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The excessive use of chemical fertilizers is a leading cause of environmental pollution in the agriculture sector. Therefore, optimizing fertilizer application is a crucial approach to boost production while minimizing environmental harm. On the other hand, application of chemical fertilizers along with manure can be considered as the proper management system that led to reduce the amount of chemical fertilizers and adverse effects on environment and also improve nutrition for plants. Response-surface methodology is a powerful tool to optimize production resources which decreases cost and time of the experiments by reducing number of them. Therefore, the aim of the study was optimization of chemical fertilizers of nitrogen and phosphorus along with manure application in fodder maize production.

The field experiment was carried out according to box-benkhen design in Savojbelagh, where located in the west of Alborz province, over two years 2017 and 2018. The fifteen treatments were selected based on low and high levels of nitrogen (0 and 300 kg.ha-1), phosphorus (0 and 150 kg.ha-1), and manure (0 and 40 ton.ha-1). Three replications were considered in central points under box-benkhen design. The experiment was performed in two replications. Fodder yield, dry matter, nitrogen losses, and nitrogen use efficiency were the measured traits in the study. Stepwise regression model by fitting a full quadratic function were used to predict response variables. Treatments were optimized based on three scenarios: economic, environmental, and eco-environmental. Fodder yield, nitrogen losses, and nitrogen use efficiency were the primary factors used to determine the treatments in each respective scenario. In final, the optimum levels of treatments as independent variables were suggested to obtain target amounts of traits as dependent variables in each scenario. All analysis was performed using Minitab ver.16.

The results of regression analysis showed that the model had adequate accuracy to predict the studied properties (as dependent variables) based on experimental treatments (as independent variables). The calculated values of NRMSE illustrated that the model predicted data of dry matter, fodder yield, nitrogen losses, and nitrogen use efficiency with difference as 5.4, 2.3, 6.1, and 17.4 percent from measured data, respectively. Fodder yield was raised by increasing nitrogen fertilizer under all levels of phosphorus and manure. Increase slope of fodder yield by increasing nitrogen fertilizer amount under high levels of phosphor and manure was more than in low levels. The highest nitrogen loss was gained by application of 300 kg N.ha-1 along with no application of manure under nitrogen fertilizer × manure interaction. As findings, increasing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer caused to increase nitrogen losses and decrease in nitrogen use efficiency. Application of 242.42 kg N.ha-1 and 95.45 kg P.ha-1 along with 33.13 t manure.ha-1 was suggested under economic scenario that led to produce 105 t fodder.ha-1 with nitrogen losses of 150 kg.ha-1. In environmental scenario, no application of nitrogen and using 146.9 kg P.ha-1 with 21.82 t manure. ha-1 was proposed to gain 80.94 t fodder and 51.2 kg. ha-1 as nitrogen losses and 103.03 kg fodder.kg-1 N as nitrogen use efficiency. Under eco-environmental scenario that had priority in comparison with two other scenarios due to considering economical and environmental issues simultaneously; applying 78.79 kg N.ha-1, 150 kg P.ha-1and 8.48 t manure.ha-1 was suggested as optimum levels of treatments that led to obtain 90.87 t fodder.ha-1, 64.75 kg N losses.ha-1 and the highest value of nitrogen use efficiency as 116.4 kg fodder.ha-1 N.

Considering the results, applying 78.79 kg N.ha-1, 150 kg P.ha-1and 8.48 t manure.ha-1 in eco-environmental scenario was suggested as optimum levels of treatments.

