پروتئین دانه

The application of zinc and silicon elements improves the growth, yield and nutritional value of seeds. The use of organic fertilizer can help to improve the yield and nutritional value of seeds by improving the availability of nutrients. This study was conducted with the aim of improving the quantity and quality of wheat grain in the Faculty of Agriculture of Qaemshahr Islamic Azad University (Mazandaran-Northern Iran) during the years 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. The experiment was carried out as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Experimental treatments included animal manure with 2 levels (cow manure and no-consumption) as the main factor and the application of zinc and silicon elements (nano and normal fertilizers) with 9 levels as secondary factors. The results showed that the effect of year was not significant on any of the traits studied. The grain yield in the treatment without the use of cow manure was 16% higher compared to the use of cow manure, which was due to the increase in the numbers of spikelets and seeds in the spike. The highest grain yield was obtained for the treatment without using cow manure and with the use of zinc sulfate and the simultaneous use of potassium silicate and zinc nano oxide (4394 and 4423 kg/ha, respectively). The highest concentration of zinc in seeds was obtained by foliar spraying of zinc nano oxide, potassium silicate + zinc nano oxide, and silicon and zinc nanoparticles. The maximum seed protein was obtained in the treatment of cow manure application along with foliar spraying of zinc nano oxide, silicon and zinc nanoparticles, and soil application of zinc sulfate. The use of zinc sulfate alone or the combined use of potassium silicate + zinc nanooxide is suggested to improve grain yield. The use of cow manure combined with each of the treatments of zinc sulfate, zinc nanooxide, and silicon + zinc nanoparticles is recommended to increase seed protein.

In Iran, the calcareous soil, coupled with its elevated acidity and deficiency in organic matter, results in limited nutrient mobility within the soil. Consequently, the soil application of nutrients may not yield effective results. Under these circumstances, foliar application of nutrients enhances the plant's nutrient uptake while avoiding the adverse effects associated with fertilization in soil. Therefore, this research aimed to examine the impact of foliar application of vitasprin and various organic substances on the physiological characteristics and quantitative and qualitative yield of dryland wheat grain. This study was carried out during the cropping seasons of 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 at the research farm and crop plant physiology laboratory in the faculty of agriculture at the University of Kurdistan. This research was carried out employing a randomized complete block design, incorporating three replications and six distinct treatments on dryland wheat (Azar2). Treatments included foliar application at stem elongation and heading stages at the rate of 40 ml m-2 of urea (4%), zinc sulfate (0.3%), potassium chloride (2%), vitaspirin (0.1%), humic acid (0.1%), and a control. Physiological characteristics were assessed during the heading stage. Grain yield, grain quality traits, and nutrient concentrations in the grain were also determined at the physiological maturity stage. Rainfall in 2019-2020 was 19% lower than in 2018-2019, leading to reduced RWC, grain yield, and grain potassium content, but increased grain protein content, grain gluten content, strong gluten, falling number, and grain phosphorus content. In both cropping seasons, all foliar application treatments significantly improved the RWC of the leaf. Also, the foliar application of potassium chloride had a positive influence on boosting leaf carbohydrate content. Foliar application of compounds did not have a significant effect on improving grain yield. Foliar application of urea, zinc sulfate, humic acid, and vitaspirin upgraded grain protein content by 18.1, 17.9, 12.7, and 12.6%, respectively. Also, the foliar application of zinc sulfate and humic acid increased grain gluten content by 4.1 and 4%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. The foliar application of humic acid resulted in a 12.5% enhancement in the phosphorus concentration of grain. In this experiment, the effect of foliar application of nutrients during the stem elongation and heading stages on physiological traits and grain quality was greater than grain yield. This experiment showed that foliar application of vitasprin, urea, and zinc sulfate can be recommended to improve grain quality in terms of grain protein content, gluten index, and falling number.

Scarce water resources and raising salinity are limiting factors affecting wheat production in arid and semi-arid regions. Many studies have been conducted to release appropriate wheat cultivars for saline and non-saline conditions. But due to the co-existence of drought and salinity stress in arid and semi-arid regions, it is necessary to introduce cultivars that could tolerate salt under water shortage conditions. Results of the studies conducted at the Iranian Dryland Agricultural Research Institute have led to introduction of wheat cultivars with low water requirements due to early maturity. So, if the yield of these cultivars be optimum in saline media, they could be a suitable option for planting in these conditions. The objective of the study was to evaluate the salinity response of three dryland wheat cultivars in water limitation conditions compared to the local check.

To investigate the response to salinity of three early ripening dryland wheat cultivars along with a commercial irrigated wheat variety cultivated in the region, a field experiment was carried out as split plot during the 2020-2021 cropping season in Yazd province, central Iran. Treatments were irrigation water salinity with two levels of 2.5 and 10 dS m-1 as main plots, and three dryland cultivars of Asman, Aftab, and Kohdasht along with the irrigated cultivar of Barzegar as sub plots. All examined cultivars were planted on November 15. Row spacing was 20 cm with a planting density of 500 kernels/m2. The plots were subjected to saline irrigation water for 7 times from seeding to physiological maturity, and the irrigation was cut-off when physiological maturity occurred in dryland cultivars. Total water consumed throughout the growing period was 7794.8 m3 ha-1. Leaf area index was measured by sampling at plant establishment, tillering, mid-stem elongation, spike emergence, and kernel milky and dough stages. At harvesting, total above-ground dry mass and grain yield, harvest index, plant height and thousand kernel weight were measured. The grain quality attributes including hectoliter weight, protein content, zeleny sedimentation volume, bread volume, hardness index, flour water absorption, wet gluten percent, gluten index and sedimentation height were also measured. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.4 software, and the means were compared using the LSD test at the 5% probability level.

