crop production

Growth regulators are organic substances besides nutrients, synthesized in plants, causing alteration in their cellular metabolism. Synthesis of some plant hormones is adversely affected by environmental factors, which causes restriction on physiological processes of the plant and ultimately, limits their growth potential.

Current research was done to evaluate plant growth regulator (Auxin Hormone) on crop production of Bread Wheat cultivars.

This study was conducted via split plot experiment based on completely randomized block design (RCBD) with three replications. The treatments included wheat cultivars at three levels (Chamran 2, Behrang and Mehregan) and auxin hormone at three levels (including zero or control, 50 ppm and 100 ppm.ha-1), which were placed in the main and sub plots, respectively.

According result of analysis of variance effect of Auxin, cultivar and interaction effect of treatments (instead harvest index, number of seed per spike and 1000 seed weight) on all studied traits was significant at 1% probability level. Evaluate means comparison result indicated in different level of cultivar the maximum harvest index, number of seed per spike and 1000 seed weight was noted for Chamran 2 and minimum of that belonged to Mehregan cultivar. Compare different level of Auxin Hormone showed that the maximum and the minimum amount of harvest index, number of seed per spike and 1000 seed weight belonged to 100 ppm and control treatments. Assess means comparison result of interaction effect of treatments indicated maximum seed yield, biologic yield and number of spike per m2 was noted for Chamran 2 and 100 ppm Auxin hormone and lowest ones belonged to Mehregan cultivar and nonuse of auxin treatment.

Finally, according result of current research foliar application 100 ppm Hormone with Chamran 2 Cultivar achieve highest amount of seed yield and its components and can be advised to producers in studied region.

Nitrogen is a crucial component of plant nutrition, and its deficiency limits productivity of crops more than any other element. Organic fertilizers have an effect on the quantity and quality of carbon and soil capacity in storing and releasing nutrients needed for plant growth during process of decomposition and mineralization.

This study was done to assessment effect of different levels of amino acid and Nitrogen macro nutrient on seed yield and its components of Wheat crop.

Current research was carried out via factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replications along 2022-2023 agronomic year. The treatments included Amino acid (nonuse or control, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 L.ha-1) and Nitrogen fertilizer from urea source (100% equal 300 kg.ha-1, 70% equal 210 kg.ha-1 and 40% equal 120 kg.ha-1).

Result of analysis of variance revealed effect of different level of Amino acid, Nitrogen fertilizer and interaction effect of treatments (instead harvest index) on all studied characteristics was significant. Assessment mean comparison result of interaction effect of treatments on all measured traits indicated the maximum amount of number of spike per m-2 (390.5), number of seed per spike (41.30), 1000 seed weight (42.75 g), seed yield (460.70 g.m-2) and biologic yield (1377.44 g.m-2) were noted for 4.5 lit.ha-1 amino acid and 100% Nitrogen (Also it doesn’t had significant differences with 70% Nitrogen) and lowest amount of mentioned traits belonged to nonuse of amino acid and 40% Nitrogen treatment.

The use of foliar application of amino acids along with nitrogen chemical fertilizer can reduce the consumption of nitrogen chemical fertilizer in addition to producing sufficient crops, which significantly contributes to the health of the environment and is an important strategy in the direction of moving towards sustainable agriculture. Therefore, by using 70% of urea fertilizer along with 4.5 liters per hectare of amino acid, it is possible to save the consumption of chemical fertilizers and produce economic yield in studied region.

Drought stress is one of the most important factors limiting the production of agricultural products. The use of natural fertilizers can lead to optimal water consumption in agriculture.

In order to examine the impact of humic acid on yield of mung beans under different irrigation regimens, a study was conducted during the agricultural year 2014-15 in Ahvaz, south west of Iran.

Current study was done by split-plot design according randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replications. The investigated treatments included irrigation intervals at three levels (60, 100, and 140 mm evaporation from Class A pan) as the main factor and various concentrations of humic acid at three levels (0, 0.5, and 1 g.lit-1) as the secondary factor.

