plant species can be used for cultivation and production by using saline water sources up to 9 dS m-1 in condition of the study area.

The results showed that there is no significant difference in yield and growth of Artichoke by increasing water salinity up to 9 dS m-1 in the study area. In farm and pod condition, experimental treatments showed a significant effect on increasing leaf fall, ash and water content, leaf dry weight by increasing water salinity to 12 dS m-1 . In general, Artichoke as an important medicinal plant, is a moderate up to tolerant species in salinity and it seems it is a proper species for cultivation and plant production in area with saline water up to 9 dS m-1 in condition of study area. According to the results, it seems water salinity up to 12 dS m-1 significantly decreases vegetative growth of the species up to 50% but it is a need more studies for impact of salinity on flowering and seeding stages as well. we recommend more studies in different climate conditions to reveal impact of these conditions on salinity resistance of the plant species.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of salinity stress on changes in morpho-physiological traits of 109 accessions of Aegilops tauschii collected from different regions of the world, along with two check cultivars, Arg (salinity tolerant) and Darya (salinity sensitive). For this purpose, a factorial experiment with two levels of salinity (zero and 300 mM NaCl) as the first factor and 111 genotypes (109 accessions and two check cultivars) as the second factor was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications. After salt stress treatment, some morpho-physiological traits were measured and the results were analyzed. Analysis of variance results showed that the studied accessions differed significally from each other (p≤0.01) in terms of all traits (shoot and root sodium, shoot and root potassium, shoot potassium to sodium ratio, leaf chlorophyll content, shoot fresh and dry biomass, and root fresh and dry biomass), except for the root potassium to sodium ratio. The effect of salinity stress on the aforementioned traits was also significant (p ≤ 0.01) except for root potassium. In total, some accessions collected from Iran, Georgia, Kosovo, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan showed acceptable performance in terms of the studied traits under salt stress conditions, when compared to the resistant check cultivar Arg. In addition, the dendrogram obtained from the cluster analysis and the survey of subgroup averages showed that the accessions collected from Iran, Georgia, Kosovo, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan had greater resistance and tolerance to salinity stress.

Vermicompost increases the ability to absorb water and has a great effect on improving the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil. The present study investigates the effects of salinity stress and vermicompost on Euphorbia tirucalli L.in pot culture conditions.

Plants were cultivated under three salinity treatments of 4, 8 and 12 dsm-1 alone and with the use of vermicompost at the levels of 10, 20 and 30 % of the soil were tested factorially in the form of a completely randomized design. Growth parameters including length, dry and fresh weight (whole plant, root and shoot) and content of photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars and proline were measured in the plant.

According to the obtained results, the increase in salinity levels had a negative effect on the growth parameters, while the combined use of vermicompost fertilizer increased the length and dry weight of aerial parts at all salinity levels. Regarding the root dry weight, an upward trend was observed at the highest salinity level (12 dsm-1) at all vermicompost the use of levels. According to the results of this research, the use of salinity stress reduced chlorophyll pigments, but the use of vermicompost fertilizer at the highest level (30 percent vermicompost) reduced the negative effects of salinity on them and increased their amount despite the high concentration of salt. In the case of carotenoid pigments, severe salinity (12 dsm-1) decreased their amount, but the use of vermicompost at this level of stress increased it. Also, the results of this research showed that the amount of anthocyanin pigments in medium and severe salinity (8 and 12 dsm-1), increasing the level of vermicompost decreased the amount of this compound in the aerial parts of the plant. The amount of proline and soluble sugars of shoots and roots also went up under the influence of different salinity levels. In the case of soluble sugars, the use of vermicompost at low levels of salinity caused an increase, and at higher levels of salinity, the use of 30% vermicompost treatment decreased these compounds. In the case of proline, the use of fertilizer in high amounts led to the reduction of this compound at higher levels of salt.

In general, the results of this research showed that the use of vermicompost, especially at higher levels, could reduce the negative effects of high salt concentrations on Euphorbia tirucalli L.and improve the plant's morphophysiological responses to salinity stress.