Results showed that the effect of salinity on grain yield and gluten index was significant. Grain protein content was not affected by salinity. The grain yields of Aftab, Aseman, Barzegar and Kohdasht cultivars in saline conditions were 527, 363, 447, and 207 g m-2, respectively; indicating 25, 33, 12 and 55% decreases compared to non-saline conditions. Literature generally confirms 15-30% decreases in wheat grain yield under irrigation with saline water of 8-10 dS m-1. Aftab as a dryland variety produced the highest grain yield, i.e. 617 g m-2. The grain yields of Barzegar, Aseman and Kohdasht were 23, 27 and 46% lower compared to Aftab, respectively. Due to irrigation cut-off and failure to complete the growth period, Barzegar had the lowest thousand kernel weight under both saline and non-saline conditions. The highest hectoliter weight and gluten index were observed in Aftab under both conditions. Grain protein was not affected by the irrigation water salinities. The value for grain protein content of the cultivars was around 11.45% without significant difference in both non-saline and saline conditions. The amount of leaf area index for all cultivars was lower in saline conditions than the non-saline conditions. Irrigation with saline water decreased the leaf area index of Aftab, Aseman, and Kohdasht cultivars by 41, 30, and 52% compared to non-saline condition, respectively. As the leaf area index has a major role in current photosynthesis for assimilate partitioning, its decrease leads to a decrease in plant above-ground dry mass, harvest index, and finally grain yield.

Based on the results, Barzegar as local check suffered more damage from drought stress in both saline and non-saline conditions due to its late maturity. Therefore, under similar situation, Aftab cultivar could be a suitable candidate for areas where water resources are both scarce and saline. In addition, early wheat varieties may be considered as an effective factor in selecting suitable cultivars for arid and semi-arid regions, regardless of salinity.

In order to investigate the effect of irrigation regimes and amounts of humic acid on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of peanuts, an experiment was conducted a split in a randomized complete block design. It was performed with three replications in the cropping years of 2018 and 2019 in Astana-Ashrafieh city of Guilan province. Experimental treatments included irrigation regime (rainfed and water requirement of 60, 80 and 100%) as the first factor and humic acid (without fertilizer, 3, 6 and 9 L.ha-1) as the second (secondary) factor. The results showed that the interaction of irrigation and humic acid on biological yield and pod and grain yield was significant. The highest grain yield was obtained in the irrigation treatment of 100 and 80% of water requirement and with the use of humic acid 9 L.ha-1 with an average of 2562 and 2526 kg.ha-1, respectively. Biological yield under 80 and 100% water requirement was 6714 and 6772 kg.ha-1, respectively. The highest biological yield was observed in different amounts of humic acid in treatments of 9 L.ha-1 at the amount of 7436 kg.ha-1. Pod yield in the treatment of 80 and 100% of water requirement were 2427 and 2435 kg.ha-1, respectively. The lowest and highest pod yields in different amounts of humic acid were in the treatments without fertilizer and 9 L.ha-1 with an average of 1453 and 2706 kg.ha-1, respectively. Treatment of 80% of plant water requirement and the amount of humic acid consumed at 9 L.ha-1 with an average of 745.5 kg.ha-1, had the highest rate compared to other treatments. According to the research results, the use of humic acid 9 L.ha-1 can be suggested by providing 80% of water requirement as suitable conditions for the study area.

canola (Brassica napus L.) is one of the most important oilseed plants that has been ranked third in the oil production after soybeans and oil palm. Drought is seriously the most important factor limiting the growth and production of canola in Iran. By foliar application of micronutrients, plant growth condition can be improved under stress. Salicylic acid (SA) plays an important role in abiotic stress tolerance, and more interests have been focused on SA due to its ability to induce a protective effect on plants under adverse environmental conditions. It is necessary to know the traits related to drought tolerance and their relationship with Seed yield. Due to the important role of roots in the absorption and conduction of water and nutrients, accurate knowledge of the root system and how it is distributed in the soil is of particular importance. therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the Effect of foliar application of micronutrients and salicylic acid to improve some quality traits and yield of canola (Brassica napus L.) under water deficit stress.

the experiment was conducted as split factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Lorestan University College of Agriculture, Iran during 2017-2018. Water deficit was considered as the main factor in levels irrigation at 80 (control) and 30% of field capacity, and in the subplots subtractive treatment of the two factors of foliar application of micronutrient elements (non-consumption and spraying at a concentration of 0.2%) and salicylic acid concentration of 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM). The time of water deficit stress coincided with the stage of the beginning of regrowth (BBCH32). foliar application of micronutrient fertilizer in rosette stage (BBCH29) and foliar application of salicylic acid in two stage of flowering beginning (BBCH60) and pod filling (BBCH72). the measured traits included Chlorophyll Total, Carotenoids, Photosynthesis rate, Transpiration rate, seed yield, oil percentage, and Protein percentage. the data was analyzed by statistical analysis system (SAS version: 9.1). the means were analyzed using the Duncan test at P=0.05.

