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The new barley cultivar Negin was derived from cross between Violeta/Mja and Manal/Alanda-01 lines as female and male parents, respectively. Initial cross between parents of this cultivar and selection in segregating populations was performed till pure line stage, in Seed and Plant Improvement Institute. Observational evaluation and preliminary and advanced yield trial were performed at Ahvaz, Darab, Zabol and Gonbad Agricultural Researches Stations and target line was selected because of its high yield and desirable agronomic characteristics. Grain yield stability experiment included line No. 9 (Negin cultivar) and 17 pure lines and Nimrooz/Sahra and Oxin as checks were conducted in Ahvaz, Darab, Zabol, Gonbad and Moghan Agricultural Researches Stations in 2016-2018 cropping seasons. Results of grain yield mean comparisons, rank mean, rank standard deviation and kang’s rank sum were used for selecting of genotypes with high and stable yield. Grain mean yield of line No. 9 (Negin cultivar) was 4480 kgha-1 that was 13.7% more than Oxin with 3939 kgha-1 grain yield. In the research-extension experiments, the grain yield mean of this variety was 4554 kgha-1 that was between 2 to 27% more than controls used in each location. According to the results it was determined that WB-95-9 line in addition to desirable performance and desirable agronomic characteristics, was generally adapted to the warm regions of the country and therefore was released as Negin cultivar. Negin variety is six rows, exhibits lodging resistance and non-shattering rachis. The growth type of this cultivar is spring and its protein content is 10.9%. Negin variety has high tolerance to salinity and drought stresses. Its reaction to powdery mildew is semi-resistant to semi-sensitive and to yellow rust and barley stripe is resistant to semi-resistant.

In order to evaluation of quantitative and qualitative of forage yield in intercropping of barley with vetch , a two-year field experiment was conducted during 2015 and 2016 growing seasons at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station of Miyandoab. Experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications. Arrangement consisted of 80% Barley + 20% Vetch, 60% Barley + 40% Vetch, 40% Barley + 60% Vetch, 20% Barley + 80% Vetch, along with sole culture of both crops (100% barley and100%Vetch). The results showed that the highest fresh yield (7.28 t/ha) and dry (3.26 t/ha) yield of forage, neutral detergent fiber (52.22%) and acid detergent fiber (58.22) and water-soluble carbohydrate (21.23%) was devoted to pure barley culture (100% barley), However, The highest percentage of crude protein (25.18%), digestible dry matter (63.39%) and forage ash (5.66%) and the lowest amount of neutral detergent fiber (30.48%) and acid detergent fiber (39.21%) was allocated to pure stand of vetch. In terms of dry forage yield, protein yield and percentage of ash, mixing ratios of 80% barley+ 20% of vetch and 40% barley + 60% vetch showed the highest quality in intercropping treatments and LER . Considering that with the increase in the ratio of vetch in intercropping system, the amount of protein increased and neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber was reduced, the presence of vetch in the intercropping system with barley increases the quality of forage in intercropping system.

Barley is highly variable in adaptation to marginal environments. The main objective of barley breeding programs has been on improving yield by developing new cultivars with high grain yield and quality characteristics for different climates. Ansar is a new high yielding and drought tolerant cultivar of barley with facultative growth habit. It was released in the year 2013 for rainfed cold areas of Iran. Ansar originated from a cross Yea168.4/Yea605.5//Yea206-4A-3 (a high yielding line received from ICARDA). Based on regional yield trials, the average graind yield of Ansar was 3025 kgha-1, which was 55 kg higher than Sahand (2970 kgha-1). In comparison with Sahand (check), Ansar had 1-2 days early maturity, 4-6 cm taller stem, 1-2 g higher TKW. In onfarm trials, Ansar had 34, 12, 11% more grain yield than Sahand in Miyaneh, Oshnaviyeh and Piranshar regions, respectively. Ansar is tolerant to cold, drought, grain shedding, lodging, two-rowed variety with 73 cm plant height. Ansar is resistance to leaf strip, scald and powdery mildew and rust. It can be concluded that Ansar is not only a high-yielder, possesses better quality traits and tolerant/resistant to all diseases, but is also best suited in cold rainfed areas of Iran.Barley is highly variable in adaptation to marginal environments. The main objective of barley breeding programs has been on improving yield by developing new cultivars with high grain yield and quality characteristics for different climates. Ansar is a new high yielding and drought tolerant cultivar of barley with facultative growth habit. It was released in the year 2013 for rainfed cold areas of Iran. Ansar originated from a cross Yea168.4/Yea605.5//Yea206-4A-3 (a high yielding line received from ICARDA). Based on regional yield trials, the average graind yield of Ansar was 3025 kgha-1, which was 55 kg higher than Sahand (2970 kgha-1). In comparison with Sahand (check), Ansar had 1-2 days early maturity, 4-6 cm taller stem, 1-2 g higher TKW. In onfarm trials, Ansar had 34, 12, 11% more grain yield than Sahand in Miyaneh, Oshnaviyeh and Piranshar regions, respectively. Ansar is tolerant to cold, drought, grain shedding, lodging, two-rowed variety with 73 cm plant height. Ansar is resistance to leaf strip, scald and powdery mildew and rust. It can be concluded that Ansar is not only a high-yielder, possesses better quality traits and tolerant/resistant to all diseases, but is also best suited in cold rainfed areas of Iran.