In modern agriculture, identifying salt-tolerant plants is crucial for efficient utilization of saline water and enhancing productivity. However, plant salt tolerance can vary across different growth stages. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), an annual herb belonging to the Lamiaceae family, not only imparts an exquisite flavor to our meals but also possesses remarkable medicinal properties and diverse applications. Given the significance of basil and the widespread challenge of soil salinity, a research study was conducted to investigate the effect of salinity stress on germination and seedling characteristics of basil. This experiment was designed as a completely randomized block design with 4 replications in the Agronomy Laboratory. 4 salinity levels (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM) were imposed using sodium chloride salt. All data were analyzed using the SAS software. Mean comparisons were performed using Duncan's test at a 5% probability level. The results demonstrated that soil salinity significantly impacted basil germination and seedling growth. The highest percentage and rate of germination, stem and root length, and fresh and dry weight of seedlings were observed in the control treatment (without salinity). Conversely, the lowest values of these parameters were recorded in the 150 mM salinity treatment. These findings indicate that basil is sensitive to salinity stress, and increasing soil salinity substantially impairs its germination and growth.

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) is the second most crucial wheat and the tenth main crop globally. Salinity stress prevents water absorption from the soil and disturbs the ionic balance of the cell. As a result, metabolic processes such as seed germination, seedling growth, flowering, and seed formation are inhibited. The purpose of this study is to the evaluation of the effects of salinity stress on the germination and seedling growth of different durum wheat genotypes, as well as to identify and select tolerant genotypes using multivariate selection indices such as the ideal genotype selection index (IGSI) and the multi-trait genotype–ideotype distance index (MGIDI).

In this research, 50 different durum wheat lines and genotypes were prepared by the Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization of Iran and were evaluated in terms of tolerance to salinity in the germination stage, as a factorial experiment, based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Salinity levels included 0, 75, 150, and 300 mM sodium chloride concentrations. After one day, counting the number of germinated seeds was started daily. Based on the data obtained from counting the germinated seeds, various parameters of seed germination, including coefficient of the velocity of germination (CVG), germination index (GI), average germination duration (MGT), average daily germination (MDG) and final germination percentage (FGP) were calculated. In addition, after ten days, the characteristics such as root and shoot length and dry weight of root and shoot were measured for each genotype. Also, using the seedling height and dry weight, and the seed germination percentage, the seedling vigor was calculated. The MGIDI index of the studied genotypes was calculated based on factor scores of the first three factors with eigenvalues greater than one in factor analysis based on principal component analysis (PCA). The IGSI index also was calculated considering all the traits.

The analysis of variance showed significant differences (p < 0.01) between salinity levels and between genotypes in terms of all traits. But, the interaction effect of salinity × genotype was not significant for all studied traits. The comparison of the salinity levels showed that the germination components and the length and weight of the root and shoot decreased by increasing salinity levels. Factor analysis based on principal component analysis (PCA) showed that in normal conditions and salinity (150 mM NaCl) stress conditions, the first three factors with eigenvalues greater than one explained 83.89 and 84.97 percent of the total variance among the traits, respectively. According to the MGIDI index, under normal conditions based on the selection intensity of 30%, genotypes G30, G39, G51, G19, G14, G2, G31, G34, G5, G48, G7, G26, G1, G23, and G33 have the lowest values and were favorable. In 150 mM salinity condition, genotypes G9, G2, G29, G5, G12, G47, G30, G1, G31, G10, G34, G41, G13, G49, and G16 were the best genotypes with the lowest MGIDI values. According to the IGSI index in the 150 mM salinity level, genotypes G5, G29, G2, G30, G23, G9, G12, G1, G10, G41, G47, G34, G48, G16, and G13 have the highest values (between 0.60 to 0.80) were considered as desirable genotypes. On the contrary, genotypes G43, G46, G4, G26, G15, G19, G8, G14, G35, G44, G24, and G42, having IGSI values less than 0.40, were considered weak genotypes in this condition.

In this study, IGSI and MGIDI indices were used to evaluate the response of different durum wheat genotypes to salinity using all studied traits. In general, the results of the present research showed a considerable genetic diversity among the studied durum wheat genotypes in terms of salinity tolerance at the germination stage, which can be used in the breeding programs of this valuable crop. Also, the IGSI and the MGIDI indices were effective in identifying superior genotypes based on all the studied traits. Using these indices in breeding programs to select desirable genotypes can be fruitful and effective.

