جوانه زنی

In order to investigate the effect of planting date and water deficit stress applied on mother plants of soybean Kowsar (M7) commercial cultivar seed some morphological, germination and vigour traits an experiment was conducted as factorial and based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications in Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII) research field and Seed and Plant Certification and registration Institute (SPCRI) seed analysis laboratory at Karaj. The experimental factors were including the water deficit stress applied to the mother plants with three levels of irrigation after 50(without stress), 100 (moderate stress), and 150 (sever stress) mm evaporation from the class A evaporation pan, and two planting dates of the mother plants, ne 21 May and 21 June. The results of the standard germination test indicate that on the planting date of June 21st, qualitative characteristics related to germination of seeds had decreased with the increase of water deficit stress levels, and in the severe stress treatment, the seeds mean germination time increased and coefficient of velocity of germination decreased. They had more fecundity and lower germination rate. The seeds grew and developed in sever water deficit stress traits such as seedling length with 15%, dry and wet weight of seedling with 25% reduction had the lowest vigour. This is despite the fact that on the date of planting on the 21st July, in most of the evaluated traits, the stress of water shortage did not have any adverse effect on the quality of the seeds. The morphological traits evaluation showed that the increase in stress reduces the size of the seeds. The highest and lowest weight of 1,000 seeds belonged to the seeds obtained from the planting date of June 21st, without water deficit stress treatment, and in the 21st June planting date and severe water deficit stress, respectively. Seed grew and developed on 21st June planting date and without water deficit stress treatment had the lowest electrical conductivity and with the increase in water deficit stress severity, the seed cell membrane leakage increased. The research results show the seeds obtained from the plants planted on the planting date of July 21st showed a better response in water deficit stress conditions.

Allelopathy is a biological phenomenon of synthesis and excretion of compounds that can affect the growth of different organisms, plant species. In this study, the allelopathic effect of aqueous extract of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) on the germination and seedling growth of two weed species (Plantago major) and (Sisymbrium officinale) was carried out. The experimental treatments included different organs (leaf, whole shoot and root) with different concentrations (0 (control), 25 and 50%). A factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a completely random basic design with three replications in the laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture of the Islamic Azad University, Mahabad branch in 2014. The results obtained from the laboratory showed that the concentrations of aqueous extracts of different alfalfa organs had a significant effect on the germination characteristics such as percentage, speed and average germination of the two weed species under study. Also, the growth characteristics of dry weight and length of root and shoot were affected by different concentrations of aqueous extracts of alfalfa plant organs. Increasing the concentration of aqueous extract of alfalfa decreased the germination characteristics of weed seeds of barhang and gadomeh. The characteristics of dry weight of root and stem, length of root and stem showed a sharp decrease in 25%, and this decrease was more in aqueous extract prepared from alfalfa root. In general, it was observed that the aqueous extract of alfalfa root had a negative effect on the germination of the seeds of two weeds,

In modern agriculture, identifying salt-tolerant plants is crucial for efficient utilization of saline water and enhancing productivity. However, plant salt tolerance can vary across different growth stages. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), an annual herb belonging to the Lamiaceae family, not only imparts an exquisite flavor to our meals but also possesses remarkable medicinal properties and diverse applications. Given the significance of basil and the widespread challenge of soil salinity, a research study was conducted to investigate the effect of salinity stress on germination and seedling characteristics of basil. This experiment was designed as a completely randomized block design with 4 replications in the Agronomy Laboratory. 4 salinity levels (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM) were imposed using sodium chloride salt. All data were analyzed using the SAS software. Mean comparisons were performed using Duncan's test at a 5% probability level. The results demonstrated that soil salinity significantly impacted basil germination and seedling growth. The highest percentage and rate of germination, stem and root length, and fresh and dry weight of seedlings were observed in the control treatment (without salinity). Conversely, the lowest values of these parameters were recorded in the 150 mM salinity treatment. These findings indicate that basil is sensitive to salinity stress, and increasing soil salinity substantially impairs its germination and growth.