Quick and accurate diagnosis of pathogenic agents associated with seeds is necessary for the prevention and control of seed-borne diseases. Loose smut disease is one of the most important seed-borne fungal diseases of barley throughout world, which causes a decrease in crop yield. The aim of this study was to compare different methods of the detection and diagnosis of the loose smut disease agents in seed samples, transmission rate to the next generation and to evaluate the effect of seeds infection on the growth indicators of seedlings in the field. In order to detect infection in seed samples and identify the fungus that causes loose smut disease, from different cultivars of barley produced in the some fields of Isfahan, Khuzestan, North Khorasan, South Khorasan, Alborz and Hamedan provinces were sampled according to the International Seed Testing Association rules (ISTA). The results of comparison of diagnosis methods showed that the modified embryo test compared to ICARDA method can be considered as a more reliable method for detect smut infection in seed samples based on sensitivity, time required, simplicity and cost. The results revealed that there is a strong positive correlation between level of seed infection detected in the modified embryo test and the disease incidence in the field. Infected seeds has significantly affected the growth indicators of seedlings in the field while increasing the mean emergence time, the causes decreasing the field emergence rate and final emergence percentage in field. The findings of this research provide new insights into the effect of seed infection on the growth indicators of seedlings and transmission rate of disease in the field, which can be used for the revision of the national standard for barley seed and the effective management of this disease.

Nitrogen is one of the important nutrient elements necessary for the production of agricultural products, but the excessive application of nitrogenous chemical fertilizers and their leaching cause environmental pollution. Crops’ cultivars with high nitrogen use efficiency is one of the environmental friendly aproaches to mitigate this problem.

To evaluate grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in barley genotypes under low input conditions (without fertilizer application), a field experiment was conducted in research field of the agricultural faculty of Shahed University, Tehran, Iran in 2016-2017 cropping season. Thirty six barley genotypes, purified for three cropping seasons, were planted using simple alpha lattice design with two replications.

The results showed that genotypes; 106, 107, and 68 had the highest grain yield (7963, 7920 and 7900 kg ha-1, respectively), the highest nitrogen use efficiency (58.6, 58.5 and 56.9 kg.kg-1, respectively) and the highest nitrogen uptake efficiency (2, 2 and 2.25 kg.kg-1, respectively). The results of multiple regression analysis showed that the three variables of nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen uptake efficiency, and biomass yield explained 98.2% of variation in grain yield. Principle component analysis revealed that barely genotypes divided into four groups. The first group included genotypes; 88, 119, 54, 107, and 68 for nitrogen uptake efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency, grain yield and quality. These genotypes are suitable for low input cropping systems to increase nitrogen use efficiency.

The results of this experiment indicated that further investigations are required for recommendation of barley genotypes with higher nitrogen efficiency and grain yield for low input cropping systems.

Ecosystem services are defined as services provided by the natural environment. These services produce outputs or effects that directly and indirectly impact human well-being, culture, and the global economic system (Feng et al., 2018; Ma et al., 2020). Quantifying the services of agroecosystems is one of the most important strategies to increase attention to these services and provide appropriate solutions to maintain and sustain these services. The development of intensive agriculture has transformed agricultural landscapes into simple, low-coverage single-product systems similar to semi-natural habitats. This change has led to a sharp decline in biodiversity and a reduction in the provision of ecosystem services to agriculture. It has been confirmed that among ecosystem services, pest, and weed control, and pollination have significant impacts on global agricultural production.

In this study, 8 plots were selected from different plots of autumn crops included barley, and triticale. In this study provisioning, supporting, regulating services in the cultivation of barley and triticale fields of Dasht-e Naz, Sari Agricultural Company (Mazandaran province) were evaluated and quantified, during 2019-2020. In this study, some ecosystem services such as insect and weed biodiversity (using Shannon-Weiner, Simpson, Margalf, Uniformity and Menhinick indices), soil microbial respiration, carbon sequestration, organic matter, abundance of earthworms, grain yield, protein content oxygen production, and soil protection (by the stability of aggregates) were evaluated and quantified. Soil samples were taken from a depth of 0-30 cm before barley and triticale planting in November 2019 and after harvest in June 2020 for assessment of rate of microbial respiration, organic matter and carbon sequestration. Also, oxygen production was estimated based on net primary production. A sampling of plant biodiversity and yield of autumn crops was performed based on the W shaped pattern with 0.5×0.5 m2 quadrate. In this study, insects were collected in ways: yellow sticky trap, insect nets, and ground trap. Sampling was done from late March to mid-April 2020. All data were analyzed with SAS version 9.4 and T-test was used to compare the means between cultivars at the 5% probability level.