The results of analysis of variance showed that the triple interaction of stress in micronutrient fertilizer and salicylic acid on all traits studied in this experiment were significant.The results of comparing the mean of the data showed that water deficit stress significantly reduced total chlorophyll (14%), carotenoids (21%), photosynthesis rate (19%), transpiration rate (53%), grain yield (27%), oil percentage (11%) and significantly increased protein content Seeds (22%). the combination (no stress + 1.5 mM salicylic acid spraying and concentration of 2 per thousand fertilizers Micronutrients) was obtained. produced the highest total chlorophyll (2.23 mg g-1 wet weight), transpiration rate (3.12 mmol H2O2 m-2 s-1), seed yield (4955.7 kg ha-1) and oil percentage (45.7). foliar application of micronutrient fertilizer and 1.5 mM of salicylic acid significantly increased total chlorophyll (34%), carotenoids (29%), photosynthesis rate (27%) and Seed yield (36%) compared to the control treatment (without application of micronutrient fertilizer and Salicylic acid).

A triple micronutrient fertilizer (iron+zinc+ manganese) with a concentration of 0.2% is recommended along with a concentration of 1.5 mM of salicylic acid to reduce the negative effects of water deficit stress and achieving acceptable seed yield.

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is one of the most important oilseed crops in the world, which has gained great importance in Iran due to its high tolerance to drought and salinity. Two important factors in the development of safflower cultivation are the increase of oil yield and early maturity. Considering that the most important step in plant breeding is creating diversity and using this diversity in selection, in this experiment, a large number of safflower genotypes were evaluated in terms of important quantitative and qualitative traits.

In this study, 160 local and imported genotypes were evaluated in the form of an augmented design with three controls (introduced cultivars Goldasht, Padideh and Golmehr) in five replicates as winter cultivation, and traits such as flowering date, Plant height, number of branches, spininess, seed yield, oil percentage, 1000 seed weight, seed protein content and fatty acid profile including percentage of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids were investigated.

The results showed the existence of a range of 23 days for flowering date, a range of 95 cm in plant height and a range of 16% in the amount of seed oil. Also, a large variation was observed in seed yield and other evaluated traits. The results showed that the amount of seed protein in some tested genotypes was up to 20%, which is very important in terms of the nutritional value of meal. Examining the fatty acid profile with the help of GC showed that 24 genotypes had oleic acid content higher than 55%. The results of partial correlation showed that the genotypes with the highest percentage of oleic and palmitic acid usually have the highest percentage of oil and there is a strong negative correlation between oleic and linoleic, so that the decrease or increase of one is associated with the increase or decrease of the other. High oil percentage was observed only in thorny genotypes and no significant correlation was observed between oil percentage and seed protein content, so that genotypes with high oil percentage and high seed protein percentage were observed at the same time.

Overall, the results of this study showed that there is a great diversity between the collected genotypes, which can be used in breeding programs.

Mexican yam plant (Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban) is a new and hence less-known crop plant in Iran, with potential applicationes in food and pest control industries. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the best fertilizer treatments and its effect on the morphological characteristics and grain yield of Mexican yam bean plant in a semi-arid region. The experiment was carried out as a randomized complete block design with six replications in Kazeron, Fars province, south of Iran. The treatments included the control, EM biofertilizer (40 L/ha), Vinas organic fertilizer (80 L/ha), and the combination of bio-organic fertilizer (the optimum level of fertilizer was determined based on the results of previous experiments). Fertilizer treatments had a significant effect (at 1% probability level) on plant height, plant fresh and dry weight, pods/plant, grains/pod, stem diameter, grain and biological yield and harvest index, photosynthetic pigments concentration and grain protein content. The mean comparison showed that in the combined treatment of Vinas organic fertilizer and EM, the fresh and dry weight of the plant (67.6 grams and 26.8 g, respectively), the height of the plant (56.1 cm), grains/pod (6.4), pods/plant (6.3), biological yield (4929 kg/ha), grain yield (527 kg/ha), harvest index (10.7%), concentration of chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll and carotenoid concentration (9.83, 3.43, 13.5 and 3.28 mg/g fresh weight, respectively), grain protein (34.1%) were more than control. Also, the stem diameter showed the greatest increase compared to the control. The results suggested the superiority of the bio-organic fertilizer treatment at the optimal level (40 and 80 L/ha) and the positive response of Mexican yam bean plant to these fertilizers.

There is a considerable gap between the grain yield of bread wheat and its production potential in Khuzestan province, but it seems that the yield of wheat can be increased with proper direction of environmental effects through suitable agronomical management. In this regard, planting date and nutrient application are very important. However, the application of little or much nitrogen reduces the grain yield under high temperature conditions, and in addition, using too much nitrogen can cause environmental pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately determine the optimal level of nitrogen for different planting dates. The objective of the current experiment was to study the effect of planting date and application of nitrogen and zinc fertilizers on growth and yield of wheat.

