وزن خشک اندام هوایی

Thanks to its palatability and high digestibility, chicory plays an effective role in increasing domestic animals’ products. In order to study the effect of sowing data and nitrogen fertilizer levels on some characteristics of chichory (Cichorium intybus L.), an experiment has been conducted in a split plot design, using randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan in 2016-2017. The factors include four sowing data (22 October, 5 November, 21 November, and 5 December) as the main plots and four levels of nitrogen (zero (non-application), 75, 150, and 225 kg / ha) as subplots. Results show that the sowing dates have only affected chlorophyll meter index, dry matter digestibility, and digestible energy, whereas nitrogen has had a significant effect on all studied traits. Increasing the application of nitrogen to 225 kg / ha increases plant height, chlorophyll meter index, leaf area, and branch number, not to mention both fresh and dry weights of the plant. The treatment of 225 kg / ha nitrogen raises the fresh weight of shoots and the percentage of forage protein by 66.35% and 6.44%, respectively, compared to non-application. But in these two traits, no significant difference has been observed among nitrogen application levels in different planting dates.  In this study, late planting date led to better conditions for most physiological, morphological yield, and quality characteristics. Accordingly, it is turned out that October 22 till November 5 sowing date with 150 kg ha-1 fertilizer has been the best treatment for chicory cultivation in Ahvaz.

In dry regions, root systems play a major role in controlling plant growth and yield, thanks to their importance in water absorption. In order to investigate the effect of irrigation regimes on root and shoot traits of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes, a field experiment has been conducted in Karaj, at Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, during 2017 and 2018. A factorial experiment has been laid out in a completely-randomized design with four replications. This study deals with five genotypes of sesame in two irrigation regimes, including full and low (drought stress) irrigation treatments in terms of root and shoot-related traits. Results show that there have been significant differences between genotypes and irrigation regimes for root and shoot traits. In all genotypes, root length density is higher in full irrigation treatment as well as the upper soil layer (0 to 30 cm deep), compared to stress treatment. In addition, under drought stress conditions root depth increases (by 30% in average) in all genotypes. In contrast, root dry weight has decreased in Dashtestan 2 (15 %), Darab 1 (16 %), and Naz (22 %), and increased in Oltan (1 %), USA-ns 96 (7 %), and Sodan 94 (10 ) genotypes. On the other hand, the highest amount of shoot dry weight belongs to the USA-ns 96 genotype (39 g), and the lowest to Naz cultivar (22 g). Finally, results show that USA-ns 96 genotype, being superior in terms of root characteristics such as root depth and root length density compared to other genotypes, in addition to having more shoot dry weight, show the least dry weight loss under stress conditions.

Lead as a heavy metal and permanent chemical contaminant threat the health of environment and alive creatures through different artificial and natural sources. In order to investigate the effect of methyl jasmonate and lead stress on growth characteristics, the adsorption and accumulation of lead and hazardous index in basil, a pot factorial experiment was carried out based on completely randomized design in research greenhouse of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The treatments consisted of three levels of lead nitrate (0, 200 and 400 mg/kg soil), and methyl jasmonate spraying in three concentrations (0, 0.5 and 1 mM). The mean comparison of data represented the reduction in all the studied morphological traits and increasing the amount of lead in the leave and root of the plant and hazardous index with increasing lead stress levels and spraying with methyl jasmonate could partly improve some of these traits. So that spraying with 1 mM methyl jasmonate cause to increase 6.01% inflorescence length and cause to decrease lead amount of the eave 96.56, 79.31 and 99.20%, respectively and hazardous index, however, at o.5 mM methyl jasmonate cause to increase the number of branches and aerial fresh weight, 27.66 and 9.84%, respectively. Therefore, it seems that application of methyl jasmnate on stress conditions could improve partly the traits and so in some cases 1 mM methyl jasmonate concentration cause to decrease some morphological traits. Therefore, application of o.5 mM methyl jasmonate on lead stress is recommendable.