The germination stage in plants, including wheat, is an extremely susceptible stage to biotic and abiotic stresses. Plant establishment the in the early stages of growth, especially in the germination stage, is always notably important. Salinity stress is one of the abiotic stresses that cause much damage annually, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Therefore, identification and use of cultivars tolerant to salinity stress is one of the effective ways to reduce the negative effects of salinity stress.

In the present study, response of 64 spring wheat cultivars during the germination stage at two levels of salinity stress (zero as a control and 12 dS/m of sodium chloride) was investigated in the form of a simple lattice design with two replications at the Genetics Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University. During seven days, germination percentage, germination index, germination rate, germination energy, seedling vigor, mean germination time, and mean germination rate, and after the seventh day, seedling length, shoot length, root length, ratio of shoot length to root length, seedling fresh weight, and seedling dry weight were measured.

Among the studied cultivars, a statistically significant difference was observed at the probability level of 1% in terms of all traits including radicle length, shoot length, seedling length, fresh weight, dry weight, radicle to shoot length ratio, germination index, germination rate, germination energy, germination percentage, seedling vigor, mean germination time, and mean germination rate. Based on the results of factor analysis, under both normal conditions and salinity stress, the studied traits were grouped into four main factors, and these four factors explained 92.74% of the changes under normal and 93.85% under salinity stress conditions. Using cluster analysis, cultivars were grouped into three and two clusters under normal and salinity stress conditions, respectively.

Based on the results of bi-plot obtained from factor and cluster analyses, the cultivars Moghan 2, Bistun, Akbari, Moghan 3, Dastjardi, Marvdasht, Gahar, and Mahdavi are the preferred cultivars and the cultivars Darya, Bam, Tajan, Sistan, Frontana, Kavir, and Afogh were introduced as undesirable cultivars in terms of the traits measured in this experiment, which can be used in breeding projects.

One of the most important techniques for improving the quality and quantity of seedlings is the use of seed treatment with PGPR, which can increase the plant's resistance to adverse conditions. For this purpose, the effect of seed inoculation of Cerasus mahaleb in 10 forest provenances of Fereydunshahr city, Isfahan province with the most important rhizosphere bacteria that stimulate plant growth, on the components of seed germination in a factorial experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design It was done with three replications in the greenhouse, seed inoculation with five levels including no bacterial inoculation (as a control), inoculation with (Bacillus sp.), (Azotobacter sp.), (Pseudomonas fluorescens) and a combination treatment of three growth stimulating (MIX) and calculation of different components of Cerasus mahaleb seed germination was done. The results showed that mixed inoculation treatment (MIX) had the greatest effect on the indicators of germination speed (0.039 per day), seed germination (39.20), germination strength (20.38 percent) and The root length was (8.66 mm) compared to other treatments. P. fluorescens bacteria treatment also showed the best performance in germination percentage index (17.55%) and stem length (8.76 mm). On the other hand, the weakest performance among the bacterial treatments was related to the growth promoting bacteria (Bacillus sp.). Among the 10 areas of Cerasus mahaleb seed collection, Chal Khalil 1 and 2 forest reserve areas as well as Peshtkoh Som Durak 2 showed better seed germination indicators than other areas. In general, seed inoculation with PGPR can be a suitable solution for producing healthy and strong seedlings, better establishment, and also increasing the success of planting seedlings in disturbed and degraded habitats of Cerasus mahaleb in Zagros forests.

This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of salinity stress and different temperatures on germination and determining the cardinal temperatures of germination (basic, optimal and ceiling germination temperatures) of two sugar beet cultivars. Experimental treatments included different levels of salinity stress (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 mM) and different temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 °C). The three-parameter sigmoidal model was used to determine the time to reach 50% germination. The results showed that temperature and salinity stress had an effect on germination percentage and germination rate. In addition, the results showed that with increasing temperature up to optimum temperature, the germination percentage and germination rate increased, and with increasing salinity stress, the germination percentage and also the germination rate decreased. The germination percentage and germination rate in Brigitta variety was higher than that of Shokofa variety. According to the RMSE, CV, R2Adj, SE parameters, the beta model was the most suitable model for both sugar beet cultivars. In the Brigitta variety, the base temperature is between 3.67 and 5 °C, the optimal temperature is between 16.67 and 26.35 °C, and the roof temperature is between 40.10 and 40.89 °C, and in the shokofa variety, the base temperature is between 2.88 and 2.80 °C. 5.65, the optimum temperature varied between 16.11 and 26.47 °C and the ceiling temperature between 39.94 and 42.94 °C. The obtained results showed that the percentage and speed of germination in Brigitta variety under salinity stress conditions and different temperatures was higher than that of Shokofa variety, but there was no significant difference between the two varieties in terms of cardinal temperatures. Therefore, by using the output of these models at different temperatures, it is possible to predict the germination speed at different potentials.