Results revealed that both irrigation and humic acid significantly affected seed yield, yield components and chlorophyll index. The highest seed yield, averaging 212 gr.m-², was achieved with the 100 mm irrigation treatment, while the lowest, averaging 102 gr.m-², was observed with the 140 mm irrigation treatment. Concerning the influence of humic acid, the treatment with 1 g.lit-1 foliar application yielded the highest seed output (194 g.m-²). The interaction between irrigation and humic acid had a noteworthy impact solely on seed yield and 100-seed weight. The most favorable seed yield and 100-seed weight were recorded in the treatment with 100 mm irrigation and 1 g.lit-1 foliar application of humic acid, while the least favorable results were associated with the 140 mm irrigation treatment without humic acid foliar application, resulting in a 29% decrease in yield compared to the treatment with 100 mm irrigation and 1 g.lit-1 foliar application of humic acid. These findings underscore the significant role of humic acid in enhancing mung bean seed yield compared to scenarios without humic acid application.

In summary, the use of humic acid not only boosts Mung bean yield but also holds the potential to contribute significantly to sustainable agricultural objectives. Furthermore, its application can lead to a reduction in the reliance on chemical fertilizers, thereby mitigating environmental pollution, and the associated lower consumption contributes to cost-effectiveness.

Nitrogen (N) is a key constituent of all living cells and is essential for the growth and development of plants. The phenological stages of growth and development are delayed due to nitrogen deficiency. The results of the research have shown that nitrogen deficiency causes a delay in the emergence of leaves. Increasing nitrogen consumption in terms of positive effect on the leaf area index and its durability creates a strong and sufficient physiological source to supply the necessary materials for the growth of vegetative parts such as stems. Nitrogen fertilizer is one of the important agricultural factors that has significant effects on growth indices, so that with the proper use of this fertilizer, a balanced combination of growth indices can be achieved in plant canopy and increase the grain yield. Due to the fact that most of the growth indices are directly or indirectly dependent on the leaf area index, changing this index by changing the amount of nitrogen consumption is one of the most practical ways to increase yield. Several studies have confirmed the positive effect of nitrogen on increasing the grain yield, the number of seeds per ear and the weight of the seeds in different corn hybrids. N fertilizer is the second largest requirement after water in crop production, and N is the most common yield-limiting nutrient deficiency. This element is absorbed by plants from the soil. Therefore, providing enough usable nitrogen in the soil for optimal plant growth is of particular importance. The low N use of the crop indicates that uptake is inefficient or higher than the plant's requirement. The optimal amount of nitrogen consumption depends on various factors such as water supply in the soil, density and the variety used. For example, increasing the water supply in the soil increases the yield of crops in response to nitrogen consumption, especially if the amount of fertilizer consumption is high. In this research, the relationship between the available water of the corn plant and the amount of nitrogen consumption has been investigated in order to achieve solutions to increase the efficiency of input consumption and reduce costs in different humidity conditions with optimal nitrogen consumption.

Presence of sufficient amounts of nutrients in plant organs results in better grain filling and increased grain weight.
This study was conducted to evaluation effect of different levels of irrigation and iron and zinc chelates on correlation between quantitative and qualitative traits of corn crop under warm and dry climate condition.
This research was carried out via Split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications along 2018-19 year. The treatments included water stress (60, 90 and 120 mm evaporation from class a evaporation pan) as a main plot and iron and zinc chelates (non-spraying, foliar spray of 2 per thousand and 5 per thousand) belonged to subplot.
Result of analysis of variance revealed effect of different level of irrigation regimes and spraying zinc and iron on all studied traits was significant at 1% probability level (instead Seed protein content, was significant at 5% probability level). Also interaction effect of treatment on all studied traits was significant at 1% probability level (instead 1000-seed weight, Seed protein content, Seed zinc content and Seed iron content was not significant). Simple correlation coefficients between traits these coefficients were estimated according to Pearson coefficient. Result showed the most positive and significant correlation between biologic yield (r=0.98**), 1000-seed weight (r=0.83**), number of seed per row (r=0.70**) and seed yield was observed. Also the traits of number of seed per ear (r= 0.59*), seed protein percent (r=-0.52*) had significant correlation with the seed yield at 5 percent probability level.
Generally traits such as of biologic yield, 1000-seed weight, number of seed per row had the most positive-direct effects on Corn seed yield can be proposal to plant breeder to more studied process such as stepwise regression and path analysis.