An experiment is conducted to evaluate effect of Bacillus and Pseudomonas on Quantitative and Qualitative Yield and malting efficiency of different Barley cultivars in rainfed conditions in a farm of Ilam Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center in 2017 and 2018. The experiment is factorial according to randomized complete blocks design with four replications. Three cultivars (namely, Behrokh, Grace, and Sararoud1 as first and seed inoculated with growth-promoting bacteria) and Fertilizer at eight levels (including the control, complete fertilizer (Field recommendation), Pseudomonas bacteria, Bacillus bacteria, combination of Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria, Pseudomonas bacteria + half fertilizer, Bacillus bacteria + half fertilizer and combination of Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria + half fertilizer) are considered second factor. The results show that all the studied traits (with the exception of malting efficiency) addition main effect, are significantly affected by year interaction in cultivar in fertilizer treatment, but malting efficiency is influenced by interaction cultivar in fertilizer treatments. Heights number of seeds per spike, number of spikes per m-2, and grain yield are recorded by a combination of Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria + half fertilizer under garis cultivar with means 31, 390 and 5294 kg/h in 2018 and 35, 400 and 6222 kg/h respectively. Maximum malting efficiency (95.5 %) has also been observed in the combination of Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria + half fertilizer under Behrokh.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of growth-promoting rhizobacteria and chemichal fertilizer; on yield and malting efficiency of different barley cultivars in rainfed conditions in 2018 and 2019. A faceorial experiment was conducted on a randomized complete blocks desibn (RCBD) with four replications in Ilam province.  Three cultivars: Behrokh, Grace, and Sararoud as first and eight levels of seed insemination with growth-promoting bacteria and Fertilizer (including control, i.e., seed without bacterial insemination and without fertilizer, complete fertilizer Pseudomonas bacteria, Bacillus bacteria, combination of Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria, Pseudomonas bacteria + half fertilizer Urea, Bacillus bacteria + half fertilizer and combination of Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria + half fertilizer) were second factor. The results of the combined analysis of variance showed that all the studied traits (except malting efficiency) significantly affected by main effects and interaction of year×cultivar×fertilizer treatment. But malting efficiency influenced by interaction of cultivar×fertilizer treatments. Number of seeds per spike, number of spikes per area unit and grain yield in combination of Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria + half fertilizer, had the highest mean in garis cultivar in the two years. Additionally, maximum malting efficiency (95.5 %) was observed in the combination of Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria + half fertilizer in Behrokh. The highest amount of grain protein in the first year was observed in bacterial combination + half fertilizer in Saravard cultivar (14.6%) and in the second year was observed in the Pseudomonas + half fertilizer in Saravard cultivar (14.3%).

The objectives of this field study were to evaluate the interactions between Zn nutrition and the salinity of irrigation water and their effects on wheat growth. The treatments, four zin sulphate application rates (0, 20, 40 and 80kg ha-1) and three irrigation water qualities (1.88, 7.22, 14.16dS/m), were arranged in a compelet randomized block, split plot design with three repelications. The results showed that wheat grain yield at irrigation water salinities of 1.88 and 16.14dS/m responded similarly to zinc application rates and followed the quadratic non-linear regression model. The maximum grain yield for plants irrigated with both irrigatin water salinity of 1.88 and 16.14dS/m were found at zinc sulphate application rate of 25kgha-1. In addition, wheat grain yield response to salinity stress at zinc sulphate rates of 0, 20 and 40kgha-1 was similar and followed linear regression model. As with increasing Zn application rate the decline per unit slope decreased, it can be concluded that zinc increases the salinity tolerance of wheat. Interestingly, wheat grain yield response to salinity stress at highest Zn application rate of 80kgha-1 followed the quadratic regression model. This observasion, also, proves that wheat response to salinity stress depends on soil fertility level. The results of this experiment showed that wheat response to salinity stress depends on soil fertility level (Zn application rate). In additions, the results showed that with increasing irrigation water salinity from 1.88 to 16.14dS/m the grain yield decreased from 6.5 to 3.5 tonnes/ha but ZnSO4 requirement was not changed.