The deterioration of the seed is a natural phenomenon, and seeds tend to lose quality and viability even under optimal storage conditions. The ability of hydropriming to ameliorate seed deterioration damage was studied in kochia. The experiment was a completely randomized design with four replications. Kochia seeds were subjected to accelerated ageing for 48 hours at 40 °C and then hydroprimed at 20 °C for 1.5, 3 and 4.5 hours. Regardless of duration, hydropriming significantly improved final germination percentage, germination rate, seedling length, vigour index, antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase and superoxide dismutase), soluble sugars and proteins of aged seeds. Mean germination time and malondialdehyde content of primed seeds decreased compared to non-primed seeds. Hydropriming for 1.5, 3 and 4.5 hours increased final germination to 15, 23 and 37 %, germination rate by 45.4, 72.7 and 109 % and superoxide dismutase activityby 8.6, 14 and 27 % compared to non-primed seed, respectively. Thus, hydropriming for 4.5 hours is the most suitable priming period to recover loss of kochia seed quality and to improve germination characteristics of deteriorated seeds.

Quinoa, Chenopodium quinoa Willd, plays a strategic role in establishing food security under changing climatic conditions due to its nutritional value, genetic diversity, and high adaptability under stressful conditions and different environments. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the germination and biochemical characteristics of 12 quinoa genotypes adapted to the climatic conditions of Iran. This experiment was conducted in the form of the randomized complete blocks design with three replications in the Laboratory of Seed Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Guilan University. In this experiment, the characteristics of germination percentage, germination rate, germination uniformity, D10, D50, D90, radicle fresh and dry, shoot and seedling weight, radicle, shoot, and seedling length, electrical conductivity of seed solution, malondialdehyde content, alpha-amylase enzyme activity and saponin content were investigated. The analysis of the data's variance demonstrated significant differences between genotypes in all studied traits. Q26 Genotype showed high values in germination percentage (91.33%), germination rate, radicle, shoot and seedling length, seedling fresh weight, alpha-amylase enzyme activity (0.234 micromoles released glucose per one gram of seed weight) and saponin content. Q26 genotype had the worst, and Q2 and Q12 genotypes had the best performance in terms of germination uniformity, electrical conductivity of seed solution and malondialdehyde content, respectively. Among the studied genotypes, the Q26 genotype demonstrated better results in comparison with other genotypes. It seems that this genotype may have better conditions for planting in the climatic conditions of Iran

Deterioration reduces the quality of seeds. Oilseeds like Nigella are highly susceptible to seed aging. Seed priming enhances the quality of deteriorated seeds by improving germination indices and increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. This research aimed to investigate the extent of damage caused by accelerated aging treatment on the germination characteristics and antioxidant enzyme activity of Nigella seeds and the possibility of mitigating the adverse effects of aging through hormonal priming with cytokinin.

This research was carried out in the form of a completely random basic design with four replications in the seed technology laboratory of Khuzestan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in 2017. The treatments included hormonal priming with cytokinin at five levels (0 (control), 10, 20, 40, and 80 m/l) for two durations (12 and 24 hours), and aging under 100% relative humidity and a temperature of 45 °C at five levels (no aging, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h).