In arid and semi-arid regions, biotic and abiotic stresses can directly or indirectly lead to restrictions and decreased growth of different plants. In these areas, salinity stress is one of the major challenges facing agriculture and crop production that causes huge damage to crop yields annually. The amount of salinity in the soil results in plant growth limitation, and increased soil salinity disrupts water and essential nutrient absorption for the plant and reduces plant growth, which can then lead to plant death. Reduced root growth and development, decreased nutrient absorption, increased likelihood of allergies to diseases and pests, decreased yield, and final product quality (e.g., nutrient deficiency), and increased toxic elements, are among the negative effects of salinity on plants. Various factors are involved in the creation of salinity, the most important of which can be climate change, source rock weathering, improper irrigation, drought, excessive consumption of fertilizers, and reduced seawater levels. Following climate change, these damages are on the rise every year. Due to the increase in population growth, demand for food production is increasing day by day. Wheat is known as the major grain in the supply of nutritional needs in the world, hence its sustainable production is of paramount importance. Salinity is recognized as an important factor in reducing wheat yield, and it may increase the accumulation of harmful salts in the plant tissue, which can lead to physiological damage and decreased plant growth. The effects of soil salinity vary depending on the amount of salinity, the type of salinity, and the type of wheat. One way to prevent the negative effects of salinity is to use salinity-resistant wheat cultivars. The range of diversity in relation to salt stress tolerance in different plants, especially the wheat plant, depends on various factors such as plant genotype, duration of stress, and plant growth stage. The seedling stage in wheat is one of the important stages regarding tolerance to salt stress. This study aims to investigate the response of spring wheat cultivars in the seedling stage to salinity stress.

In the present study, the reaction of 64 Iranian spring wheat genotypes at the seedling stage under normal conditions and 12 dS/m salinity stress was investigated in two replications in a simple lattice design at the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University in 2021-2022. In this study, in the four-leaf stage, salinity stress was applied gradually for two days. The measured traits were chlorophyll (SPAD), canopy temperature, shoot length (SL), root length (RL), seedling length (PL), shoot potassium content (KS) ), root potassium content (KR), shoot sodium content (NaS), root sodium content (NaR), shoot potassium to sodium ratio (KNaS), root potassium to sodium ratio (KNaR), root volume (RV), leaf area index (LAI), radicle fresh weight (FWR), radicle dry weight (DWR), relative leaf water content (RWC), shoot fresh weight (FWS), shoot dry weight (DWS), seedling fresh weight (FWP), weight dry matter of seedlings (DWP). The data of the studied traits were obtained in a random complete block design. PROC GLM was used for the analysis of variance (ANOVA) in SAS 9.4 software. The correlation was examined using PROC CORR and decomposition into factors using PROC FACTOR. The figures were grouped using the gplots software package and the biplot diagram was drawn with the factoextra software package in the R 4.1 environment. The MANOVA statement in PROC GLM was used in SAS 9.4 software for multivariate variance analysis.

Based on the results of ANOVA, statistically significant differences were observed between the tested cultivars based on the traits studied in the seedling stage, including FWP, DWP, FWR, DWR, FWS, RWS, and (PL). In both normal and salt stress conditions, DWP showed the most significant correlation with FWP, DWS, and DWR. Under the salinity stress conditions, FWS was significantly correlated with DWS, FWP, and DWP. Based on factor analysis, the studied traits in both normal and salinity stress conditions were grouped into seven factors, which explained 77.93% and 76.44% of the total changes in normal and salinity stress conditions, respectively. Using cluster analysis, cultivars under both normal and salt stress conditions were grouped into three clusters.

Based on the biplot results of factor analysis and cluster analysis, Maron, Darya, Shiroodi, Moghan 3, Darab 2, Roshan, Pishgam, and Pishtaz cultivars are introduced as favorable cultivars. Chamran, Bam, Alborz, and Maroodasht cultivars are categorized as unfavorable cultivars that can be used in further wheat breeding programs.

The germination stage in plants, including wheat, is an extremely susceptible stage to biotic and abiotic stresses. Plant establishment the in the early stages of growth, especially in the germination stage, is always notably important. Salinity stress is one of the abiotic stresses that cause much damage annually, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Therefore, identification and use of cultivars tolerant to salinity stress is one of the effective ways to reduce the negative effects of salinity stress.

In the present study, response of 64 spring wheat cultivars during the germination stage at two levels of salinity stress (zero as a control and 12 dS/m of sodium chloride) was investigated in the form of a simple lattice design with two replications at the Genetics Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University. During seven days, germination percentage, germination index, germination rate, germination energy, seedling vigor, mean germination time, and mean germination rate, and after the seventh day, seedling length, shoot length, root length, ratio of shoot length to root length, seedling fresh weight, and seedling dry weight were measured.

Among the studied cultivars, a statistically significant difference was observed at the probability level of 1% in terms of all traits including radicle length, shoot length, seedling length, fresh weight, dry weight, radicle to shoot length ratio, germination index, germination rate, germination energy, germination percentage, seedling vigor, mean germination time, and mean germination rate. Based on the results of factor analysis, under both normal conditions and salinity stress, the studied traits were grouped into four main factors, and these four factors explained 92.74% of the changes under normal and 93.85% under salinity stress conditions. Using cluster analysis, cultivars were grouped into three and two clusters under normal and salinity stress conditions, respectively.