To assess the effects of sodium exclusion on leaf chlorophyll content and biomass production, three bread wheat cultivars with contrasting of sodium concentration and different salt tolerance were grown at 2 salinity levels (0 and 150 mM NaCl) under hydroponics and greenhouse conditions in 2017 year. Salinity decreased yield, shoot dry weight, shoot K+/Na+ ratio and chlorophyll content and increased shoot Na+ compared to control. In this experiment, shoot K+ was not affected by salinity. Shoot Na+ concentration was more in salt tolerant cultivar (Kavir) than Mahdavi and Tajan under salinity stress and there was no relationship between Na+ exclusion and salt tolerance in cultivars. Leaf Na+ concentration were much lower in Mahdavi than two other cultivars. Chlorophyll content showed the most decreases in Tajan (75%) than Kavir and Mahdavi under salinity stress. Yield and shoot dry weight was reduced to the same extent (40% and 37% respectively) by 150 mM NaCl in each cultivar, despite greater chlorophyll content by Kavir cultivar. Results showed that Kavir had the highest ability to tolerate high leaf tissue concentrations of Na+. Despite different sodium concentration, the reduction in shoot biomass under salt stress was the same for all cultivars. It seems that the major effect of salinity on shoot biomass and yield was due to the osmotic effect of salt, not due to Na+-specific effect within the plant.

In order to study the effect of symbiosis interaction of Mycorrhizae Arbuscular on mineral uptake in wheat ( Pishtaz cultivar), a greenhouse test with 11 treatments (2 species of Glomus mossea, 2 species of G. intraradices, 2 species of G. clarum, 1 species of G. etanicatum, 1 species of G. caledonium, 1 species of G. claroideum, 1 control treatment without mycorrhiza inoculation, a mix treatment with different species was done in greenhouse of biology department of Soil and Water Research Institute in completely randomized design.
Result showed that root colonization percentage was significantly (1% probability) increased in harvest time of wheat and reached to 50% of root system. Maximum shoot dry weight was in T7 (G. claroideum) and it was 11.89 g per pot. Wheat root symbiosis with fungi, increased uptake of P, K, Zn and shoot dry weight (5% probability). Maximum P uptake was in T4 (G. intraradices) and it was 29.9 mg per pot. Maximum K uptakes were in T7 (G. claroideum) and T11 (mix treatment with different species), they were 175.95 and 173.41 mg per pot respectfully. Maximum Zn uptake was in T11 and it was 0.947 mg per pot. T11 had better results in most of measured parameters comparing to other treatments.

Black cumin (Bunium persicum Bioss) is a small and perennial herbaceous plant. During the first year of the growth, this plant produces only cotyledon leaves and small root that becomes to underground tuber after growth. Lack of sufficient rainfall with irregular patterns over black cumin growing areas cause drought stress during different growth periods of plant, especially during the first and the second years of plant growth when tubers do not well formed. Therefore, this study was planned to evaluate moisture stress impacts on the growth of black cumin during the first year of its growth.

In order to investigate the effect of moisture stress on black cumin, an experiment was carried out in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications at College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during 2014. The factors were included plant population in three levels (Kuhbanan, Sirjan and Kalat) and three levels of moisture stress [100, 75 and 50% of Field Capacity (FC)].
During mid-April, seed dormancy was broken by the GA and chilling. Germinated seed were planted in pots (diameter 10 cm, height 15 cm) at a depth of 1-2 cm. Pots was irrigated at FC level for up to two weeks after seedling establishment . After that pots weighted, and if the weight decreased from FC, added water to reach the desired pot weight. At the end of the growing period (seven weeks after drought stress in mid-June) all plants in each pot were harvested. Plant height, root length, shoot and root dry weight, tuber diameter and tubbering percentage were measured. Samples of shoot and root were placed in oven at 75°c for 24 hours and then their dry weight were measured by a digital scale with accuracy of 0.001 g.
Statistical analysis was performed by using the software MSTATC and the means were compared by using the LSD test.