The analysis of variance results indicated that germination indices were only influenced by main and two-way effects at the 5% and 1% probability levels, while the three-way interactions, including aging, hormone concentration, and priming duration, were significant for plant growth and longitudinal and weight indices at the 1% probability level. Furthermore, it was evident that the priming treatment mitigated the negative effects of aging, with the concentration of 10 milligrams per liter of cytokinin for a duration of 12 h having the most significant impact among the hormone concentrations used on the measured traits. The highest germination percentage (88%) and the lowest germination percentage (63.33%) were observed at concentrations of 10 and 80 mg/l, respectively. The use of cytokinin at optimal concentration improved catalase activity and protein levels. The results showed that in the control conditions, the activity of the catalase enzyme was 0.76 units per mg of protein and the amount of protein was 0.51 mg/g, which reached 0.97 units per mg of protein and 0.79 mg/g with seed priming.

Based on the results obtained from this research, aging led to a reduction in germination indices, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and seed protein content. The best treatment applied was cytokinin hormone priming for aged Nigella seeds at a concentration of 10 mg/l for 12 h. According to the results, the application of cytokinin at its optimal concentration (10 mg/l) improved the catalase enzyme activity and protein content. Therefore, it can be suggested that hormonal priming with cytokinin helps mitigate the adverse effects of aging in Nigella plants.

Festuca species are forage grasses that are very important in terms of fodder supply and soil protection. The seeds of these plants have internal dormancy (physiological) and are unable to germinate easily. Therefore, they must be subjected to various treatments to germinate. In nature, this dormancy is broken during the cold period of winter (chilling). The purpose of this research is to investigate different methods of dormancy breaking in Festuca species for large-scale production and accelerate the germination process.

In this research, three species of Festuca (Festuca arundinacea, F. ovina, and F. rubra) were subjected to different treatments of chilling (4°C, 14 days), osmo-priming with potassium nitrate (KNO3) 1.5% and gibberellic acid 150 and 200 ppm. After 14 days of germination test, various germination indices including percentage and rate of germination, mean germination time, seed vigor index, length of radicle, shoot and seedling, and the ratio of radicle to shoot length were calculated.

The results of the analysis of variance showed a significant difference between species (except for germination percentage and root length traits) and treatments (for all traits). The interactions between the species and treatment were also significant for all traits (except for the length of radicle and seedling). Among the three species, the percentage of germination varied from 26.67 to 30.67% and the value of the germination rate varied from 1.92 to 3.31 n/d. The average time required for germination varied from 3.75 to 4.36 days and the seed vigor index varied from 26.74 to 43.02. The radicle length was between 37.22 and 45 mm and the shoot length was between 37.34 and 81.33 mm. Based on principal components analysis (PCA),  percentage and rate of germination, seed vigor index, and length of radicle and seedling were introduced as the most important factors in creating diversity in Festuca species. In determining the correlation between traits, a high correlation of 70% was observed between germination percentage, germination rate, and seed vigor index.

Among the three species, Festuca rubra was superior to the other two species by having the highest percentage and rate of germination, seed vigor, radical length, and the shortest time required for germination. Among the applied treatments, 1.5% potassium nitrate (KNO3) with chilling (4°C, for 14 days), had a positive effect on the percentage and rate of germination, radical length, and gibberellic acid (150 ppm) treatment had a positive effect on the length of shoot and seedling. The presence of high germination percentage and rate indicated higher seed vigor.

Salinity stress is a significant factor that imposes limitations on the growth and productivity of crops. Like other living organisms, plants are susceptible to various stresses and can suffer damage when exposed to them.Under conditions of salinity stress, the stages of germination and seedling growth become particularly crucial in the life cycle of plants.Artemisia annua L., an important medicinal plant with a long history of use in traditional Iranian and other Asian medicine, was the subject of investigation in this research.The aim was to examine the impact of salinity stress on the germination process(both in terms of percentage and rate)and the characteristics of seedlings(such as radicle length,plumule length, fresh weight, and dry weight)in Artemisia annua L.The study was carried out in 2023,employing a completely randomized design with four replications at the Department of Agronomy in Shahid University.The experimental treatments consisted of four levels of salinity(0,50,100,and150 mM)induced by sodium chloride salt.The data obtained were analyzed using SAS software, and the means were compared utilizing the Duncan test at a 5%probability level.The findings of this experiment demonstrated that the control treatment(without salinity)exhibited the highest percentage and speed of germination, as well as the longest radicle and plumule lengths, and the greatest fresh and dry weights of the seedlings.Germination was not observed at concentrations of 150mM and higher.Hence, based on the outcomes of this study, it can be concluded that salinity stress has an adverse impact on the germination process and seedling growth of Artemisia annua L.,revealing the plant's heightened sensitivity to salinity.