To investigate the effect of planting dates and the application of nitrogen and zinc fertilizers on growth and yield of wheat (cv. Chamran), an experiment was conducted in experimental field of Khuzestan Agricultural University, Khuzestan province, Iran, during 2018-19 growing season. The experiment was carried out as split-split plots in randomized complete plot design with four replications. Planting date at three levels (Nov. 22, Dec. 11, and Dec. 31) were considered as main plots, nitrogen at four levels (0, 75, 150, and 225 kg.ha-1) as sub-plots, and zinc at three levels (0, 10, and 20 kg.ha-1) as sub-sub-plots. The evaluated traits were including grain weight, number of grains per unit area, number of days from planting to pollination, number of days from pollination to maturity, grain yield, grain protein percentage, grain zinc content, grain protein accumulation rate, grain filling rate and grain filling period.

The results of analysis of variance showed that three-way interaction of planting date × nitrogen × zinc was significant on all studied traits at 1% probability level, except for number of grains per unit area which was only affected by nitrogen levels. The highest wheat grain yield (7486 kg.ha-1) was belonged to the first planting date (Nov 22) along with the second level of nitrogen (75 kg.ha-1) and zinc (10 kg.ha-1). The delay in planting led to a decrease in grain yield, so that planting on Dec. 11 and Dec. 31 caused a decrease of about 23 and 40 percent in wheat grain yield, respectively. The application of chemical fertilizers at delayed planting date led to a certain extent to compensate for the decrease in grain yield, so that the application of 75, 150 and 225 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen on the planting date of Dec. 11 increased grain yield of wheat by 44%, 52% and 55%, respectively. With the delay of planting from Nov. 22 to Dec. 31, grain filling rate and grain protein percentage increased by 19% and 25%, respectively, but the grain filling period (28%), grain weight (20%), protein accumulation rate (27%), protein yield (50%) and grain zinc content (3%) decreased. The highest grain filling rate (1.37 mg.day-1) and the highest grain protein content (12.7%) of wheat were obtained on the planting date of Dec. 31 along with 150 kg.ha-1 N and 10 kg.ha-1 Zn. Also, the highest grain filling period (46.1 days) was observed on the first planting date (Nov. 22), but there was no significant difference among different levels of nitrogen and zinc in this regard.

In total, the results of the current experiments showed that to avoid exposure of wheat to high temperatures during the grain filling period in the studied region, it is better to do planting on earlier date (Nov. 22). In delayed planting dates, using 150 kg.ha-1 N and 10 kg.ha-1 Zn can relatively compensate for the negative effects of high temperature after anthesis. The delay in planting, increased the grain protein content due to the acceleration of the grain filling period, however, it decreased total protein yield, which shows that the protein yield (kg.ha-1) is more dependent on the grain yield.

Seed yield in soybean is a complex trait and is influenced by multiple genetic and environmental factors. Safflower is one of the oilseeds adapted to a wide range of soil conditions, but micronutrients deficiencies cause a decrease in its grain yield and quality. Hence, an experiment was conducted as a split factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Arak, Iran in 2019. Three tillage methods (including no tillage, low tillage and conventional tillage) were considered as the main plots and fertilizer treatments (including 1- Control, 2- Zinc, 3- Iron, 4- Sulfur, 5- Zinc + Iron, 6-Zinc + Sulfur, 7- Iron + Sulfur, and 8- Iron + Sulfur + Zinc) were considered as sub-plots. Results showed that there were significant differences between the fertilizer treatments in terms of seed yield, flower yield, seed weight per head, number of heads, number of seeds per head, percentage of seed protein and seed oil. In the treatment of tillage methods, thousand seed weight and linoleic fatty acid had significant differences. Interaction effects of soil tillage methods X fertilizer were significant on number of heads and linolenic acid. Fertilizer treatment of iron + sulfur + zinc had the highest seed yield (i.e. 1391 kg ha-1), flower yield (i.e. 183.7 kg ha-1), 1000 seed weight (i.e. 45.8 g), seed weight per head (i.e. 1.27 g), number of heads (i.e. 7.9), protein percentage (i.e. 21.2%) and seed oil percentage (i.e. 26.5). Results of this research showed that application of micronutrient elements by increasing the yield components, particularly 1000-seed weight, number of heads, and the weight of seeds per head led to increases in seed yield, oil percentage and protein percentage of safflower seeds. Though, tillage methods had no significant effect on safflower seed yield. According to the results of this experiment the use of zinc, sulfur, and iron fertilizers along with the method of low tillage can help to increase the grain yield and quality of rapeseed.

In many regions of the country, including Lorestan highlands, the amount, distribution and intensity of rainfall has a negative effect on the production of crops such as wheat in rainy conditions. Choosing the most suitable cultivar helps the economy of farmers in the region while increasing production. On the other hand, it seems necessary to find suitable practical solutions, including antiperspirant materials such as kaolin, to reduce perspiration and adjust the drought stress. Also, one of the effective factors for increasing plant yield in the management of agricultural operations is the change in the planting density of agricultural plants, which can cause changes in yield and yield components. Plant density is one of the most important factors determining the ability of crops to use environmental resources and is of particular importance in wheat production. For this purpose, the cultivar, density and kaolin were investigated simultaneously in order to achieve the best treatment for the dry conditions of the region in this experiment.