Based on the results of bi-plot obtained from factor and cluster analyses, the cultivars Moghan 2, Bistun, Akbari, Moghan 3, Dastjardi, Marvdasht, Gahar, and Mahdavi are the preferred cultivars and the cultivars Darya, Bam, Tajan, Sistan, Frontana, Kavir, and Afogh were introduced as undesirable cultivars in terms of the traits measured in this experiment, which can be used in breeding projects.

Salinity of water and soil resources is one of the most basic agricultural problems, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Identifying and domesticating salinity-resistant plant (halophytes) species with economic value is an important strategy for these regions.

This research aimed to investigate the amount of elements and the quality of fodder in several Salicornia species under the influence of water salinity in a factorial experiment with a completely randomized design in pot culture conditions in Bojnourd (North Khorasan province) in 2018. Irrigation treatment was applied at two levels (brackish water and normal water), and Salicornia species treatment included four species (Salicornia persica, S. sinus persica, S. europaea, and S. bigelovii) and Salicornia var Markazi. The source of salty water was the Kal-Shoor river in Esfrain and the source of normal water was the well located in Research and Education of Agriculture and Natural Resurces Center in Bojnourd. Due to the high salinity of Kal-Shoor river, normal water was used to adjust the salinity to the treatment limit of 45 dSm-1. To produce seedlings, Salicornia seeds were planted in plastic combs for seedling production in April 2018. After 60 days, seedlings (10-15 cm) were transferred to pots. The irrigation circuit varied in different growth stages according to weather conditions, and irrigation was done by the weight method with the 80% moisture index of the pots.

The results showed that the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sodium and chlorine increased with the increase in irrigation water salinity in all species. The highest accumulations of sodium (11%) and chlorine (23.5%) were observed in S. sinus persica and the lowest amount of sodium (8.6%) and chlorine (21%) were observed in S. persica. Among the Salicornia species, the lowest amount of elements is related to potassium and phosphorus ions, which is mostly due to the limitation of the absorption of these elements under the influence of sodium ions, and as mentioned in the sources, the process of absorption of these elements increases gradually with the growth stages. Maintaining a more negative potential of the membrane is an important factor for salinity tolerance, considering that in saline soils, chlorine and sodium are the most common solutes, the absorption of sodium and chlorine ions is important for regulating osmotic pressure and cytoplasmic concentration. In this experiment, in both irrigation treatments, the most elements in all species were related to chlorine and sodium ions. Based on the measurement of quality variables of fodder, the percentages of protein, crude fat, and ash in salty water treatment were higher than those in normal water. The highest percentage of crude fat (1.32%) in S. var. Markazi was affected by saltwater treatment, which was significantly different from the other species. The highest percentages of protein in S. bigelovii and S. europaea under the influence of saltwater treatment were 6.06% and 6.31%, respectively, which were significantly different from the other species. The highest amounts of ash belonged to S. europaea (63%) and S. bigelovii (62%) in saltwater treatment, and S. sinus persica contained the least ash (49%) in normal water treatment. Although the increase in protein increases the quality of fodder, the increase in the amount of ash and crude fat causes limitations in animal nutrition and digestibility. Therefore, the increase of water salinity has a negative effect on the quality of fodder.

Brackish water treatment increased the amount of ash in all species to different proportions, which is a limiting factor for the pure consumption of salicornia in animal feed. Therefore, the relative reduction of water salinity and the selection of suitable species are effective in increasing the quality of fodder.On the other hand, the great ability of Salicornia species to absorb and store salts in their aerial parts provides the basis for the exploitation of their vegetative organs for the production of vegetable salt. Moreover, it is economically important along with other applications of Salicornia (production of fodder, oil, medicines, and protection).