The results showed that the differences between populations for all traits were significant, except for root length and shoot/root dry weight ratio,. The effects of moisture stress and population and their interactions were significant for all traits. Plants in all populations, at 50% FC were killed due to drought stress. Kalat population at 75% FC had the maximum length of roots and shoots. Also, at 75% FC Sirjan population had the most reduction in shoot dry weight. At 75% FC Kuhbanan and Sirjan populations had 15% reduction in height while this reduction in Kalat population was 24%. Root dry weight at 75% FC in all populations was less than 100% of FC. In all population the tuber was formed only at 100% FC and plants grown at 75% FC did not produce tubers.

Results demonstrated that reducing the soil moisture from 100% FC had negative impacts on the growth traits of black cumin. Since the black cumin is a perennial plant, it would be useful to study the effects of moisture stress during different years

Salinity is of vital importance to present day agriculture, as rapid population growth especially in the developing world and consequently increased demand for agricultural products have made salinity oriented problems urgent. Salt stress reduces crop growth and yield in different ways. These primary effects of salinity stress causes secondary effects like reduced cell expansion, assimilate production and membrane function, as well as decreased cytosolic metabolism and production of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROS). Soybean is an important grain legume. The unique chemical composition of soybean has made it one of the most valuable agronomic crops worldwide. Its protein has great potential as a major source of dietary protein. In soybean, salinity stress inhibits seed germination and seedling growth, reduces nodulation, and decreases biomass accumulation and yield. Hormones are the biochemical language of living systems. Plant hormones have been defined as low molecular weight organic compounds governing physiological responses within plants, but distant from the sites of their synthesis. Exogenously applied, salicylic acid elicits several different physiological responses to stress and therefore increase plant resistance. For instance, SA was reported to improve resistance against salt strss in plant. Salinity stress reduced growth and protein content in Oryza sativa. This effect was, however, significantly reversed when proline was exogenously supplied. Proline (Pro) functions as compatible solutes are up-regulated in plants under abiotic stress. They play an osmoprotective role in physiological responses. Furthermore, the salinity-induced inhibition of the antioxidative enzymes catalase and peroxidase was significantly overcome in Oryza sativa when proline was supplied exogenously. Exogenous proline application, besides enhancing the activity of antioxidative enzymes (CAT, POX and SOD), is also known to enhance the activity of other enzymes.
The present experiment was aimed to investigate the improvement of salt tolerance in soybean by exogenous application of proline and salicylic acid as split plot arrangement in a randomized completely design in box with four replication in College of Agriculture, Shahrekord University in 2016. Main plot included three levels irrigation by saline water; 0 (control), 50 and 100 mM NaCl) and sub plot in four level of foliar applied (10 mM proline, in combination with 10 mM proline 3 mM salicylic acid, 3 mM salicylic acid and sprayed with water (control)). Data were analyzed using SAS program and treatment means were compared by using L. S. D at 5% level.
The results revealed that proline content, leaf POX, CAT and APX activities, H2O2, MDA contents, height and dry matter were significantly affected by salt level, proline and salicylic acid applications and their interactions. The results revealed that effects exogenous application of proline and salicylic acid were significant increase in activities of antioxidant enzymes, height and dry matter of soybean under salt stress. Furthermore, 100 mM NaCl with proline and salicylic acid application decreased malondialdehyde and peroxide hydrogen 23 and 25% compared to water, respectively. So, interaction effects showed height and dry matter increased by proline and salicylic acid application 32 and 38% under 100 mM NaCl compared to water, respectively. Also, the activities of CAT, POX, and APX in most cases increased under salt stress and proline with salicylic acid application as compared to the 0 mM NaCl and without proline and salicylic acid. Therefore, these findings showed that the exogenous application of proline and salicylic acid has a vital role in the increase activation of antioxidant enzymes and resistance of soybean to salt stress. So in some works, here have been positive correlations between content of proline and salicylic acid application and increasing activity of CAT, APX and POX enzymes to tolerance of plant to salt stress. The present study, therefore, suggests that exogenous proline and salicylic acid improved tolerance to salt stress in soybean by increasing antioxidant defense system and decreasing membrane lipid peroxide.