In order to investigate the effect of seed density and kaolin foliar application on rainfed wheat cultivars, a two-year factorial-split plot research was conducted in the form of randomized complete block design with four replications under rainfed conditions in Kohdasht city. . The density factor at four levels of 350, 500, 650 and 800 seeds per square meter and the variety factor including three varieties of rainfed wheat, Karim, Koohdasht and Qaboos, factorially in the main plots and kaolin foliar application in two control and foliar application levels. 5% of kaolin was placed in sub-plots.

The results showed that the density of 500 seeds per square meter without and with kaolin spraying was the highest in the first two years (respectively 2428 and 2480 kg per hectare) and the second year (respectively 2798 and 2831 kg per hectare). It showed the yield of the seed. Qaboos variety at a density of 500 seeds per square meter without and with kaolin application (2792 and 2802 kg/ha respectively) had the highest seed yield. The trend of changes in wheat grain yield in the second year of the experiment showed that grain yield followed a significant polynomial relationship with increasing seed density in all three cultivars Karim, Koohdasht and Qaboos; So that there was no significant change with the increase in density from 350 to 500 seeds per square meter and it decreased with further increase in density. Koohdasht cultivar without kaolin application had the highest amount of seed protein (12.30%).

Qaboos cultivar had the highest seed yield at a density of 500,000 seeds per hectare, which is recommended for the region. Kaolin spraying under the conditions of this experiment did not play a positive role in the quantitative and qualitative production of wheat.

Plant growth regulators are the most important factors that regulate crop production. Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of some plant growth regulators on physiological traits, gas exchange variables and grain yield quality and quantity of wheat in Razi university, Iran, in 2013-2014 crop year. A factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was used. In this study, the first factor included 10 bread wheat cultivars (Zare, Parsi, Sivand, Pishtaz, Bahar, Azar 2, Bezostaya, Gaspard, Sirvan, and Marvdasht) and also the second factor at four levels included foliar application of 50 μM concentration of cytokinin, auxin, gibberellin and lack of foliar application (control) at flowering and booting stages of the spike. The results showed that there were significant differences among cultivars in terms of agronomic and physiological traits. Sivand and Parsi cultivars had the highest grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, number of grains per spike, thousand grain weight, hectoliter weight, photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll a, but Azar 2 cultivar had the lowest of the above traits. The results showed that application of plant growth regulators increased grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, thousand grain weight, photosynthesis rate, soluble proteins content and crude protein. Among the investigated plant growth regulators, the application of 50 μM of cytokinin caused the highest increase in the rate of plant photosynthesis (18.4%).

Heat stress during grain filling period can lead to the reduction of grain yield of wheat. Therefore, in order to evaluate the probable mitigative effect of nitrogen and zinc application of heat stress on physiological properties, grain yield and protein content of wheat (Chamran cultivar), a split-split plot experiment based on RCBD in four replications was carried out in an experimental field of Khuzestan Agriculture and Natural Resources University, Ahvaz, Iran during autumn of 2018-19 growing season. Experimental factors were three planting date (22 November, 11 December and 31 December) as main plot, four nitrogen levels (0 as a control, 75, 150 and 225 kg ha-1 N from urea 46%) as subplot and zinc levels (0 as a control, 10 and 20 kg ha-1 from zinc sulfate) in subplots. The results showed that the delay in planting significantly (P≤0.01) reduced grain protein, leaf chlorophyll index, cell membrane stability index, grain yield, biological yield, and harvest index. Nitrogen application reduced the effects of heat stress on wheat grain yield so that by consuming 75, 150 and 225 kg N ha-1 in cultivation, wheat grain yield was improved by 43%, 59% and 64% for 11 December cultivation date and 50%, 70% and 55% for 31 December cultivation date, respectively, compared to control fertilizer. Zinc application also reduced the effects of heat stress on wheat grain yield, where at late and very late cultivation dates, with the application of 10 and 20 kg ha-1 zinc, wheat grain yield was improved by 5%, 6%, 35% and 40%, respectively. Consumption of zinc also reduced the effects of heat stress on wheat grain yield by increasing grain weight and caused a 24% increase in grain weight. Wheat harvest index decreased by about 18% due to heat stress. Meanwhile, application of nitrogen and zinc at 150 and 10 kg ha-1, respectively, showed the greatest effect in reducing the adverse effects of terminal heat stress on the agronomical and physiological properties of wheat. In general, in case of delayed cultivation, the use of zinc (at least 10 kg ha-1) and nitrogen (at least 150 kg ha-1) can reduce the harmful effects of terminal heat stress in Ahvaz climate and improve physiological (chlorophyll content and cell membrane stability), agronomic and protein content of bread wheat.