Increasing the production of crops to meet the food needs of a growing population of the world is a great necessity. Intensive farming is an agricultural system that uses more than necessary and unbalanced inputs (fertilizers and pesticides), causing major of pressure on the environment. Today, in conventional farming systems, due to the limited amount of agricultural land, as well as the growing need for crops produced in indigenous agriculture, they have led to unbalanced consumption without the management of chemical fertilizers in the production of these products. The use of chemical fertilizer: nitrogen (N), phosphate (P2O5), potassium (K2O) in 2014-year ad around the world to 85.5, 32.2 and 20.4 (Kg of nutrients per ha) respectively. In comparison with year 2000 (Within 14 years), 64.9, 25.9 and 18.2 (Kg of nutrients per ha) respectively: 31.7, 28.1 and 12 percent it has increased. This undesirable agricultural management can change species composition or reduce biodiversity in farmland, and thus affect their natural capabilities in terms of crop production. On the other hand, increasing the health and security of food products produced in agricultural systems to maintain the dynamism of soil and water resources in these canopy systems is important on the basis of ecological principles. On the other hand, unbalanced consumption without management of chemical inputs has led to instability in agricultural ecosystems and the irreparable economic and environmental consequences of their consumption in agriculture are known throughout the world.
 

An experiment was conducted as factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications during growing season of 2017 at the experimental field of Beiranshahr city of Khorramabad in Lorestan Province, Iran (42° 79' E, 36° 70' N and 1669m above the sea level). To determine the physical and chemical properties of soil samples were collected from 0-30 cm depth of soil. During the experiment effects of two factors were studied: 1. Inoculation with Rhizobium bacteria Rb (Rhizobium Phaseoli Rb-133) in tow levels (Rb1= inoculation, Rb2= non-inoculation), and 2. different genotypes of pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in six levels (C1: Gafar, C2: Sadri, C3: Talash, C4: cos16 line, C5: Khomein Landrace and C6: Kosha genotypes). The seeds were inoculated with Rhizobium phaseoli Rb-133 before culturing. Traits such as: number of pods per plant, seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant, 100 seed weight, seed yield, biological yield and harvest index were measured.
 

The results showed the effect of rhizobium and genotype, number of seeds per pod, as well as the effect of two interactions rhizobium and genotype, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, 100 seed weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index of pinto bean genotypes significantly increased. The effect of rhizobium and genotype had significant effects on number of seeds per pod (p≤0.01); effect of rhizobium and genotypeon number of pod per plant (p≤0.05), number of seed per plant (p≤0.01), 100 seed weight (p≤0.01), grain yield (p≤0.01), biological yield and harvest index (p≤0.01) had significant effects on pinto bean genotypes. Inoculation with Rhizobium seed yields of Ghafar, Sadri, Talash, Cos16 line, Khomein and Kosha 13.7, 37.2, 23, 20.9, 55.3 and 31.4 % increased, respectively. The highest grain yield (3485 Kg. ha-1) was obtained in the interaction between rhizobium and Sadri genotype.
 

Generally, results showed that the yield and yield components of pinto bean genotypes were influenced by Rhizobium bacteria (Rhizobium phaseoli Rb-133) inoculation. The inoculation of seeds with rhizobium bacteria, coexistence of beans along with the nutritional elements during growth stages of Pinto bean genotypes, could improve growth indices, increase yield and yield components. Inoculation with rhizobium has an increased effect on yield and yield components of pinto bean genotypes and can increase the grain yield to a favorable level in order to produce a stable product.