The results showed that the highest amount of oxygen production was obtained at about 17.66 and 16.57 tons per hectare from 12 and 16 fodder plots for barley and triticale, respectively. In this research, the highest amount of carbon sequestration (2.67 tons per hectare) and the activity of microbial respiration before planting and after harvesting the crop were 91.40 and 45.95 milligrams of CO2 per kilogram of soil per day, respectively andearthworm abundance (13 per square meter) belonged to plot 18. The evaluation of the biodiversity status in insects and weeds showed that the highest Shannon-Weiner diversity index in weeds was 2.65 and 2.89 from plots 12 and 16 of barley and triticale fodder, respectively. Also, in 12 plots of barley and 16 plots of triticale, because the purpose of farming was to produce fodder, herbicides were not used compared to other plots. In another study, it was observed that the highest Shannon-Weiner diversity index was obtained from triticale farms (1.00) and the lowest (0.14) from winter wheat farms(Sawicka et al., 2020). This could increase the Shannon-Weiner index. Also, the Shannon-Weiner index of insect communities was calculated as 2.37 and 2.49 from 19 and 16 plots, for barley and triticale, respectively.4 beneficial insects named Syrphus ribesii, Chrysoperla carnea, Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus and Apis ellifera mellificawere recorded in the barley and triticale plots studied.

The results of this study showed that crop management and implementation of intensive agricultural systems were effective in providing many ecosystem services of barley and triticale fields. So, these services were affected by various factors, such as cultivar type, crop rotation, and tillage methods. In general, intensive agriculture is associated with climate change and biodiversity loss and alternatively, the reduction of ecosystem services including regulating and provisioning services is inevitable. Therefore, adopting management of agroecosystems associated with natural ecosystems can help to provide more ecosystem services in agroecosystems and maintain their sustainability level.Acknowledgements:We are thankful to Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (GUASNR), the agricultural company of Dasht-e-Naz Sari and Dr. Hamid Sakinin for all his companions and supports.

Due to the droughts of the last few years, the low need of barley crop to water and rich soil, the need of the country in the supply of Community Food and the importance of barley in the food industry, therefore, it is necessary to introduce high-yielding and drought-resistant genotypes.

The research was conducted at the Ilam Agricultural Research Station in 2020-2021. Identification of tolerant and sensitive genotypes was based on grain yield and drought tolerance indices. Accordingly, 16 barley genotypes were implemented in the form of random complete blocks with four repetitions in two conditions: dim and supplementary irrigation. After harvesting, grain yield was measured and stress tolerance indices were calculated.

The results of correlation between drought tolerance indices and grain yield in rainfed and irrigated conditions showed that tolerance index (STI), mean productivity (MP), harmonic mean (HM) and geometric mean productivity (GMP) were positively correlated, and had significance with grain yield traits in both environmental conditions. So, they were suitable indicators for selecting high yielding genotypes in both rainfed and irrigated environments. Based on SIIG index, genotypes 11 and 9 show the highest values, while genotypes 3 and 4 had the lowest values. Also, factor analysis based on principle component analysis showed that the first two factors explain 98.5%((the first factor 68.7% and the second factor 29.8%) of the total diversity.

Based on the obtained results, genotypes No. 9 and 11 have the highest resistance to drought stress and yield, which are suitable for cultivation in areas under moisture stress, and genotypes No. 3 and 13 are suitable for planting in areas without moisture stress.

In order to study the production potential and competitive power of barley and vetch plants in the mixed cropping pattern under the influence of different planting patterns and the use of nitrogen fertilizer, an experiment was carried out in the 2017-2018 in two research stations of Sisab and Shirvan in North Khorasan province. The type of experimental design was a split plot based on a randomized complete block design, with the main factor including nitrogen fertilizer at three levels (zero, 50 and 100 kg/ha) and the sub-factor of different cultivation patterns at five levels (barley monoculture, vetch monoculture, Incremental ratios: 15, 30, and 45 increased the density of vetch to barley) and the cultivation was mixed and additive. The examined traits included: barley plant height, barley ash content, Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), number of grains per barley spike, number of spikes per square meter of barley, weight of 1000 barley grains, barley protein content and barley grain yield. The results showed that the highest amount of barley ash was obtained in the 45:100 mixed crop treatment and in the 100 kg nitrogen fertilizer treatment, while the lowest amount of this trait was in the 100:15 mixed crop treatments and the pure barley crop, which was in the no nitrogen treatment. Was obtained. The highest yield of barley seeds was obtained in the pure cultivation of barley and in the nitrogen treatment of 100 kg/ha (1675 kg/ha), that related to Sisab region and the lowest yield was obtained in the mixed crop of 100:45 and the nitrogen fertilizer treatment (790 kg/ha) that related to Shirvan region. The highest amount of barley protein as well as the weight of 1000 grains was obtained in the treatments of 45:100 and pure cultivation of barley, which was obtained in the treatment of using 100 kg of nitrogen per hectare. The index of land equality ratio in mixed cropping treatment of 100:45 and nitrogen fertilizer 50 kg had the highest value (LER=1.158) which was obtained in Shirvan region; which shows that 15.8% more land area is needed for the pure cultivation system to be able to produce a product equal to the product of the mentioned mixed system; Therefore, it seems that the best treatment among the investigated treatments is the 100:45 mixed cultivation treatment with a fertilizer level of 50 kg/ha of nitrogen.
The examined traits included: barley plant height, barley ash content, Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), number of grains per barley spike, number of spikes per square meter of barley, weight of 1000 barley grains, barley protein content and barley grain yield. The results showed that the highest amount of barley ash was obtained in the 45:100 mixed crop treatment and in the 100 kg nitrogen fertilizer treatment, while the lowest amount of this trait was in the 100:15 mixed crop treatments and the pure barley crop, which was in the no nitrogen treatment. Was obtained. The highest yield of barley seeds was obtained in the pure cultivation of barley and in the nitrogen treatment of 100 kg/ha (1675 kg/ha), that related to Sisab region and the lowest yield was obtained in the mixed crop of 100:45 and the nitrogen fertilizer treatment (790 kg/ha) that related to Shirvan region. The highest amount of barley protein as well as the weight of 1000 grains was obtained in the treatments of 45:100 and pure cultivation of barley, which was obtained in the treatment of using 100 kg of nitrogen per hectare. The index of land equality ratio in mixed cropping treatment of 100:45 and nitrogen fertilizer 50 kg had the highest value (LER=1.158) which was obtained in Shirvan region; which shows that 15.8% more land area is needed for the pure cultivation system to be able to produce a product equal to the product of the mentioned mixed system; Therefore, it seems that the best treatment among the investigated treatments is the 100:45 mixed cultivation treatment with a fertilizer level of 50 kg/ha of nitrogen.