Two species of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) and spiny cocklebur (X. spinosum) are common annual summer weeds in soybean fields and other summer crops. The current research was carried out with the aim of determining the cardinal temperatures of germination and determining the phenology stages of these two species in Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. In order to determine the cardinal temperatures of germination of seeds of two weed species, the seeds were examined at constant temperatures of 5 to 45 °C in a completely randomized design in 4 replications in a laboratory experiment. Also, the phenology stages of two weed species were investigated in a field experiment. The highest germination% was observed for the spiny cocklebur (51.3%) and the common cocklebur (58.1%) at temperatures of 25 and 35 °C, respectively. According to the different parameters of segmented model, the base temperature, lower optimum temperature and ceiling temperature for spiny cocklebur are 1.4, 23.2 and 54.7 °C, and for common cocklebur are 4.8, 34.6 and 48.4 °C, respectively. Time from emergence to physiological maturity for the spiny cocklebur and common cocklebur were 136 and 128 days, respectively. The results suggested that seed germination of the two weed species occurs in a wide range of temperatures, i.e. of 5 to 45 °C, and the best time to control this weed is late summer (before the beginning of the flowering stage).

Smoke from burning vegetation is widely recognized as a germination cue, dormancy breaking agent and seedling growth stimulator. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of smoke extract derived from burning the leaf material of Tanacetum parthenium on germination and post germination parameters of three medicinal species of Cuminum cyminum, Silybum marianum and Alyssum was investigated. Different concentrations of T. parthenium derived smoke extract (1:500, 1:100, 1:10 and 1) with control distilled water as a factorial design based on completely randomized design with three replications were used under both laboratory (for three medicinal plants) and greenhouse conditions (for C. cyminum). Different concentrations of aqueous smoke extract showed different effects on germination parameters in three medicinal species. The concentration of 1:500 was the most effective concentration for majority of germination parameters in C. cyminum. Root length, seedling fresh weight, germination percentage, germination speed and germination coefficient of S. marianum showed the highest means with high concentrations of smoke extract (1:10 and 1). In Alyssum, the means for majority of parameters were higher in low concentrations of smoke extract (1:100 and 1:500) compared to higher concentrations of smoke extract. Aqueous smoke extract derived from burning T. parthenium showed significant positive effects on germination parameters of three medicinal plant species. Based on these findings, we can use this extract to improve the germination parameters for other medicinal plant species that have problems with germination.

In order to investigate the effect of gibberellic, ascorbic, salicylic acid pretreatments on the germination of Lolium prenne L., Lolium rigidum Gaudin species. An experiment was designed in the laboratory of the Caspian Forest Seed Center. This research was conducted with the treatment of gibberellic acid with concentrations of 125, 250 parts per million for 24 hours and ascorbic acid with concentrations of 100, 200, 300 mg/liter and salicylic acid with concentrations of 200, 300, 400 mg/liter for a period of 24 hours. The time was 12 hours in the form of a completely random design with 3 repetitions. In addition, distilled water was considered as control treatment. In this experiment, traits such as germination percentage, germination speed, germination value and seed germination index were evaluated. The results of analysis of variance and mean comparison showed that there is a significant difference between the treatments in terms of germination percentage, germination speed, germination value and germination index at the level of 1% and priming increases the germination percentage and germination speed. , germination value and germination index. As a result, gibberellic, ascorbic, and salicylic acid treatments as suitable pretreatments significantly increased the seeds of Lolium rigidum Gaudin species. and Lolium prenne L. are in the germination stage, and ascorbic acid treatment at a concentration of 300 mg/liter caused better germination compared to other treatments.