Salinity stress is a very serious threat to most agricultural products in the world. In the world, rice ranks second after wheat and is a relatively sensitive plant to salt stress. Protein kinases are an important group of kinase enzymes that phosphorylate target proteins by adding phosphate groups. These enzymes play an important role in cell communication by inducing the message of growth and reproduction. Gene expression is a process during which a useful gene product is synthesized by the information obtained from a gene. The purpose of this research was to investigate the expression level of SAPK1 gene from the protein kinase gene group in rice plants under sodium chloride salt stress by examining three different times after the stress was applied In this study, the expression pattern of SAPK1 gene in two Cultivars tolerant (Shastak Mohammadi) and sensitive (IR29) of rice plant under salt stress was investigated by factorial experiment in the form of a completely randomized design with three replications. Cultivars were planted in the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture of Lorestan University and at the seedling stage (5 to 6 leaves), salinity stress was applied to the plant at three levels of 3, 6, and 9 dS/m and the control treatment (without salt stress). Then, at three different times (6, 12, and 24 hours after applying stress), plant leaves were sampled to investigate gene expression. The leaf samples were stored in a freezer at minus 80 degrees Celsius. Then, RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis were done by special kits for each stage, and finally, The results of the analysis of SAPK1 gene expression pattern showed that in both tolerant and sensitive cultivars, the highest level of gene expression was observed at the salinity level of 9 ds/m 24 hours after applying the stress. At different times after applying the stress in the control treatment and the salinity level of 3 ds/m, the gene expression level in both tolerant and sensitive cultivars did not show any difference and was very insignificant. However, at the salinity level of 6 ds/m, 6 hours after applying the stress, the gene expression level in the tolerant cultivar increased 3 fold compared to the sensitive cultivar and control treatment. At this level, examining gene expression 12 and 24 hours after applying the stress, the amount of gene expression in the tolerant cultivar was about 7 fold higher than the sensitive cultivar and the control treatment. At the salinity level of 9 ds/m, 6 hours after applying the stress, the gene expression level in the tolerant cultivar was doubled compared to the sensitive cultivar and 4 fold higher than the control treatment. While 12 hours after applying the stress, the gene expression level in the tolerant cultivar increased by 5.5 fold compared to the sensitive cultivar and by 10 fold compared to the control treatment. Also, 24 hours after applying the stress, gene expression in tolerant cultivar was 3.5 fold higher than the sensitive cultivar and 11 fold higher than the control treatment. These results showed that the expression of SAPK1 gene increases in rice plants with increasing salinity levels. nvestigating the effect of time after applying stress on SAPK1 gene expression, it was found that in the early hours after applying stress, the amount of gene expression was low, but with increasing time up to 24 hours, gene expression in tolerant cultivar increased These results can be used in molecular studies of rice cultivars to select the most tolerant rice cultivars to salinity stress for cultivation in areas prone to salinity.

This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of salinity stress and different temperatures on germination and determining the cardinal temperatures of germination (basic, optimal and ceiling germination temperatures) of two sugar beet cultivars. Experimental treatments included different levels of salinity stress (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 mM) and different temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 °C). The three-parameter sigmoidal model was used to determine the time to reach 50% germination. The results showed that temperature and salinity stress had an effect on germination percentage and germination rate. In addition, the results showed that with increasing temperature up to optimum temperature, the germination percentage and germination rate increased, and with increasing salinity stress, the germination percentage and also the germination rate decreased. The germination percentage and germination rate in Brigitta variety was higher than that of Shokofa variety. According to the RMSE, CV, R2Adj, SE parameters, the beta model was the most suitable model for both sugar beet cultivars. In the Brigitta variety, the base temperature is between 3.67 and 5 °C, the optimal temperature is between 16.67 and 26.35 °C, and the roof temperature is between 40.10 and 40.89 °C, and in the shokofa variety, the base temperature is between 2.88 and 2.80 °C. 5.65, the optimum temperature varied between 16.11 and 26.47 °C and the ceiling temperature between 39.94 and 42.94 °C. The obtained results showed that the percentage and speed of germination in Brigitta variety under salinity stress conditions and different temperatures was higher than that of Shokofa variety, but there was no significant difference between the two varieties in terms of cardinal temperatures. Therefore, by using the output of these models at different temperatures, it is possible to predict the germination speed at different potentials.