An experiment is conducted to evaluate effect of Bacillus and Pseudomonas on Quantitative and Qualitative Yield and malting efficiency of different Barley cultivars in rainfed conditions in a farm of Ilam Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center in 2017 and 2018. The experiment is factorial according to randomized complete blocks design with four replications. Three cultivars (namely, Behrokh, Grace, and Sararoud1 as first and seed inoculated with growth-promoting bacteria) and Fertilizer at eight levels (including the control, complete fertilizer (Field recommendation), Pseudomonas bacteria, Bacillus bacteria, combination of Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria, Pseudomonas bacteria + half fertilizer, Bacillus bacteria + half fertilizer and combination of Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria + half fertilizer) are considered second factor. The results show that all the studied traits (with the exception of malting efficiency) addition main effect, are significantly affected by year interaction in cultivar in fertilizer treatment, but malting efficiency is influenced by interaction cultivar in fertilizer treatments. Heights number of seeds per spike, number of spikes per m-2, and grain yield are recorded by a combination of Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria + half fertilizer under garis cultivar with means 31, 390 and 5294 kg/h in 2018 and 35, 400 and 6222 kg/h respectively. Maximum malting efficiency (95.5 %) has also been observed in the combination of Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria + half fertilizer under Behrokh.

The mungbean (Vigna radiate L.) is one of the most species of legumes. The seeds are an excellent sources of phosphorus. The phosphorus application to legumes have positive effect on nodulation through enhance root proliferation and thus helps in increase nitrogen fixation, So that Phosphorus deficiency is considered as one of the major constraints to successful production of legume. Biofertilizers have high potential for increasing the efficiency of Phosphorus, and ultimately stimulate plant growth. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the biofertilizers in the release of soil insoluble phosphorus and to investigate the effect of plant growth promoting bacteria, Mycorrhizal fungi on photosynthetic pigmentation and nutrient elements during the period of mungbean growth.

To study the effect of different levels of phosphorus and biofertilizers on photosynthetic parameters and seed yield of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) a field experiment was carried out as a factorial based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at research field of the Faculty of Agriculture of Gorgoan University in 2016-2017. The treatments of this research consisted of three levels of phosphorus (Control, 150 kg.he-1 and 225 kg.he-1) and eight levels of plant growth promoting bacteria and Mycorrhizal fungi (Control, Azospirillum lipoferum, Pseudomonas fluoresens, Glomus mosseae, Azospirillum and Pseudomonas, Azospirillum and Glomus mosseae, Pseudomonas and Glomus mosseae, and Azospirillum lipoferum, Pseudomonas fluoresens, Glomus mosseae). In this experiment, Rhizobium bacteria (R. leguminosarum) was used in all plots. Grain inoculation was done in shadow and after drying, inoculated grains were immediately cultivated. Mycorrhizal fungi was applied under the grain hole just prior to sowing.Chemical fertilizers were applied at a rate of 50 and 100 kg.ha-1 in N and K respectively. Random samples of ten plants for each experimental unit were taken and Photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, SPAD value, grain protein and nitrogen content in plant aerial parts, leaf area index and seed yield were recorded. Data were subjected to analysis of variance procedure using the SAS statistical software and for the mean comparison, the least significant difference (LSD) test method was used at 5% probability level.

The results showed that the effect of phosphorus fertilizer and Plant growth promoting bacteria, Mycorrhizal fungi on photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids), SPAD value, grain protein, nitrogen content in plant aerial parts at different stages of plant growth, leaf area index and seed yield were significant, but the interaction of phosphorus fertilizer and Plant growth promoting bacteria, Mycorrhizal fungi levels was not significant on any of the studied traits. The results showed that the highest amount of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, SPAD, grain protein and nitrogen content in plant aerial parts, leaf area index and seed yield were obtained at 225 kg.ha-1 phosphorus fertilizer. Application of Plant growth promoting bacteria, Mycorrhizal fungi led to an increase in the amount of photosynthetic pigments, seed protein and nitrogen content of plant aerial parts, leaf area index and seed yield.

The results of this study indicated that the photosynthetic pigments, seed protein, nitrogen accumulation in the plant and leaf area index were increased by increasing the amount of phosphorus fertilizer. Also, the optimal effect of Plant growth promoting bacteria and Mycorrhiza on photosynthetic pigments and increasing the protein content of seeds and nitrogen in different stages of plant growth Which ultimately led to an increase in seed yield.

Improper use of chemical fertilizers has caused a lack of balance of nutrients, especially trace elements, and attention to improving the quality of wheat grain is one of the important issues along with the quantity of production of this product is important. Application of growth regulators, especially plant hormones (such as cytokinin), by acting on the antioxidant system and plant-resource relations of plants, as a solution to reduce the effects of environmental stresses at the molecular, cellular levels, Biochemical, physiological as well as performance enhancing. Nutrient deficiency can be seen in almost all farms in the world and the application of foliar application of micronutrients such as iron, zinc, selenium, can have beneficial effects on plant photosynthesis and quantitative growth and quality of wheat grain. Therefore, a study was conducted to investigate the Nano micronutrients and also the use of cytokinin hormone on the quantitative and qualitative properties of wheat under different irrigation regimes.

This study was conducted in two regions of Karaj and Hamadan in 2019-2020 crop year as a split plot factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments include irrigation regimes with three levels (irrigation at 40% available moisture discharge throughout the growing season (control), Normal irrigation in planting date to pollination and irrigation at 60% available moisture discharge, normal irrigation in planting date to pollination then cut off irrigation), as the main and factorial factor of low-consumption Nano-elements with five levels: control (no Nano-micronutrients), zinc, iron, selenium and a combination of three elements) and cytokinin use time With four levels (control (non-consumption), consumption in flowering stage, consumption in lactation stage and consumption in flowering stage + milking) were evaluated as a sub-factor. Traits such as grain protein, fresh gluten, grain potassium, grain phosphorus, grain zinc, zeleni sediment volume and grain hardness were measured.