Application of bio-fertilizers, especially the plant growth promoting bacteria, is most important strategy for the integrated management of the plant nutrition in the sustainable agriculture system with sufficient input.
Current study was conducted to investigation the effect of different rate of combination fertilizer and biological fertilizer and type of application biofertilizer on crop production of Wheat.
This research was carried out via factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications along 2020-2021 year. The treatments included different rate of combination Nitrogen fertilizer and Biofertilizer (Fla Wheat) (a1: 100% nitrogen with nonuse of Fla Wheat as control or N100/F0, a2: 70% Nitrogen with Fla Wheat or N70/F1, a3: 40% Nitrogen with Fla Wheat or N40/F1) and several methods of applying biofertilizer (Fla Wheat) (b1: 100% Seed treatment, b2: 100% by irrigation, b3: 50% seed treatment with 50% by irrigation).
According result of analysis of variance effect of different level of fertilizer combination, method of application fertilizer (instead number of spikelet per spike) and interaction effect of treatments (instead number of spike per m2 and number of spikelet per spike) on all measured traits was significant.
Mean comparison result of different level of fertilizer combination showed that maximum amount of seed yield (7032.1 kg.ha-1), biologic yield (15315 kg.ha-1), Harvest index (45.89%) number of spike per m2 (384.84), number of spikelet per spike, number of seed per spikelet (18.02), number of seed per spike (2.23) and 1000-seed weight (40.26 gr) was noted for N100/F0 and minimum of those belonged to N40/F2 treatment.
As for Duncan classification made with respect to different level of Method of application fertilizer the highest and lowest amount of measured traits was for M3 and M2 treatment.
Generally result of this study revealed to save energy and produce economic yield application 70% Nitrogen with biofertilizer (Fla Wheat) at 50% seed treatment with 50% by irrigation recommended.

Nutrients play a very important role in chemical, biochemical, physiological, metabolic, geochemical, biogeochemical, and enzymatic processes.
This research was done to assess the effect of different concentration and stage of foliar application of Copper on seed yield, yield components and harvest index of Cowpea.
This research was carried out via factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications along 2017 year. The treatments included different concentration of Copper foliar application (a1: none use of copper or control, a2: 150 gr.ha-1, a3: 300 gr.ha-1, a4: 450 gr.ha-1) and Copper foliar application at different growth stage (b1: apply at vegetative stage, b2: beginning of flowering stage, b3: beginning of pod formation). This experiment had 36 plots.
Result of analysis of variance revealed effect of different concentration and growth stage of foliar application of Copper on all measured traits was significant but interaction effect of treatments was not significant (instead number of pod per plant, seed yield and biologic yield). Mean comparison result of different concentration of foliar application of Copper indicated that maximum amount of number of pod per plant (14.83), number of seed per pod (11.96), seed weight (23.65 gr), seed yield (211.61 gr.m-2), biologic yield (509.19 gr.m-2), harvest index (41.55%) was noted for 300 gr.ha-1 Copper (Also it doesn’t have significant difference with 150 gr.ha-1 Copper) and minimum of those belonged to control treatment. As for Duncan classification made with respect to different growth stage of foliar application of Copper the highest amount of number of pod per plant (14.18), number of seed per pod (12.04), seed weight (23.41 gr), seed yield (206.01 gr.m-2), biologic yield (518.75 gr.m-2), harvest index (40.75%) belonged to vegetative stage and lowest ones was for beginning of pod formation.
Finally based on result of current research according economic aspects use of 150 gr.ha-1 of copper foliar application in the vegetative stage at studied region is advised to producers.