Some mites species feed on cereal seeds and cause significant economic damage by reduction their quantitative and qualitative value. In 2006, to identify grain seed mites in Golestan province, sample were taken from 8 warehouses in 5 cities, located in 5 cities including Gorgan, Mino-Dasht, Bandar Turkmen, Gonbad and Agh-Qala. In total, 192 samples and sub-samples of wheat, barley and corn seeds were collected. In this sampling, 21 species from 17 genera and 10 families were identified, of which 13 species belonged to the Astigmatina group in the Sarcoptiformes order, 7 species belonged to the Prostigmata suborder and Trombidiformes order, and one species belonged to the Mesostigmata order. Lepidoglyphus destructor (Schrank), Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Shrank) and Acarus siro L. with 42.2%, 15.4% and 12% abundance respectively, have the most relative abundance among the pest mites. Among the predatory mites, Cheyletus malaccensis Oudemans (13.4%) was the most abundant. About 66.6% of all samples were infected with mites. The frequency of mites in wheat, corn and barley seeds were respectively, 61.4%, 20.8% and 17.7%. The highest number of mites was observed in Agh-Qala Talaii warehouses (40%). The average number of mites per kilogram of sampling materials was 10.

Due to the increase in world population and the need for food using traditional agricultural methods does not meet the needs of society. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) predicts that by 2050, 60 percent more food production will be needed to feed the world's 9 billion population. This has concerned agroecologists to sustainable agriculture and encouraged them to do more research and design new sustainable agricultural systems. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine different mixed cropping systems of cereals and evaluation of different drought tolerance indices using a mixture of winter cereals, wheat, barley and triticale and their response to end-of-season water stress in hot and dry ecological conditions.

In order to investigate the grain yield and drought tolerance indices of mixed culture of different cereal genotypes to water stress in hot and dry ecological conditions, an experiment was conducted as split plot design based on a randomized complete block design with three replicates during 2017-2018 cropping year in College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Darab, Shiraz University. In this experiment, the first factor was irrigation regime in two levels of normal irrigation and water stress and the second factor was ten cropping systems of genotypes (tall barley line EB-95-97, dwarf barley line EB-95-97, dwarf bread wheat line S-92-19, tall bread wheat cultivar Khalil and a cultivar of Triticale called Juanilo) which were grown as double and pure row culture. Double mixed crops included of: dwarf barley- tall barley (one row of dwarf barley + one row of tall barley), dwarf barley - triticale (one row of dwarf barley + one row of triticale), tall barley - triticale (one row of tall barley + one row of triticale), dwarf wheat - triticale (one row of dwarf wheat + one row of triticale) and tall wheat - triticale (one row of tall wheat + one row of triticale) in a 50:50 planting ratio and their pure cultivation.

The results of this experiment showed that the highest grain yield was obtained in tall wheat-triticale mixed culture with 9472 kg ha-1 under normal irrigation and the lowest grain yield was achieved in pure dwarf barley with 3934 kg ha-1 under water stress condition. The results of correlation analysis of drought indices showed that positive and significant correlations were observed between STI (r=0.858**), GMP (r=0.747*) and MP(r=0.801**) with grain yield under water stress conditions. Alos, positive correlation coefficients were observed between STI (r=0.884**), GMP (r=0.922*) and MP (r=0.932**) with grain yield under normal irrigation conditions. The highest SIIG index in this investigation was observed for dwarf barley-tall barley cropping system which had the minimum yield difference in normal and water stress conditions. 3D-graph of cropping systems using SIIG index indicated that cropping systems of pure tall wheat, pure dwarf wheat and tall barley+triticale mixture demonestraed the highest grain yield both in normal and water stress conditions.