The results indicate that the effects of irrigation, cytokinin and Nano-micronutrient treatments on the studied traits were significant, but the interaction effects of these treatments were not significant. The results showed that the highest values of the most studied traits in this study were related to normal irrigation in planting date to pollination then cut off irrigation. Co-consumption of micronutrients Zinc + iron + selenium compared to other micronutrient element treatments increased the traits of this study and the highest values of traits in cytokinin treatments were related to the use of cytokinin in flowering + lactation and lactation stages. The highest amount of grain protein is related to irrigation treatments in 40% of available moisture discharge (normal) in the amount of (14.42%), as well as zinc + iron + selenium in the amount of (14.51%) and application of cytokinin in the flowering stage + Milking and milking treatment were with values (13.94%) and (13.65%), respectively.

Drought stress (normal irrigation to pollination and then complete cessation of irrigation) caused a 28.73% increase in protein compared to normal irrigation conditions and the combined application of Nano micronutrients (zinc + iron + selenium) increased the protein by 30.95% Compared to the control and the application of cytokinin in the flowering stage + flowering, milking and milking treatment increased by (26.15%) and (23.52%) compare to control, respectively.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of growth-promoting rhizobacteria and chemichal fertilizer; on yield and malting efficiency of different barley cultivars in rainfed conditions in 2018 and 2019. A faceorial experiment was conducted on a randomized complete blocks desibn (RCBD) with four replications in Ilam province.  Three cultivars: Behrokh, Grace, and Sararoud as first and eight levels of seed insemination with growth-promoting bacteria and Fertilizer (including control, i.e., seed without bacterial insemination and without fertilizer, complete fertilizer Pseudomonas bacteria, Bacillus bacteria, combination of Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria, Pseudomonas bacteria + half fertilizer Urea, Bacillus bacteria + half fertilizer and combination of Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria + half fertilizer) were second factor. The results of the combined analysis of variance showed that all the studied traits (except malting efficiency) significantly affected by main effects and interaction of year×cultivar×fertilizer treatment. But malting efficiency influenced by interaction of cultivar×fertilizer treatments. Number of seeds per spike, number of spikes per area unit and grain yield in combination of Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria + half fertilizer, had the highest mean in garis cultivar in the two years. Additionally, maximum malting efficiency (95.5 %) was observed in the combination of Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria + half fertilizer in Behrokh. The highest amount of grain protein in the first year was observed in bacterial combination + half fertilizer in Saravard cultivar (14.6%) and in the second year was observed in the Pseudomonas + half fertilizer in Saravard cultivar (14.3%).

Quinoa is a dicotyledonous plant from the Amaranthaceae family, with favorable nutritional value and a high potential for growth and production in adverse environmental conditions. Despite being three carbon, it has high water consumption efficiency and as a new crop, due to its wide adaptation to different environment conditions such as salinity and drought, as well as being premature, it is suitable for planting in arid and desert areas and has many factors. Genetic and environmental factors such as genotype, density, arrangement and planting date, soil salinity, and drought stress affect yield. Among these, drought is one of the most important non-living stresses that cause great damage to crops and horticulture in the world every year. And especially Iran, which is considered an arid and semi-arid country. The effect of moisture stress on plants varies depending on which stage of plant growth occurs and plants can work through various mechanisms such as reducing growth parameters, closing pores, reducing photosynthesis, changing regulatory mechanisms of ion transport, and increasing activity. Antioxidant enzymes cope with drought stress to some extent, although such mechanisms are energy-intensive and cause a decline in performance.

order to investigate the optimal density of quinoa at different levels of irrigation, a factorial experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design with three replications at the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Birjand University. The first factor was irrigation levels (based on 50, 75, and 100% water requirement) and the second factor was plant density at 5 levels (40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 plants m-2). Measurement traits included relative leaf water content, stomatal conductance, electrolyte leakage, number of branches, number of grains per branch, branch weight, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, water use efficiency, and grain protein.

The results showed that the yield components in response to low irrigation conditions were significantly reduced, so that the highest 1000-seed weight, number of branches, number of seeds per branch, branch weight and yield at the level of 100% water requirement were, respectively, 0.1 (g), 1368.4 (branching per square meter), 132.64 (grains per branching), 2377.8 (grams per square meter) and 3265.25 (kg ha-1) have been obtained. The maximum orifice conductivity measured at 35.66 (mol CO2 per square meter) was obtained at the beginning of flowering at 100% water requirement. Also, with decreasing irrigation level, physiological traits including relative leaf water content decreased significantly and traits such as electrolyte leakage and grain protein increased. The optimal density at the irrigation level of 100, 75, and 50% of water requirement were 113, 105, and 80 plants per square meter, respectively. The interaction of irrigation levels and density also showed that the highest yield was 100% of water requirement and density of 100 plants with 4226.52 kg ha-1. The results showed that at the irrigation levels of 100 and 75% of the water requirement, the highest yield was obtained at a density of 100 plants and with a decrease in density at these levels by 61.2 and 73.2%, respectively, was associated with a decrease in yield, but at the level of 50%. The highest yield was obtained at a density of 80 plants, which was accompanied by a decrease in yield to 40 plants with a yield of 73.5%. The results also show an increase in optimal density with increasing irrigation level, so that the most optimal density at the irrigation level of 100% of the water requirement is 113 plants per square meter and with increasing the stress to 75 and 50% of the water requirement, respectively, density Optimal yields of 105 and 80 plants per square meter have been achieved.

general, the results show that lack of moisture has an adverse effect on quinoa yield such as 1000-seed weight, branch weight, number of seeds per branch, and number of branches in the main inflorescence and reduces the optimal plant density.