In organic agriculture, the main goal is increasing and maintains soil quality with a high biological activity. Also for economic production keep equilibrium between fertilizer and biofertilizer is necessary in sustainable agriculture.
Determine effect of different level of water deficit stress and combined effect of nitrogen fertilizer and vermicompost on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Sorghum crop.
Current study was done via split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with four replications. The main factor consisted water deficit stress at three level (A1: 70, A2: 100 and A3: 130 mm Class A evaporation pan) and combined effect of nitrogen fertilizer and vermicompost at five level (B1: 100% Nitrogen; 100% pure nitrogen equivalent to 200 kg per hectare, B2: 75% Nitrogen+25% Vermicompost, B3: 50% Nitrogen+50% Vermicompost, B4: 25% Nitrogen+75% Vermicompost, B5: 100% Vermicompost) belonged to sub plot.
Result of analysis of variance revealed effect of water deficit stress and combination nitrogen with vermicompost on all studied characteristics was significant but interaction effect of treatments was not significant (instead seed and biologic yield). Assessment mean comparison result indicated in different level of water deficit stress the maximum amount of leaf area index (4.15), number of seed per raceme (25.13), Chlorophyll index (53.04 Spad), Chlorophyll a (2.23 mg.g-1), Chlorophyll b (1.38 mg.g-1), Seed yield (4030.55 kg.ha-1), Biologic yield (1161.52 gr.m-2) and Harvest index (34.52%) was noted for 70 mm evaporation pan class A and minimum of that belonged to 130 mm evaporation pan class A treatment, but Protein percentage had reverse trend. Compare different level of combination nitrogen with vermicompost showed highest and lowest amount of mentioned traits belonged to 75% nitrogen+25% vermicompost and 100% vermicompost treatment.
Generally result of current research proved the treatment of 75% nitrogen+25% vermicompost treatment under 70 mm evaporation pan class A produced highest amount of crop production and it can advised to farmers.

Manure plays an important role in improving physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. Manures contain a low concentration of plant nutrients and they have a slow acting nature, organic manure alone may fail to tend the high nutritional requirements of crops. Organic manures including sheep manure, cattle manure and hen manure may be used for crop production as substitute of chemical fertilizers because the importance of organic manures cannot be overlooked. Organic farming has emerged as an important priority area globally in view of the growing demand for safe and healthy food and long term sustainability and concerns on environmental pollution associated with indiscriminate use of agrochemicals. Though the use of chemical inputs in agriculture is inevitable to meet the growing demand for food in world, there are opportunities in selected crops and niche areas where organic production can be encouraged to tape the domestic export market. Farmyard manure (FYM) is an important organic resource for agricultural production in livestock-based farming systems in the semi-arid regions. FYM refers to the decomposed mixture of dung and urine of farm animals along with their litter and fodder fed to the cattle. FYM is one of the components of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) as it a cheap and easily available source of organic nutrients. Integrating Farmyard Manure with inorganic fertilizer, scientists are getting a very good response to the crop. The application of this source of organic improves the physical, chemical and biological condition of the soils. FYM can supply all the nutrients required by the plant and it is prepared by using cow dung, cow urine, waste straw, and other dairy wastes.

Suitable and useful usage of different kind of fertilizers and biofertilizer is the main way for reformation and potential of soil fertility and increasing of crops yield. This research was carried out to evaluate effect of different level of vermicompost and several amount of cow manure on crop production of Cowpea. The current study was conducted according factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications along 2015 year. The first factor included three level of Vermicompost (V1: nonuse of vermicompost or Control, V2: 2 t.ha-1, V3: 4 t.ha-1) and second factor consisted three level of cow manure (M1: nonuse of cow manure or Control, M2: 10 t.ha-1, M3: 15 t.ha-1). Result of analysis of variance revealed effect of vermicompost, cow manure and interaction effect of treatments on all measured traits (instead harvest index at 5%) was significant at 1% probability level. Mean comparison result of different level of vermicompost indicated that maximum amount of all measured traits was noted for 4 t.ha-1 vermicompost and minimum of those belonged to control treatment. Also as for Duncan classification made with respect to different level of cow manure maximum and minimum amount of all measured characteristics belonged to 15 t.ha-1 and control. Evaluation mean comparison result of interaction effect of treatments indicated maximum amount of seed yield (415.36 gr.m-2), biologic yield (865.6 gr.m-2), number of pod per plant (13), number of seed per pod (14), 100-seed weight (25.3 gr) and harvest index (46.54%) was noted for 4 t.ha-1 vermicompost and 15 t.ha-1 cow manure and lowest ones belonged to control. Finally according results of this study, treatments of 4 t.ha-1 of vermicompost mixed with 15 t.ha-1 of animal manure led to achieve highest amount of seed yield and its components, and can be advised to producers.