Tall wheat+Triticale mixed culture wheat cultivation system under normal irrigation conditions showed a 16% increase in yield compared to the tall wheat pure cultivation system, while it did not show a significant difference with the Triticale pure cultivation system. Some of the mixed cropping systems such as tall wheat + triticale mixed cropping systems produced higher yields that their pure cultivation systems. Alos, it was concluded that STI, GMP, MP and SIIG were the best drought stress indices to evaluate different cropping systems.

Drought is one of the most important factors limiting the environment for plant growth and productivity, especially in the flowering and filling stages of barley. A study was conducted to compare some statistical methods and different indicators of stress tolerance with the aim of introducing an ideal method for selecting drought tolerant lines. After wheat, barley is one of the most important crops. Barley is the fourth cereal crop in the world after wheat, corn and rice. One of the factors affecting the production of plants is water defecit, and barley has more efficient mechanisms against water shortage than other grains. Because it has higher relative drought tolerance compared to other grains. In these arid and semi-arid regions like Iran, the presence of drought stress during plant growth is a natural problem.

In this study, 18 diverse barley lines at two water levels (normal conditions and water deficit stress) were examined. This experiment was performed as a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Seed and Plant Improvement Research Institute of Karaj, Iran in 2020. Drought tolerance and susceptibility indices were assessed. These indices included stress sensitivity index, mean productivity, tolerance, stress tolerance index, geometric mean productivity, harmonic mean productivity, performance under stress conditions (Ys) and normal (Yp) conditions. Correlation coefficient between yield in drought and irrigation conditions and other stress indicators was estimated according to statistical techniques. Correlation between indices and grain yield under stress and normal conditions was calculated using Minitab software. Selection based on multiple traits in breeding programs is likely to be effective in improving grain yield under drought stress conditions. The purpose of this study is to identify the most suitable indicators and compare different stress tolerance indicators to select high-yielding and drought-tolerant lines and to identify the superior barley line.

The highest GMP and MP were related to 4 and 13 lines. Based on tolerance index (TOL), genotype 1 had the lowest and line 7 showed the highest level of tolerance, respectively. Based on MP and GMP indices, 4, 7 and 13 lines had high drought tolerance. A high positive and significant correlation was observed between MP, GMP, Ys, Yp, which indicates that these indices are suitable for identifying drought tolerant lines. Based on the results of the principal component analysis and the bi-plot diagram, it was observed that the lines tolerant to drought stress are almost consistent with the clustering pattern of tolerant lines and the lines sensitive to drought stress are also consistent with the clustering of sensitive lines. MP and GMP indices are suitable for evaluating drought tolerance because they showed a high correlation with grain yield under normal conditions and under water stress. The closeness of 4 and 13 lines to GMP, MP, HARM, Ys indicates the tolerance of these lines to drought stress and therefore they can be suggested as drought tolerant lines.

Selection of drought tolerant lines based on a combination of tolerance indices can provide useful criteria for drought tolerance. A high positive and significant correlation was observed between MP, GMP, Ys, Yp, which indicates that these indices are suitable for identifying drought tolerant lines. These results help the modifier to select lines in different environments. Principal component analysis showed that it is important to introduce genotypes with desirable traits such as genotypes with high yield and resistance to drought stress. It is possible to speed up the improvement of new barley cultivars by using stress tolerance indicators by breeders. In general, 4, 7, and 13 lines were drought tolerant and can be used for barley improvement programs. Based on principal component analysis, drought sensitive and tolerant lines were consistent with cluster analysis. Exploiting the results of the present study can help breeders to select and identify genotypes that have relative tolerance to drought stress.

To identify salinity tolerant cultivated genotypes, 50 barley genotypes originated from Iran were evaluated in a field experiment during 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 cropping seasons in Yazd; Optimum experiment at Yazd central field station, and stress experiment in Ardakan field station, Iran. Six improved barley cultivars; Mehr and Khatam (Salinity tolerant), Nosrat, Nimrooz, Yousef and Gohran were also included in the experiments. The experiments were carried out using 8×7 rectangular lattice design with three replications. Phenological traits, grain yield and 1000-kernel weight were measured in all genotypes under optimum and salinity stress conditions. The electrical conductivity of soil and irrigation water in optimum condition was 3.4 and 3.6 dS m-1, and in the salinity condition, it was 14 and 10 dS m-1, respectively. The stress intensity index (SI) was 0.21 and 0.32 in 2019-20 and 2020-21 cropping seasons, repectively, which indicated higher stress intensity in the second year in the stress experiment. The mean grain yield under optimum and salt stress conditions in 2019-20 was 215 and 174 g m-2, respectively. In 2020-21 cropping season, mean grain yiled under optimum stress conditions were 271.9 and 184 g m-2, respectively. Combined analysis of traits showed that the of year × salinity stress × genotype interaction effect was significant on evaluated traits. Based on the results of principle component analysis and stress indices in 2019-20 cropping season, genotypes no. 50 (TN5008), 33 (TN4247) and 38 (TN4357) were superior genotypes. While in 2020-21 cropping season genotypes no. 24 (TN3474) and 27 (TN3643) together with salinity tolerant barley cultivars; Khatam and Mehr had higher grain yield. The collecting site of these two genotypes is Kerman province and Fars province, respectively. Based on the results of this research, tolerant cultivated barley genotypes were identified for further studies.