To evaluate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under water deficit stress on linseed, a field experiment was conducted as split-plot in RCBD design with three replications at the research station of faculty of Agriculture at Shahrekord University in 2013. Water deficit stress at four levels of no stress, mild, medium and severe stress as main factor and inoculation with Glomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae and no inoculation as sub factor were used. The results showed that the effect of mycorrhiza inoculation and water deficit stress treatment were significant on all the measured traits. Interaction between mycorrhiza and water deficit stress was significant on the plant height and shoot dry weight. Based on the results, both species of Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae significantly increased the grain yield whereas the treatment inoculated with G. intraradces produced maximum (0.080 kg/m2) and the treatment without inculation with mycorrhiza produced minimum (0.063 kg/m2) grain yield. Maximum (0.097 kg/m2) and minimum (0.050 kg/m2) grain yield were obtained in the treatment under water deficit stress and no-stress conditions, respectively.

In order to evaluate of effect drought stress and salicylic acid on yield and growth parameters and essence of Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) a greenhouse experiment was conducted as factorial arrangement base on (CRD)with four replications in Saffashar city in 2011. The first factor consisted of three levels of drought stress (irrigation at field capacity during the growing period, drought stress medium with 2/3 field capacity in both vegetative and flowering stages and severe drought 1/3 field capacity at flowering stage) and the second factor consisted of four concentration of salicylic acid (0, 100, 200, and 300 mg of salicylic acid per liter). Results showed that maximum plant height, shoot dry weight and shot fresh weight can be related to irrigation treatments at field capacity. The lowest measured traits were among the different irrigation treatments on drought stress, with 1/3 field capacity at the flowering stage. Maximum percent ofessence was related to drought stress treatment on 1/3 field capacity at flowering stage and the highest essence yield were obtained to mild and severe drought stress (irrigation at 2/3 field capacity and 1/3 field capacity). Salicylic acid application results showed that the highest fresh and dry weight and essence and essence yield obtained in 300 mg per liter of salicylic acid, and the least was in control. The highest essence yield per hectare was obtained in 2/3 field capacity in both vegetative and flowering stages and the appropriate time could be achieved in both essence percent and essence yield.

Drought is one of the important environmental stresses that reduce the crop growth. Oxidative stress is a secondary stress due to drought and other abiotic stresses. In order to study the effect of exogenous application of hydrogen peroxide on drought tolerance of glob amaranth (Gomphrena globosa L.)، an experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions. This study was designed as factorial based on completely randomized design with 3 replications. Different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (0، 2. 5 and 5 mM) and three levels of irrigation intervals (after 4، 7 and 10 days) were treated in this study. The results showed that foliar application of hydrogen peroxide can improve shoot and root dry weight and alleviate adverse effects of drought stress. With increasing drought stress stomatal conductance، flower number، total chlorophyll and root volume decreased significantly. So that the lowest of these characterestics was in the irrigation after 10 days. Interaction effects of drought and hydrogen peroxide in shoot dry weight was significantly different in 5% level and in electrolyte leakage، relative water content، free proline and total root length was significantly different in 1% level. In control (4 day irrigation interval) with increasing hydrogen peroxide of 2. 5 mM، shoot dry weight and total root length increased 20% and 91%، respectively. In control، with increasing hydrogen peroxide to 5 mM total chlorophyll was increased 30. 8% compared to 0 mM hydrogen peroxide application (control). The final result showed that foliar application of hydrogen peroxide decreased the adverse effects of drought stress.