Knowing about grain yield issue and its components plays an important role for being successful in evaluative programs. Success in breeding and having fruitful varieties of agricultural products with a higher quality depends on knowledge about genetic grain yield controlling and its relation with seed yield components, also to phonologic traits and forage quality.
This study was conducted to predict the most effective traits on sorghum seed yield according correlation between characteristics in response to apply different interval irrigation round and urea fertilizer.
To investigation the effect of different level of Nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation method on crop production of Sorghum (Speed feed cultivar) a farm research was arranged via split plot experiment based on the randomized complete block design with three replications in 2012. Main plots were included apply three levels of interval between irrigation (I1: 8 day; I2: 12 day; I3: 16 day) and the sub plots consisted three level of urea fertilizer (N1: 200, N2: 300, N3: 400 kg.ha-1).
According result of analysis of variance effect of different level of irrigation regime, urea fertilizer and interaction effect of treatments on all measured traits (instead harvest index) was significant. Simple correlation coefficients between traits were estimated according to Pearson coefficient. The most positive and significant correlation was observed in total dry weight (r=0.91**), fresh forage yield (r=0.85**) and number of seed per panicle (r=0.79**). The traits of Panicle length (0.69*), 1000-seed weight (r=0.67*), number of racemes in panicle (0.64*) number of fertile tiller (r=0.61*) and seed protein content (0.51*) had correlation with the seed yield was significant at 5% probability level.
According to the results of this research, traits of total dry weight, fresh forage yield and number of seed per panicle, had the most positive-direct effects on Sorghum seed yield can be proposal to plant breeder to more studied process such as stepwise regression and path analysis.

Among the environmental stresses soil salinity is a widespread environmental problem that has been found to affect more than 77 million hectares or 5% of the cultivable land of the universe. Potassium has a positive role in plant growth under saline conditions, because this element plays an essential role in photosynthesis, osmo regulatory adaptations of plant to water stress. Current research was carried out to evaluate effect of different level of potassium and salinity stress on quantitative and qualitative traits of Mung bean. This study was conducted according factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications along 2015 year. The treatments included potassium fertilizer (0, 100 and 200 kg.ha-1) from sulphate potassium source and four level of salinity (0, 2, 4 and 6 ds.m-1). Result of analysis of variance showed effect of different level of salinity stress and potassium fertilizer on all studied traits were significant. Evaluation mean comparison result of interaction effect of treatments indicated maximum amount of seed and biologic yield (15.20 and 39.40 gr.plant-1) was noted for control and 200 kg.ha-1 potassium fertilizer and lowest ones (6.86 and 24.60 gr.plant-1) belonged to 6 ds.m-1 salinity stress and control treatment. Increasing salinity level led to decrease measured traits (instead proline concentration) but increasing potassium fertilizer level led to improve seed yield and its components. Application the treatment of 4 ds.m-1 and 100 kg.ha-1 potassium fertilizer was able to prevent the reduction of Mung bean crop production, which was not significantly different from the treatment of 200 kg.ha-1.

Fertilizer management plays an important role for obtaining satisfactory yields and to increase crop productivity. Improve saving water in irrigated agriculture and thereby improving water use efficiency is of paramount importance in water-scarce regions.
This study was conducted to assessment effect of different levels of irrigation regime, nitrogen fertilizer and vermicompost and on seed yield, its components and chlorophyll traits of corn.
This research was carried out to via split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications along 2015 year. The main factor included three level of irrigation regime (Ir1: 60mm evaporation Pan Class A, Ir1: 90mm evaporation Pan Class A, Ir1: 120mm evaporation Pan Class A) and sub factor consisted three level of fertilizer (N1: 100% Urea fertilizer, N2: 50% urea fertilizer + 50% vermicompost, N3: 100% vermicompost).
Result of analysis of variance indicated effect of irrigation regime and nutrition on all studied traits (instead harvest index) was significant, but interaction effect of treatments was not significant. Mean comparison result of different level of irrigation regime revealed that maximum amount of studied traits was noted for Ir1 and minimum of those belonged to Ir3 treatment. Also as for Duncan classification made with respect to different level of nutrition maximum and minimum amount of studied traits belonged to N2 and N1 treatment.
Finally according result of current research Ir1 treatment (60mm evaporation Pan Class A) with apply N2 treatment (50% urea fertilizer + 50% vermicompost) had the highest amount of studied traits and it can be advice to producers in studied region.