In order to investigate the germination of Rye weed (Secale cereale L.) under the influence of Russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens L.) aqueous and formulated extracts with chitosan, an experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications in the Agricultural and Natural Resources Faculty laboratory of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2017. Experimental treatments included the type of extract (Russian knapweed aqueous extract and its formulated extract with chitosan) and seven concentrations of zero (Control), 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20%. The results indicated that rye germination and its related components were significant at the (P≤1%). The formulated Russian knapweed extract at a concentration of 0.625 caused a 15.17% increase in plumule length compared to the control treatment, and the concentrations of 5 and 10% of the formulated extract caused 100% control of the plumule and radicle length compared to the control treatment. The concentration of 0.625 of Russian knapweed aqueous extract was the lowest (10 %) and the concentration of 5 and 10 of the extract formulated with chitosan was the highest (100 %) showed a decrease in the plumule, radicle, and seedling fresh weight compared to the control treatment. Also, the concentrations of 5 and 10 formulated extracts of Russian knapweed reduced 100% plumule, radicle, and seedling dry weight. Increasing the concentration of both types of extract increased the inhibition potential of germination so that in concentrations of 10 and 20% Russian knapweed extract, and formulated extract with chitosan, a significant reduction in rye germination was recorded. Aqueous and formulated extracts of Russian Knapweed with chitosan in concentrations of 10 and 20% are recommended for controlling Rye weed germination in laboratory conditions.

To evaluate the allelopathic and fungicidal effect of saffron leaf and corm aqueous extracts on the germination and growth characteristics of London rocket (Sisymbrium irio) and Fusarium solani, independent experiments were conducted as factorial arrangement based on the completely randomized design with four replications at the Faculty of Agriculture of Birjand University in 2022. Treatments to test the inhibitory effect of saffron extract on London rocket seed germination characteristics including two types of saffron organs (leaf and corm) and seven extract concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 4 w/v %). Experimental treatments to investigate the inhibitory effect of saffron extract on the growth of Fusarium solani fungus including two types of saffron organs (leaf and corm) and seven extract concentrations (0, 1, 0.5, 25. 0, 0.125, 0.625, and 0.0312 w/v %). The results showed that the type of extract has an effect on the germination percentage, germination rate, mean germination time, length and fresh and dry weight of radicle, the length, fresh and dry weight of the plumule, seedling dry weight, and the seedling vigor of London rocket were significant, and the corm extract had more negative effects compared to the leaf extract. As the extract concentration increased, its inhibitory effect also increased. The extract concentration of 4% significantly reduced the radicle length and fresh and dry weight, the plumule length and fresh and dry weight, seedling dry weight, and seedling vigor of London rocket compared to the control. The results of the interaction showed that the lowest percentage of germination, germination rate, radicle length and fresh and dry weight, plumule fresh and dry weight and seedling dry weight of london rocket were observed at the concentration of 4 % corm extract. The results of the interaction effect of extract type and extract concentrations on Fusarium solani colony diameter showed that all the concentrations of corm extract inhibited the growth of Fusarium solani in all four stages of sampling. In leaf extract, concentrations of 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 1% completely inhibited the growth of Fusarium solani in all four stages of sampling. Finally, the results of these experiments showed that the effect of inhibiting the germination and growth of london rocket as well as the antifungal effect is greater in saffron corm extract than the leaf extract. Therefore, considering the results of this research and conducting more research in the field of allelopathic and fungicidal effects of saffron organ extracts, we can proceed to produce natural herbicides and fungicides.

Considering the importance (Thymus vulgaris L.) and the effects of seaweed extract and salicylic acidpriming in increasing drought resistance at different stages of plant growth, an experiment was done as a factorial layout based on a completely randomized factorial design with three replications in the research greenhouse of Jiroft University (2020).

Three levels of 100% (control), 50%, and 35% field capacity were considered as test factors for drought treatment, seed preparation and seedling spraying including zero (control), 0.3%, 3.5%, and 1% algal extract and 1mM salicylic acid, 2 mM salicylic acid and composition of algae, and salicylic acid extract were considered as second factors.