Drought stress is known as one of the main factors limiting agricultural production. Investigation of the effect of drought stress on grain yield and other agronomic and physiological traits can be useful in identifying drought-tolerant cultivars. The aim objective of the present study was to study the effect of terminal drought stress on some of the agronomic and physiological characteristics in a set of promising barley lines.

This study was carried out at the Cereal Research Station located in Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran during 2020-2021 cropping seasons. The plant material consisted of 17 promising genotypes of barley along with a commercial cultivar (cv. Jolgeh). All genotypes were investigated in two separate experiments based on a randomized complete block design with three replications under two control and drought stress conditions.

The results of combined analysis of variance showed a significant difference between control and drought stress conditions in terms of all measured traits except spike length and the number of seeds per spike. Furthermore, a significant difference was observed among the tested genotypes in terms of all measured traits except initial chlorophyll fluorescence, maximum quantum yield of PSII, and maximum primary yield of photochemistry of PSII. However, the interaction effect between drought stress conditions and genotype was only significant for the number of days to physiological maturity, grain filling period, main spike length, and chlorophyll content.The results of principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the first five components accounted for 84.80% of the total phenotypic variation, under drought stress condition. Considering the angle among trait-vectors indicated that some of traits such as number of days to anthesis and to physiological maturity, awn length, plant height, leaf area index, chlorophyll content, and number of seeds per spike positively correlated with grain yield in the drought stress condition. In general, our results showed that genotypes G2, G3, G6, G7, G12, and G18 were identified as the best genotypes compared with other tested genotypes.

According to results, genotype G7 due to its highest grain yield and ideal agronomic and physiological features can be candidates for further complementary investigations in multi-environmental trials with the aims of realization of a new commercial cultivar.

Barley (Hordeum  vulgare L.) is among the most important cereal crops and  large portions of human  populations in many  parts of the world depend on them  as a source of food and animal feed. Drought is one of the most important environmental stresses which affects yield and yield components of plants significantly which plants respond and adapt to drought stress by means of various morphological, biochemical and physiological changes. Nowadays Biochar has been employed for scientific and commercial usage as a soil amendment for improving the productivity of crops. Results of researchs showes that Biochar makes a great contribution in crop plant's growth. For instance investigations showed that drought stressed chickpea plants exhibited considerable reduction in uptake of nitrogen and phosphorous which was ameliorated by Biochar treatments. Jasmonic acid (JA) and its methyl ester, methyl jasmonate (MeJA) are important cellular regulators involved in many growth, developmental and physiological processes. It was found that exogenous application of MeJA improved tolerance to drought, salinity, chilling (Rehman et al., 2018) and heavy metal  stresses in different plant species.

In order to investigation of the impacts of different levels of mineral biochar and methyl Jasmonate on growth, yield and yield components of spring barley under different levels of drought stress a factorial experiment in  randomized complete block design in pots in 5 replications was done in 2019-2020 at the experimental field of university of Zanjan. Reviewed factors included in three levels of drought stress (100% FC as the none stressed, 60% FC as the mild stress and 30% FC as the severe stress), biochar application before cultivation in three levels (without biochar, 1.5% and 3% of the soil weight) and foliar spraying of methyl Jasmonate in three levels (0, 75 and 150 μmol per liter Studied factors included  electrolyte leakage, proline and photosynthetic pigments concentration, water use efficiency, relative water content and economical yield.

Results showed a significant impact of used treats on most of the characteristics. All studied factors in this experiment including WUE, RWC, proline, EL, photosynthetic pigments and yield were affected by drought stress but 1.5% biochar  and 75 μmole per liter methyl Jasmonate resulted in enhancement of studied factors of stressed plants both in 60% of FC and in 30% of FC in comparison to untreated plants. But increasing in usage of these materials  didn’t have any positive impact on studied plants. The highest economical yield was obtained in normal irrigation circumstance with foliage application of 75 μmole per liter of methyl jasmonate and using 1.5% of biochar per soil weight and the lowest yield was obtained when we used 30% of field capacity in irrigation without using methyl jasmonate.