Conventional methods for assessing the impacts of climate change on crop production are often unable to account for the impacts of extreme weather events and therefore underestimate the impacts of climate change. Risk assessment allows for the inclusion of inconsistent impact assessment results in the risk assessment framework and thus provides a qualitative or quantitative assessment of possible risks suffered by crops amid climate change. Due to the subjective assumptions on prior distributions (e.g., emission scenarios and climate model performance) and the assumption that variables are independent of one another, conventional risk assessment methods for crop production amid climate change could produce relatively large errors. In this study, a probability function for future weather scenarios is established based on the principle of maximum entropy using future weather scenario data from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In addition, by linking future weather scenarios and winter wheat yields, the risks of winter wheat yield reduction caused by high temperatures as well as the risks of a decrease in rainfall on the North China Plain (NCP) amid climate change are systematically investigated. The results show the following. The risks of winter wheat yield reduction caused by high temperatures will be higher in the north than in the south of the NCP in 2030, 2050 and 2080. In particular, the probabilities of winter wheat yield reduction will be relatively high in central Hebei and northwestern Shandong. In addition, the risks of a decrease in rainfall during the winter wheat season will be higher in the northern NCP than in the southern NCP in 2030, 2050 and 2080. The probabilities of a decrease in rainfall will be relatively high in northern Hebei, Beijing and Tianjin in 2030, and the risks of a decrease in rainfall are gradually increasing. In this study, the principle of maximum entropy is successfully introduced into the field of risk assessments for crop production amid climate change and used to assess the risks to winter wheat production. The method used in this study could enrich the theories and technical methods for assessing crop production risks amid climate change. The results could provide a theoretical basis for developing measures and techniques for adapting winter wheat production to climate change.

Fertilizer management plays an important role for obtaining satisfactory yields and to increase crop productivity. Nitrogen is generally a limiting nutrient in crop production, and especially in sorghum, as it has been said to be the most responsive nutrient for its production.
Current study was conducted to assessment effect of urea fertilizer and cutting height on seed yield, its components and harvest index of Sorghum.
This research was carried out via split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The main factor included three level of urea fertilizer (200, 300 and 400 kg.ha-1) and three level of cutting height (7, 12 and 14 cm) belonged to subfactor.
According result of analysis of variance effect of urea fertilizer and cutting height on all measured traits (instead harvest index) was significant, but interaction effect of treatments on 1000-seed weight, fresh forage yield, harvest index, number of seed per panicle and number of fertile tiller was not significant. Mean comparison result of different level of urea fertilizer indicated that maximum amount of all measured traits belonged to 400 kg.ha-1 treatment. As for Duncan classification made with respect to different level of cutting height the highest amount of studied characteristics was for 7cm treatment. Evaluation mean comparison result of interaction effect of treatments revealed maximum seed yield (693 gr.m-2) was noted for 400 kg.ha-1 urea fertilizer and 7cm cutting height and lowest one (480 gr.m-2) belonged to 200 kg.ha-1 urea and 17cm treatment. Similar result was found for other traits.
According result of current study 400 kg.ha-1 urea fertilizer and 7cm cutting height had the highest amount of studied traits, so it can be advice to producers.

Vertisols occur extensively in centralIndiaand have high production potentials. Because of the high clay content (40-60% or more), high bulk density (1.5-1.8 Mg m-3) and related properties, these soils have high moisture storage capacity. Conversely, these soils become very hard when dry and very sticky when wet. Since last two decades, scientists, farmers and also the policy makers have been striving to manage these soils through harnessing the beneficial attributes as well as overcoming the production constraints. Some of the potential options are efficient surface land configuration and crop diversification. Field experiments were conducted at the Research Farm atBhopalto evaluate the land surface configuration and crop diversification. Results of our experiment on vertisols showed a considerable reduction in run off of water and also soil loss from broadbed and furrow (BBF) compared to flat-on-grade (FOG) during rainy season and at the same time crop productivity was significantly improved in BBF. It enhanced yield of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), maize (Zea mays L.), pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) as sole and as well as intercropping and sole chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) by about 12.7-20.0% over FOG. The yield of crops (soybean, maize and pigeonpea), expressed as soybean equivalent yield, was compared and it showed an improvement in yield from different intercropping systems on BBF. The residual effect of rainy season crops on succeeding chickpea was not significant; however, its yield in two irrigation (one pre-sowing plus one post-sowing) was significantly greater than pre-sowing irrigation only in both land configurations. Water use efficiency (WUE) of chickpea was more under BBF than FOG. The study elucidates the constraints and potentials of vertisol for crop production especially with reference to centralIndiaand effective ways to improve crop productivity through land surface modification and crop diversification.