Effects of sowing date and nutrition management as organic, chemical, biological and nanotropic in Chickpea Yield Abstract Bachground and Nano and biological fertilizers are considered as a suitable ecological strategy to increase the availability of elements for plants. Thus, in these methods, the plant was able to absorb the highest amount of nutrients which result in highest yield. Also application of Nitrogen and phosphorus Bio-fertilizers due to the prevention of water and soil pollution, it is a good alternative to chemical fertilizers and has a positive role in the stability of the system.The present study was conducted to investigate the response of chickpea (Hashem cultivar), affecting by different nutrition management as organic, chemical, biological and nanotropic and Autumn and spring sowing dates. Matrerials and The research was carried out in Research Farm of Maragheh University with Geographical coordinates 37°23' N; 46°16' E and 1485 meters above sea surface in northwest of Iran, during 2016-2017 growing season as Split-plot experiment conducted based on a randomized complete block desing with three replications. The main factor included sowing date (S1: spring sowing, S2: winter sowing) and sub factors included fertilizer treatments F0: control (no fertilizer application), F1: NPK fertilizer (20-20-20), F2:animal manure Twenty tonnes per hectare, F3: Nano-fertilizer, super-micro-structure, F4: Pre-plant bacterial inoculation with biofertilizer P (containing Pantoea agglomerans strain P5 and Pseudomonas putida strain P13) and nitrogen fertilizer (Azotobacter vinelandii strain O4), F5:nano chelated zinc + iron + manganese fertilizers. Parametrs such as Plant height, Biological yield, Shoot fresh weight per plant, Shoot dry weight per plant, Number of pods per plant, Number of unfilled pod per plant, Number of grain per plant, Grain protein (%), 100-grain weight, Grain yield were evaluated. results showed that the effect of fertilizer trartments were significant on shoot fresh weight per plant, shoot dry weight per plant, number of pods per plant, seed yield, biological yield, 100-seed weight, seed protein percent, seed number per plant; and the height of the plant and the number of hollow pods per plant were not significant. And bio-fertilizer increase grain yield about 14.31%. Also, the number of unfilled pods per plant was not affected by sowing date and intraction effect of fertilizer × sowing date. The effect of sowing date on plant height, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, seed yield, biological yield and number of pods per plant in spring sowing were significantly higher than winter sowing. And spring sowing increase grain yield about 27.5%. However, the number of pods per plant in both sowing dates was statistically similar. Among the measured traits, only weight of 100 grains, was affected by fertilizer effect in sowing date. Our results showed that the application of Nitrogen and Phosphorus bio-fertilizers together in spring sowing date, as the best treatment, could improve vegetative growth, yield and yield components of chickpea through supplying some elements such as N and P and also other environmental sources for this plant. Key words: Sowing date, Micro nutrients, Chemical fertilizers, Bio-fertilizers, Chickpea.

Fertilizer management is an important process as appropriate blend of fertilizer for agricultural production is quite important. The choice of fertilizer management for environmental programs depends on the prevention of pollution of land and the climate, so fertilizer management is suitable for adaptation to development. The use of abundant amount of cereals, as one of the most important food sources in human societies, has led to the use of these plants as an important source of protein in many areas, so a major part of protein of human needs provide.
In this research, in order to investigate the changes of wheat protein in different fertilizer application systems, a completely randomized block design with three replications was carried out in 2014-2015 in Agricultural Research Station of Zabol University (Chahnymh), 35 km Zabol. In terms of geographical location of 61 degrees and 41 minutes east longitude and 30 degrees, 54 minutes north latitude and altitude of 480 meter of sea level. The weather of this station is cold and dry in winters, and hot and dry in summers, that according to category coupons and amberger ingredient weather warm and dry is considered. Treatments contains: T1: Control (no fertilizer), T2: Cow manure, T3: Vermicompost fertilizer, T4: Chemical fertilizer, T5:Vermicompost㘫殣ᢧ fertilizer, T6: cow manure and Nitroxin fertilizer, T7: cow manure and chemical fertilizer. Study traits including: The grain yield, harvest index, ash, protein, grain nitrogen and nitrogen soil, moisture, organic matter was perched study. Nitrogen at grain and soil by Kjeldahl using equation (1) was calculated. Grain protein using equation (2) was appointed. Ash, with use of the oven and the grill was evaluated. Direction calculation the analysis of statistical data obtained at first to software excel transmit and after assurance of normality of data, the results with using the of statistical software SAS, version 9.1, and variance analysis, by means test Duncan, at the level % 5 were compared.
According to the results of Anova Table, the effect of different fertilizer systems, on grain nitrogen, at 1 percent probability level was positive and showed significant difference. Organic fertilizer, increases organic matter and humus soil. By increasing the cation exchange capacity, Nitrogen leaching is prevented. Nitrogenous fertilizers cause increasing grain nitrogen and protein according to the results of the analysis of variance and can be acknowledged by the seed protein under different fertilizer systems which were significant at the 1 percent level. The data showed that the highest protein content of 14% was related to the chemical fertilizer and the minimum protein was 9.44%, was for control (no fertilizer).
The researchers with attention to results of their studies reported, with increasing nitrogen, protein increases. Chemical fertilizers in the presence of organic fertilizers and bio-fertilizers, resulted in the highest grain nitrogen amount. The use of nitrogen chemical fertilizer, increased ash in sorghum (Sorghum sudanense L.).
The use of manure increased uptake of moisture, and therefore, reduced the amount of dry matter in the grain. Chemical fertilizers, especially nitrogen, are one of the most important components of the amino acids, and amino acids are known as a unit producer of protein, so it has important impact on grain protein amount.