We can find out from these results that as a whole drought in middle and severe levels can be disastrous for both morphological and physiological characteristics of every plant which results in reduction in economical yield. But it's necessary to mention this point that using stress moderator  materials whether materials which are used in soil like Biochar or plant growth regulators like methyl Jasmonate which are known as the anti stress substances cause moderation in the catastrophic effects of drought stress which through enhancing some indexes like the relative water content and ameliorating of water use efficiency in comparison to untreated plants with these materials can diminish the severe impacts of stress and eventually through boosting economical yield can dwindle damages of drought. Nevertheless it's absolutely comprehensible from the results of the experiment that using too much of these materials not only do not have any positive effect on growth, physiological or biochemical indicators under drought stress but also can reduce these characteristics even to lower than their quantity in untreated plants.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is known as the fourth most important grain crop in the world. Drought stress is also one of the main factors that reduce the growth and yield of barley, and grain yield is directly related to the morphological characteristics of the flag leaf.. In order to identify the main and epistatic genomic regions and investigate their interaction with the environment for morphological traits related to flag leaf, including length, width, area, and flag leaf sheath length, an experiment was conducted with 136 doubled haploid lines of barley along with their parents 'Nure' and 'Tremois' using an alpha lattice design with two replications under normal and drought stress conditions at the Zabol Agricultural Research Station, Iran, in 2015-16 growing season. The genetic map of the target population comprised 543 markers (including DArT, SSR, SNP, and AFLP markers) for the QTL analysis. In this study, single-locus and two-locus QTL analyses were performed using the composite interval mapping (CIM) and mixed-model based composite interval mapping (MCIM) methods, respectively. Based on a single-locus analysis, five QTLs were identified, including three putative QTLs, Q1FLW-1H.SZ, Q1SHFLL-1H.NZ and Q2SHFLL-1H.NZ at bPb-6343-bPb-8081, bPb-1419-bPb-9180, and bPb-9108-bPb-6343 marker intervals, and two suggestive QTLs, on chromosomes 1H and 5H for the traits of flag leaf width (FLW, cm) and flag leaf sheath length (SHFLL, cm). Based on a two-locus analysis, eight additive (M-QTL) QTLs and 15 pairs of epistatic effects (E-QTL) were detected for different traits, among which two pairs of epistatic QTLs for the FLW trait showed significant QTL × environment interactions (AAEI). All detected M-QTLs for flag-leaf-related traits across two environments, without additive × environment interactions (AEI), were identified as stable QTLs, and the highest number of stable QTLs was associated with chromosome 1H. In this study, drought stress-tolerant QTLs were identified in all barley chromosomes except chromosome 2H. Most of the QTLs associated with the investigated traits in the Nure/Tremois population in the present study have not been reported previously and, therefore, are novel. The stable and putative QTLs controlling flag-leaf-related traits in this study, along with the markers linked to these QTLs, can be utilized in marker-assisted selection (MAS) and gene pyramiding breeding programs after confirmation and validation in different environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds to create high-yielding and drought-tolerant barley cultivars. Additionally, these findings will accelerate the understanding of the genetic relationships among spike-related traits at the molecular level.

The new barley cultivar Golchin was derived from cross between  P.sto/3/Lb.iran/Una80//Lignee640/4/Bllu/5/Petunia1 and Nik cultivar as female and male parents, respectively. The initial cross between parents of this cultivar and selection among segregating generations till achieving genetic purity were done in Cereal Research Department at Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran. Observational evaluations and preliminary and advanced yield trials were performed at Ahvaz, Darab, Zabol and Gonbad agricultural research stations and the desired line was selected according to its high yield, desirable agronomic characteristics and  comparison  with yields of the check cultivars. To evaluate grain yield stability of 17 pure lines selected from advanced experiment as well as Zahak/Sahra and Nimrooz as check cultivars were studied in Ahvaz, Darab, Zabol, Gonbad and Moghan agricultural researches stations in 2015-2017 cropping seasons. Selection of lines with desirable and stable grain yield was performed using the results of grain yield mean comparisons, Lin and Binns superiority coefficient and GGE biplot analysis. Line WB-94-3 (Golchin cultivar) with an average grain yield of 4311 and 4502 kgh-1 in south and north warm regions of Iran respectively, had 9% and 8% yield superiority over Zahak and Sahra check cultivars. According to the results it was determined that line WB-94-3 in addition to desirable performance and agronomic characteristics had general adaptability to the warm regions of the Iran and therefore was released as Golchin cultivar. Golchin is a six-rowed variety and exhibits lodging resistance and non-shattering rachis. The growth type of this cultivar is spring and its protein content is 11.3%. Golchin is earlier than commercial check cultivars and has high tolerance to salinity stress and moderate tolerance to drought stress. Its reaction to powdery mildew is in the range of semi-resistant to semi-sensitive.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare), a member of the Poaceae family, is an important cereal grown in temperate climates worldwide. It was one of the first cultivated grains, especially in Eurasia 10,000 years ago. Globally, 70% of barley production is used for animal feed. This plant is reasonably tolerant of abiotic stresses. Environmental or abiotic stresses such as heat and cold can significantly affect crop production. Plants respond to these abiotic stresses by altering the expression of many genes involved in different biological and physiological processes.

The microarray data of two experiments were analyzed to identify responsive genes related to cold and heat stresses in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). This research was analyzed and investigated using the raw data in the ArrayExpress database, which is related to two separate experiments in heat and cold stress in 2 and 3 replications, respectively, in the barley plant. The desired analysis was performed using FlexArray software, and the differential genes present in the stresses were identified. The examined genes were normalized using the Robust Multiarray Average (RMA) method, and the genes with a P-value equal to and less than 5% were selected, and the fold change of genes above two was also selected. Gene ontology analysis was done using the AgriGo website, and their functional groups were categorized into three parts: biological processes, cellular components and molecular function. The sequence of 1500 nucleotides upstream of the effective genes in response to heat and cold stress was extracted from the Ensembl Plants site. Regulatory elements of effective functional genes in response to heat and cold stresses were identified and presented using the PlantCare site.