In order to study the changes of seed germination of soybean (Glycine max) and some biochemical characteristics, a factorial experiment as randomized complete block design was conducted at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Ardabil Province (Maghan) in 2020-2021. Treatments included 2 spraying factors as iron and zinc sulfates besides three harvesting times: green pod, physiological maturity and dry mature pod. According to the results, interactions of spraying and harvesting time were significant on grain yield and protein percentage, and the highest amounts of both traits were obtained by applying zinc sulfate at dry mature pod. Seed oil content was affected by both treatments so that, the highest amount was obtained at the green pod at rate of 21.4% and zinc sulfate had the greatest effect on grain oil percentage at rate of 20.3%. Furthermore, interaction of spraying and harvesting time was significant on seed Fe and Zn contents and results showed that the highest amount of seed Fe (121.6 mg/kg) was achieved by iron sulfate and that of seed Zn (91.1 mg/kg) by zinc sulfate, both at the physiological maturity. Seed germination was also affected by interaction of spraying and harvesting time and the highest rate (96.6%) was observed at dry mature pod by applying zinc sulfate. In general, Zn consumption increased germination percentage, grain rate, seed oil percentage and grain yield, and iron consumption improved grain protein. The physiological maturity and dry mature pod harvestings improved the values of measured traits except the seed oil.

In order to investigate the effect of chemical and biological nitrogen fertilizer on canola, a field experiment was conducted as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research station of the Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, located in Deshtrum region, in 2019. The main factor consisted of nitrogen fertilizer (zero, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 kg/ha of pure nitrogen from urea source) and the secondary factor consisted of nitroxin biofertilizer contained Azotobacter and Azospirillium bacteria (use and non-use). The results showed that nitrogen fertilizer and nitroxin had a significant effect on all investigated traits. Nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased plant height, number of lateral branches, chlorophyll index and oil yield. The highest grain (8790.60 kg/ha) and biological (23910.93 kg/ha) yield were obtained in 125 kg/ha of nitrogen and the use of nitroxin. With the consumption of 125 kg/ha of nitrogen and nitroxin, the lowest percentage of seed oil, and contrastingly the highest percentage of seed protein (36.65%) was obtained. In general, combined application of biofertilizer with chemical nitrogen increased grain, biological and oil yield. Nitroxin bio-fertilizer could reduce the consumption of chemical nitrogen fertilizer. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the application of 50 kg/ha of nitrogen + bacteria and the application of higher levels of nitrogen (75, 100 and 125 kg/ha) alone in most of the investigated traits.

Nowadays, seed treatment with growth regulators or nutrients is widely used in the seed industry due to its significant effect on growth and yield, as well as resistance to diseases and pests. Therefore, in the present research, the effects of seed treatments with salicylic acid, humic acid, and zinc on two durum wheat cultivars were investigated under rainfed conditions.

This research was conducted as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replications in the research farm of the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran, in 2019-2020. Factors included two cultivars of durum wheat (Saji and Zahab) and seed treatments (salicylic acid, humic acid, zinc, salicylic acid + humic acid, salicylic acid + zinc, humic acid + zinc, salicylic acid + humic acid + zinc, and control). Seed treatments were applied before sowing with a concentration of one millimolar (mM) salicylic acid solution, zinc solution (2%), and humic acid powder (95%) at the ratio of one kg or lit to 100, 100, and 300 kg of seeds, respectively. The investigated traits included the content of photosynthetic pigments and flag leaf area in the boot stage (code 45 on the Zadoks growth scale) and yield and yield components and seed protein percentage at the ripening stage.

The results of the analysis of variance showed that the effect of cultivars, seed treatments, and interactions between them was significant on the studied traits (except the number of spikes per square meter). The grain yield in durum wheat cv. Zahab was significantly higher than Saji. The grain yield of two cultivars in all seed treatments was higher than the control. Grain yield in Zahab was almost the same in all of the seed treatments, but in Saji, the highest grain yield was obtained in seed treatment with zinc usage (5033 kg. ha-1), and other seed treatments had the same effects. There was no significant difference between the two cultivars in terms of seed protein percentage, but the highest and lowest amount of seed protein was observed in salicylic acid + humic acid and control seed treatments with 13.14 and 12.11%, respectively. At the boot stage, the effects of cultivar and seed treatment on flag leaf area and the content of photosynthetic pigments (except carotenoids) were significant. Zahab cv. was superior to Saji in terms of flag leaf area and photosynthetic pigment content.

Based on the results of this research, durum wheat cv. Zahab had a better performance than Saji. The effect of seed treatments with salicylic acid, humic acid, zinc, and the combination of these treatments had positive and significant effects on the grain yield compared to the control.