Parsley (Tagetes erecta) is an important bedding plant of asteraceae family. Environmental stresses, especially salinity stress in agricultural soils are increasing. Therefore, it seems necessary to find a suitable solution to reduce the effects of soil salinity and the possibility of cultivation in these types of soils. Meanwhile, growth-promoting bacteria are one of the important options as a factor to deal with these stresses. This research was carried out with the aim of the effect of growth stimulating bacteria as biofertilizers in making parsley plant resistant to salt stress. In order to investigate the effect of the application of growth-stimulating bacteria on reducing the effects of salinity stress in orange parsley, a research was conducted in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture of Zanjan University in 2022. This research was conducted as a factorial experiment in the form of a completely randomized design with treatments, three levels of salinity stress (0, 4 and 8 decisiemens) and three levels of Bacillus bacteria (control, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus velezensis) in three replications, which in total It formed 27 experimental units. Morpho - physiologycal traits include: plant height, flower diameter, number of flowers, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, total chlorophyll, antioxidant, ion leakage percentage, peroxidase enzyme, proline, sodium, potassium and The ratio of sodium to potassium was calculated.Results. The results of this research showed that the effect of salinity stress as well as the effect of bacteria on all traits was significant. The interaction effect of salinity in bacteria was significant in some traits such as fresh and dry weight of roots, diameter and number of flowers, leaf ion leakage percentage, total chlorophyll, peroxidase enzyme, proline, sodium and potassium percentage and sodium to potassium ratio. Based on the results of the comparison of averages, due to salinity stress, plant height, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, diameter and number of flowers, chlorophyll, potassium percentage decreased significantly and in contrast to the characteristics of flower ion leakage percentage, peroxidase enzyme level, Proline, anthocyanin and antioxidants, sodium and the ratio of sodium to potassium increased. Also, the use of bacteria moderated the negative effects of salinity stress and by increasing the amount of proline, anthocyanin, antioxidant and increasing the amount of potassium, it led to the improvement of growth conditions in 8 and 4 deci siemens per meter salinity stress. Among the bacteria that were used, Bacillus subtilis showed a better response than Bacillus velezensis in ornamental parsley and reduced the effect of salt stress. The results of this research showed that salinity induced negative effects on the morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of ornamental cabbage. Growth promoting bacteria reduced the negative effects of salinity stress through direct and indirect mechanisms. Among the bacteria that were used, Bacillus subtilis showed a better response than Bacillus velezensis in ornamental parsley and reduced the effect of salt stress. In other words, at high levels of salinity stress, the damage caused by salinity stress can be prevented by using growth-promoting bacteria.

Increasing water and soil salinity and the damage caused by it on plant products make it necessary to investigate the effects of salinity on crop plants. Studying the physiological traits changes under stress conditions is a suitable method for identifying the factors that affect crop tolerance to salinity stress and selecting tolerant cultivars.

A factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research greenhouse of the faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural. Experiment factors included the applying four salinity levels with Hoagland solution (no application of salinity as control, application of 30, 60, and 80 mM NaCl) and different soybean cultivars (Hill, LBK, BP, Hog, Deer, Gorgan 3, Sahr, Hobbit, Williams, JK, and LWK). In this experiment, soybean seeds were inoculated with Rhizobium japonicum bacteria and planted in pots containing sand. The irrigation was done by distilled water from the planting until the appearance of the main leaf, and after that, Hoagland's solution (without nitrogen) continued. Seedlings were harvested after 60 days and Na+ and K+ percentage, Na+/K+ ratio, proline, nitrogen percentage, nitrogen yield, and total dry weight were measured. Analysis of variance and comparison of the means (LSD test) was done by the SAS software (version 9).

The results show that with increasing the salinity, sodium percentage, Na+/K+ ratio, and proline amount increased and total dry weight, potassium percentage, and nitrogen yield decreased. Deer cultivar with the highest percentage of nitrogen at the levels of 0, 30, 60, and mM NaCl and the lowest percentage of nitrogen reduction (28%) have the lowest total dry weight reduction (54%) from the control treatment to the 80 mM treatment. Hag cultivar have the lowest increase in sodium percentage and the lowest percentage decrease in potassium absorption and the lowest Na+/K+ ratio compared to other varieties. LWK, LBK, and Sahar cultivars had the lowest tolerance to salinity with the highest amount of sodium accumulation, the highest Na+/K+ ratio, and low production of proline, and dry matter. The results of correlation coefficients showed that there was the most positive and significant correlation between total dry weight and potassium percentage (0.904**) and nitrogen percentage (0.902**).

According to the obtained results, it seems that the tolerant cultivars deal with salinity stress with mechanisms such as more potassium absorption and osmotic potential regulation. Among the investigated cultivars and according to the measured indicators, the Deer cultivar was recognized as a tolerant cultivar and can be used for cultivation in saline lands and the Hag cultivar can be used in breeding programs.

Wheat, as a crucial staple food, has gained heightened importance following the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the escalating impacts of climate change. Its adaptability to various climates, ease of cultivation, and rich nutritional value make it indispensable. Iran, with its arid climate and saline arable lands, necessitates a focused study on innovative approaches for wheat cultivation. In this challenging environment, it's imperative to seek cost-effective methods to boost wheat production. Addressing salinity involves diverse techniques like leaching saline soils, improved irrigation management, cultivating salt-tolerant varieties, and utilizing biological fertilizers. Additionally, the application of effective microorganisms stands out as a promising biological method. By influencing the rhizosphere and leaf through biological and molecular priming, these microorganisms enhance the plant's resistance to salinity and drought, ultimately leading to increased growth and yield. Embracing such approaches is essential for sustainable wheat cultivation in these harsh conditions.