 The results demonstrated that 338 and 291 genes were differentially expressed in response to cold and heat stresses, respectively. The gene ontology analysis revealed that differential expressed genes (DEG) were mainly involved in cellular compounds, biological processes, and different molecular functions. Transcription regulator activity has a critical role in the regulation of genes against stresses. Moreover, 1500 bp upstream of the DEGs were identified to find the most represented regulatory elements.

 Consequently, light and hormonal-related cis-regulatory elements, especially those related to methyl jasmonate, play an important role in controlling the gene expression against the studied abiotic stresses. This high-throughput comparative analysis provided insight into genes and cis-regulatory elements involved in response to heat and cold stresses in barley.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the first domesticated crops in the old world agriculture that has created from its wild relative, H. spontaneum (C. Koch.) Thell. due to consecutive selection processes by farmers in different parts of the world. It has been reported that barley received the second and fourth ranks after wheat, rice, and corn in Iran and the world, respectively. The high content of fiber as well as the low amount of protein in the aboveground organs has caused this plant to be especially considered as a silage fodder in the livestock industry. On the other hand, seeds of barley have a critical role in supplying human nutritional needs due to their phosphor, calcium, protein, and B vitamins contents. In addition, barley malt and its extract are also used in food formulation, especially in the beverage industry, due to its enzymatic properties, flavor, coloring, and nutritional value. Considering the importance of barley in providing an important part of human nutritional needs, the comprehensive investigation of its nutritional value can play a significant role in increasing of the cultivated area and improving the genetic base of the existing cultivars. In this review, the main aspects of the nutritional and technology of seed barley are discussed. Hence, it seems that the presented information can plays a key role in improving the status of barley in the country.

According to the 2030 Document (FAO, 2016), agriculture is facing more challenges today than ever before. More people need food, water shortages, declining land productivity, and declining agricultural labor are increasing the need for sustainable agriculture around the world.Therefore,the aim of this study is to diversify the grain crop system using a mixture of winter cereals,wheat,barley and triticale and their response to end-of-season water stress in hot and dry ecological conditions.

In order to investigate the yield response and yield components of mixed culture of different cereal cultivars to water stress in hot and dry ecological conditions,an experimental split plot design in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in the 2017-2018 crop year in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture and Darab Natural Resources-Shiraz University.In this experiment,the first factor of irrigation regime in two levels of normal irrigation and water stress and the second factor including ten levels of genotypes(tall barley line EB-95-97,dwarf barley line EB-95-97 dwarf bread wheat line S-92-19,tall bread wheat cultivar Khalil and a cultivar of Triticale called Juanilo) which were grown as a series of alternatives to double and pure row mixture. Double mixed crops as one in a row, including:dwarf barley,tall barley(one row of dwarf barley+one row of tall barley),dwarf barley-triticale (one row of dwarf barley+one row of triticale),tall barley-triticale (one row tall barley+one row of triticale),dwarf wheat-triticale (one row of dwarf wheat+one row of triticale) and tall wheat-triticale (one row of tall wheat+one row of triticale) with a 50:50 planting ratio and pure cultivation including:barley Dwarf, tall barley, triticale, tall wheat and dwarf wheat had a planting ratio of 100:0. According to plant density(400 plants per square meter for barley,450 plants per square meter for wheat and triticale(seeds per plot) and exactly each planting line (before planting according to the weight of one thousand seeds calculated and measured Were placed in separate bags and planted on each stack(including two planting lines) when planting. The final harvest of the crop was done manually after removing the rows. Traits such as 1000-seed weight, biological yield,harvest index, number of spikes per spike, number of spikes per plant, spike length,plant height and grain yield were measured.

The results of this experiment showed that the highest grain yield was obtained in tall wheat-triticale mixed culture with9472kg ha-1 under normal irrigation and the lowest grain yield was achieved in pure dwarf barley with 3934 kg ha-1 under water stress conditions.The results of correlation coefficients under normal irrigation conditions showed that there was the highest positive and significant correlation between grain yield and biological yield under normal irrigation conditions (r=0.847**) and water stress (r=0.792**).

The tall-Triticale mixed wheat cultivation system under normal irrigation conditions showed a 16% increase in yield compared to the tall wheat pure cultivation system,while it did not show a significant difference with the Triticale pure cultivation system. Existence of more vegetation, less weeds, lower shading temperature and consequently higher photosynthesis under water stress and higher yield components in intercropping systems than pure cereals, which together increase the yield.Seeds in mixed cropping systems were different from pure cereals.The decrease in yield in pure crop compared to mixed crop is due to water stress in the grain filling stage.Therefore, mixed cultivation under water stress conditions shows better yields than pure cultivation,which is probably due to the reduction of exogenous competition in mixed cultivation of cultivars.