In 2015 with about five million tons of corn, Iran was world’s fifth largest corn importer. Maize is one of the main crops for poultry and livestock feed in Iran. The average of area in Kermanshah province in recent years has been more than 45,000 hectares. But in 2015 this amount has decreased by 30 thousand hectares, 15580 hectares, which is the main reason for water scarcity in the region. On the other hand application of chemical fertilizers in conventional agriculture severe environmental problems, increased production costs and negative effects on biological cycles causes. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of biofertilizers and chemical fertilizers on yield and yield components of Maize under normal and deficit irrigation condition in western Iran region and looking for the best biological treatments could be applied to the maize to get a high yield in addition to keep our environment clean and safe.
Field experiments were conducted for two years (2014 – 2015) at the agricultural research farm, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Centre in Kermanshah, Iran. In this research, effects of vermicompost and Azotobacter as a boifertilizers and chemical fertilizers on yield and yield components of Maize under normal and deficit irrigation was investigated in two sites. Sites included normal irrigation and deficient irrigation (65% optimum water requirement) and each site was conducted as the factorial split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications and three factors. Treatments included Azotobacter in the main plots (non-inoculation and inoculation), vermicompost (consuming 0, 2, 4 and 6 ton/ha) and chemical fertilizers included N,P,K (100%, 50% and 0% recommendation based on soil test) in the sub plots. Irrigation treatments (deficit and adequate irrigation) in the middle phase of growth stage (approximately V6) began. Statistical analysis included analysis of variance to compare mean by least significant difference (LSD) by SAS statistical software and graphs were performed by EXCEL.
Results showed that, the grain yield of maize, LAI, leaf chlorophyll contents and NDVI were significantly influenced by irrigation levels, but Azotobacter no significant effect on this traits. Grain yield, LAI, leaf chlorophyll contents and NDVI were decreased by deficient irrigation. Vermicompost and chemical fertilizer increased these traits in normal and deficit irrigation. Vermicompost at 2, 4 and 6 ton/ha consistently and significantly increased grain yield in both irrigation condition. There was no significant difference on grain yield between 6 ton/ha application of vermicompost in linked together 50% of advised chemical fertilizers, and 100% of recommended fertilizer, hence it is possible to reduce chemical fertilizers application up to 50%. Similarly Laekemariam and Gidago (2012) recommended applying integrated of compost at 5 ton ha-1 along with chemical fertilizer to obtain better yield of maize. Kemal and Abera (2015) reported Application of recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer along with vermicompost at 6 ton/ha to maize not only enhanced productivity of maize but also improved soil fertility in terms of higher available N, P, K and organic carbon content over the control and recommended N, P and K.
Although the vermicompost and Azotobacter were not able to provide all the nutritional requirements for Maize but the results indicated that the use of 6 ton/ha vermicompost and Azotobacter in soil, 50% of the maize fertilizer supplied and that means a 50% reduction in the consumption of chemical fertilizers and less pollution of the soil and the environment. On the other hand, the results showed that under deficient irrigation vermicompost and Azotobacter increased grain yield. As a general conclusion these results suggested that integrating bio fertilizer with 50 percent of recommended NPK fertilizers are appropriate for sustainable maize production in normal and deficient irrigation.