In order to investigate the effect of salinity on soybean germination, the project was performed as factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications in laboratory of Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center in 2020. The treatments were 11 soybean cultivars (Williams, Saba, Tapor, Sari, Amir, Caspian, Kosar, Katul, Sahar, Telar and Nekador) and four salinity levels (0, 20, 40, 60 mM of NaCl). Analysis of variance showed that the effect of salinity, genotypes and interaction of theme in all traits were significant at 1% probability level. With increasing salinity, all traits value in all genotypes decreased. Mean comparison of variety treatment showed that the highest germination percentage was observed in Katul cultivar (83.33%). The Mean comparison of interaction effect showed that the highest values of the traits were observed in the combination of cultivars and 0 mM concentration, and with increasing salinity level, the amount of traits decreased and their lowest value was in the combination of cultivars and 60 mM. Cluster analysis put the studied genotypes into three groups. Correlation analysis showed that all correlation coefficients were positive and significant, and the germination rate had the highest correlation with the germination percentage (0.88) and total dry weight (0.78). The germination percentage was the first trait that entered to the regression model of germination rate and was able to justify 0.77 of variances. Among different cultivars, Amir and Saba cultivars were recognized as tolerant cultivars and Sahar and Williams cultivars as sensitive cultivars.

Salinity stress is a significant factor that imposes limitations on the growth and productivity of crops. Like other living organisms, plants are susceptible to various stresses and can suffer damage when exposed to them.Under conditions of salinity stress, the stages of germination and seedling growth become particularly crucial in the life cycle of plants.Artemisia annua L., an important medicinal plant with a long history of use in traditional Iranian and other Asian medicine, was the subject of investigation in this research.The aim was to examine the impact of salinity stress on the germination process(both in terms of percentage and rate)and the characteristics of seedlings(such as radicle length,plumule length, fresh weight, and dry weight)in Artemisia annua L.The study was carried out in 2023,employing a completely randomized design with four replications at the Department of Agronomy in Shahid University.The experimental treatments consisted of four levels of salinity(0,50,100,and150 mM)induced by sodium chloride salt.The data obtained were analyzed using SAS software, and the means were compared utilizing the Duncan test at a 5%probability level.The findings of this experiment demonstrated that the control treatment(without salinity)exhibited the highest percentage and speed of germination, as well as the longest radicle and plumule lengths, and the greatest fresh and dry weights of the seedlings.Germination was not observed at concentrations of 150mM and higher.Hence, based on the outcomes of this study, it can be concluded that salinity stress has an adverse impact on the germination process and seedling growth of Artemisia annua L.,revealing the plant's heightened sensitivity to salinity.

Ajowan is one of the important medicinal plants of the Apiaceae family, whose essential oil is used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Soil salinity is considered one of the most important factors limiting the growth of agricultural plants due to the prevention of the absorption of water and nutrients into the plant. Using biofertilizers with plant-growth-promoting bacteria is one of the most effective ways to reduce the toxic effects caused by high salinity in plant growth. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of different planting dates and biofertilizers on seed yield and agronomic indicators of Ajowan medicinal plant under salt stress.

In order to investigate the effect of biofertilizers on seed yield and vegetative parameters of Ajowan medicinal plant in the climatic conditions of Kashmar, two separate experiments were conducted in the field and greenhouse conditions of Kashmar Research Center. A field experiment in the form of a split plot design using two factors, the first factor included planting date in two levels (March 26, April 27), the second factor included biological fertilizer in 8 levels (1) Control 2) Azetobarvar1 3) Phosphate barvar2 4) Petabarvar2 5) Azetobarvar1 + Phosphatebarvar2 6) Azetobarvar1 + Petabarvar2 7) Phosphatebarvar2 + Petabarvar2 8) Azetobarvar1 + Phosphatebarvar2 + Petabarvar2). The second experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized design in the greenhouse. The investigated factors included biofertilizer at 8 levels (1) Control 2) Azetobarvar1 3) Phosphate barvar2 4) Petabarvar2 5) Azetobarvar1 + Phosphatebarvar2 6) Azetobarvar1 + Petabarvar2 7) Phosphatebarvar2 + Petabarvar2 8) Azetobarvar1 + Phosphatebarvar2 + Petabarvar2), and salinity stress at 3 levels (zero, 4 and 8 dS/m).