The results of this study showed a significant difference in examined factors such as germination rate, root, and shoot length and root and shoot weight treatment at a 1% probability level and in drought stress treatment of 35%, salicylic acid priming treatment had the best performance with an improvement of 6 traits compared to the control. The results of the foliar application of seedlings also showed that the highest shoot weights of seedlings were under the combined treatment of algal extract plus salicylic acid treatment.

General results showed that priming and foliar spraying with salicylic acid had been more effective than algae extract on plant drought resistance, and of course, the combined treatment of salicylic acid and salicylic acid extract plus algae extract with a higher concentration is able to improve plant resistance to drought in the vegetative stage.

Melisa officinalis L. or Lemon balm; is belonged to Lamiaceae family is one of the most importan p;ant medicinal. The therapeutics effects of Lemon balm such as, antispasmodic and digestive effects have been demonstrated. Due to low small size of seeds, seed germination and fallow it primary growth will be affected. Seed used in this research were purchased from Pakban Company, Ispahan, Iran and then were surface sterilized in 1 % chloramineT for 3 min. Potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium was used for seed germination assay. The effect of tow cytokinin and gibberllic acid hormones at concentration of 50 and 100 mM in single and combination form was investigated in a factorial based on completely randomized design. Growth seedling were cultured and growth under pot culture containing peat moss and then some characteristics including germinated seeds, vigor index, seedling dry weigh, seedling length and coleoptile length were measured. Mean comparison analysis showed all used treatments have a significant effect at the level of 1% among tested parameters. The highest effect of treatment on seed germination was related to two hormones combination at 100 mM concentration and the lowes effect was recorded in Cytikinin application at 50 mM concentration. Our observation did not show any significant different and effect of culture medium on seed germination in compared to sterile water. Based on obtained data in this research, use of plant hormones at low concentration and in combination form is suggested to seed germination improvement and increase of growth parameters.

In order to study the allelopathic effect of safflower genotypes on germination and seedling growth characteristics of some weed species, a factorial experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in 2017 in the research laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Azad University, Sanandaj branch. The first factor included three genotypes of safflower (Wild, Sina, and Kurdistan local) and the second factor consisted of four species of weeds (grass pea, millet, berseem clover, rye-grass) and the third factor includes safflower root extract in four concentrations (0: distilled water- control, 25, 50, and 100 percent) were considered. The studied traits in this experiment included: germination speed, root length, shoot length, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight and seed vigor. The results showed that the studied traits showed significant differences under the influence of genotype except the length of root and seed vigor. Also, all investigated traits except root length were significant under the effect of root extract concentration and weed. The results of interaction effects were also significant for most of the investigated traits. In this experiment, the Sina genotype was superior in terms of its effect on reducing the rate of germination and seedling growth, and increasing the concentration of safflower root extract reduced the rate of germination and seedling growth. Also, berseem clover and grass pea, were identified as the most sensitive and resistant plants to safflower allelopathy, respectively.

Germination and seedling establishment are critical and important stages in the life cycle of plants. Therefore, the study of germination and methods of breaking on seed dormancy in plants is of great importance. One of the corrective operations on improving the seed yield of rangeland plants is seed priming. Priming is an operation on the seed that causes the seed to absorb a sufficient amount of water to accelerate the germination process. Trifolium resupinatum is a clover. In this study, in order to germinate seeds from treatments of 100, 200 and 300 mM sodium chloride in 24, 48 and 72 hours, gibberellic acid 125 and 250 ppm during 12, 24 and 48 hours and 0.01 solution, 0.02 and 0.03% of potassium nitrate were used for 12 and 24 hours, respectively. Distilled water was also considered as a control treatment. The study was conducted in a randomized statistical design with 3 replications and two-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. Traits such as germination percentage, germination rate, germination index, shoot length, root length, number of germinated seeds, seedling length and seed vigor index were evaluated. The results showed that in the seed germination of Iranian clover species, three chemical treatments had better results in terms of yield of the germination process of the species than other treatments and were recommended as the most desirable pretreatments and potassium nitrate and then acid treatments. Gibberellins had the greatest effect on the seed Dormancy breaking.