To evaluate the effects of various levels of phosphorous and foliar application of iron and zinc on grain yield and yield components of chick pea (Ciceraireintinum L.)، an experiment was conducted on split plot factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications during 2010- 2011 growth season at the Agricultural College Research Farm، Lorestan University. Factors included phosphorous fertilizer at three levels (P1=0 kg/ha، P2=100 kg/ha، P3=200 kg/ha، soil application) in the main plots. Fe and Zn each at three levels (F1، Z1=0، F2، Z2 = 0. 3 and F3، Z3 =0. 6 percent، foliar application) were placed in the sub plots. The results showed that P، Fe and Zn levels had significant effects on grain yield، number of pod per m2 and 100 seed weight. Interaction effect of P and Fe was significant on biological yield، grain yield، 100 seed weight and number of pod per m2. Also interaction effect of P and Zn was significant on grain yield. Interaction effects of P، Fe and Zn were significant on grain yield، 100 seed weight and biological yield. The maximum grain yield was obtained from P3F3Z3 treatment with grain yield 1228 kg/ha. It seems P3F3Z3 treatment is optimum amount for chick pea (cultivar ILC482) under the study condition.

The objective of this research was to study the effect of fertilizer management on the yield increase of crop plants. The extra amounts of applied fertilizers were studied by comparison between allocated, applied and recommended fertilizers’ amounts for: wheat, barley, corn and alfalfa with four replicates and the other data was gathered via questionnaires. Soil analysis of phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen amounts was performed in 20 fields and analysis of data was conducted base on complete randomized block design. Comparison of the averages was showed that there were significant differences between the amounts of allocated, applied and recommended fertilizers (P? 0.05). The average amounts of extra applied and extra distributed fertilizers were 382.9 and 150.6 Kg.ha-1 more than the recommended amounts, respectively. However, there was no significance increase in yield. 12 and 28% of farmers used the fertilizers in the basis of recommended and allocated, respectively and 60% of them used more than recommended amounts. Excess fertilizer application due to improper management causes reduction of soil and water quality.

This experiment was conducted at Agriculture Research Center of Zabol University during 2007 cropping season. The experiment was split plot¡ based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factors consisted of unfertilized (control) (F1)¡ recommended fertilizer (F2)¡ recommended manure (F3)¡ half of recommended manure half of recommended fertilizer (F4) and sub factors were cropping of millet (I1)¡ 75% millet 25% bean (I2)¡ 50% millet 50% bean(I3)¡ 25% millet 75% bean (I4) and sole crop of bean (I5). Results showed that were for these tow species the highest grain and dry matter yield and harvest index (HI) obtained from half of recommended manure half of recommended fertilizer treatment. However¡ fertilizer treatments did not have significant effect on 1000-seeds weight. Highest land equivalence ratio (LER) for grain and dry matter yield was achieved from half of recommended manure half of recommended fertilizer treatment. The highest crude protein (CP)¡ P and K content in each of the forage crops obtained from recommended fertilizer treatment. Interrace culture different ratios treatments¡ for millet the highest grain and dry matter yield and P and K content achieved from sole cropping. While highest harvest index (HI)¡ 1000-seeds weight and CP content in millet forage obtained from their intercroppings. Highest bean values for all traits in achieved from its sole cropping. Furthermore¡ highest LER for dry matter and grain obtained from 25% millet 75% bean treatment.