The results indicated that salinity stress significantly reduced the traits of germination percentage, root length, seedling length. The use of biological fertilizers in combination had the best effect on these traits compared to the control. Also, in the treatment of no application of biofertilizer and in the condition of salinity stress of 8 dS/m, the above traits had the lowest values. Also, the combined treatment of Azetobarvar1 + Phosphatebarvar2 + Petabarvar2 could significantly improve the crop yield and plant height. The studies showed that the best planting date for plant height, number of sub-branches, number of flowers, Thousand grain weight and Grain yields was obtained on the planting date of March 26 compared to April 27.

In general, it can be stated that the use of combined biological fertilizers in can reduce the destructive effect of salinity stress on the Ajowan medicinal plant and also significantly increase the seed yield in field conditions.

The use of seed priming methods has been introduced today as one of the factors to increase the germination and establishment of seedlings and plant under adverse environmental conditions, especially salinity. Therefore, in this study, the effect of seed priming with gibberellic on germination and consumption of triticale seed storage materials under salt stress conditions was investigated. The experimental treatments in this study were 5 levels of salinity stress (zero, 40, 80, 120 and 160 mM) and 4 levels of seed priming (zero, 25 and 50 ppm gibberellic acid and control seed without prime) with 3 replications. The results showed that the highest percentage of germination (95.33%), germination index (41.65 seeds per day), seedling length (19.27 cm) and the percentage of normal seedling (95.33%) was related to seed priming with gibberellic acid 50 ppm. Also, the highest seed vigor index (1836) was related to seed pretreatment with 50 ppm gibberellic acid. In all the applied salinity levels, the highest weight of mobilized seed reserve was obtained from seed priming with 50 ppm gibberellic acid. The highest seed reserve utilization efficiency from control seeds at 160 mM potential and the highest seedling dry weight and seed reserve depletion percentage in nonstressed conditions were obtained from seed priming with 25 and 50 ppm gibberellic acid. Seed germination improves triticale germination components under salinity stress conditions and increases the plant's tolerance to salinity against salinity stress in the germination stage.

IntroductionDurum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) or hard wheat, is the second most important wheat crop species. Since durum wheat is mainly cultivated under dryland conditions in the Mediterranean region, its yield is strongly affected by abiotic stresses, especially drought and salinity. Salinity stress causes osmotic stress and disrupts the ionic balance of the cells and plant physiologic processes such as seed germination and seedling growth. This study was conducted to identify durum wheat salinity tolerant genotypes at germination stage using multi-trait selection indices such as multi-trait genotype-ideotype distance index (MGIDI) and the ideal genotype selection index (IGSI). Materials and methodsThe plant materials of this research were 50 different durum wheat genotypes, which were evaluated for salinity tolerance at germination stage. The experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications. To create salinity stress, sodium chloride (NaCl) was used at three levels including 0 (control), 150 mM (~15 dS.m-1), and 300 mM (~30 dS.m-1) concentrations. To evaluate the salinity tolerance of the studied genotypes, quantitative stress tolerance indices were first calculated based on root (radicle) and shoot (plumule) dry weight under non-stress conditions (Yp) and average salinity levels (Ys) for each genotype. Then according to the results of factor analysis based on principal component analysis (PCA), the MGIDI index was calculated using the factor scores of the first two factors with eigen values greater than one. The IGSI index for each genotype was also calculated using all stress tolerance indices. Research findingsThe results of factor analysis based on principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the first two factors with eigen values greater than one explained 99.6 of the total variance. The calculation of the MGIDI index based on the factor scores of the studied genotypes showed that in average salinity stress conditions, genotypes 6, 23, 5, 30, 34, 29, 31, 2, 10, 39, 13, 9, 47, 12, 52, 48, and 1 with lower values of MGIDI (between 0.90 and 2.50) and higher values of IGSI (between 0.65 and 0.80) were the best genotypes in term of salinity tolerance. In contrast, genotypes 46, 43, 19, 26, 4, 15, 42, 38,11, and 37 with the lower values of IGSI and the higher values of MGIDI, were considered as weak and sensitive genotypes to salinity. The coefficient of determination (R2) between these two indices for all genotypes was 92%, indicating a high correlation between these two indices and the selection of same genotypes. ConclusionThe results of the present study showed that there was a significant genetic diversity among the studied durum wheat genotypes for salinity tolerance at the germination stage, which can be used in the breeding programs of this valuable crop. IGSI and MGIDI indices were also effective in identifying superior genotypes based on all stress tolerance indices. Therefore, these indices can be recommended to select salinity tolerant genotypes based on different traits in breeding programs.