seed weight

 The great importance of identifying, studying, evaluating, and protecting native ecotypes of medicinal plants as human heritage, collecting agricultural medicinal plants and ecological evaluation of their native ecotypes, and introducing their compatible ecotypes is a necessity for farmers. Considering the few studies in the field of the agricultural role of non-native plants such as Dragon's head in Iran to meet the country's nutritional needs, the present research aims to study and evaluate the performance of local medicinal and multi-purpose plant stands of urban sycamore and also to obtain new scientific materials in the case of these local masses has been done in the research farm of University of Tabriz Faculty of Agriculture. It is necessary to explain that in recent years, due to the crisis of water shortage and drought, this plant is in line with changing the cultivation pattern of the region from plants with high water requirement to plants with low water requirement or dry land has been added to the official cultivation pattern of East Azerbaijan province and is being promoted among the farmers of the region.

 To evaluate and investigate the agronomic characteristics and performance of 49 selected Dragon’s head stands from different regions of the country, an experiment was carried out in the form of a simple 7*7 square lattice design with three replications. A field experiment was carried out at the research station of the Faculty of Agriculture of University of Tabriz, located in building number 2 of the Faculty of Agriculture in Basmanj. According to meteorological maps, the climate of this region is among the steppe and semi-arid climates of the world. In this area, although rain sometimes occurs in the summer season, it generally has a dry season in the summer. The area is located at an altitude of 1360 meters above sea level, with a latitude of 38 degrees and five minutes north and a longitude of 46 degrees and 17 minutes east, and its annual rainfall is 285 millimeters. The average annual temperature is 10 degrees Celsius, the average annual maximum temperature is 16.6 degrees Celsius, and the average annual minimum temperature is 4.2 degrees Celsius.

In the comparison of the average traits, the best ecotypes in terms of yield were the ecotypes of Kolvang local population 10 and 15, Tabriz local population 3 and 4 and Ahar local population 1 respectively, simple correlation analysis, stepwise regression, and causality showed that biomass traits, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds in capsule and weight of 1000 seeds are the most important factors affecting the increase of seed yield. By analyzing it into components, the first four components explained 80.44% of the changes related to primary traits. Ecotypes Kolvang 10, Tabriz 3, and number Tabriz 4 yield 1661, 1464, and 1404 kg ha-1 respectively, and 3848, 4119, and 3848 kg ha-1 respectively. They produced 4581 kg ha-1 of biomass and were superior in most traits related to economic performance.

Taking into account the crisis of Lake Urmia and the lack of water in most regions, especially the Azerbaijan region, the medicinal plant Dragon’s head is one of the few plants that can be placed in the spring cycle in most areas of rainfed and irrigated cultivation and in improving the water balance. Lake Urmia and agriculture in the region can play a positive role. Therefore, the ecotypes of Tabriz native population 3, Kolvanagh native population 10, and Tabriz native population 4, which had more grain yield and were superior in most of the traits related to yield, can be considered the most suitable ecotypes of Dragon’s head for use in water conditions and the air of the region advised the farmers for the next crops.

The practice of growing two or more crops simultaneously in the same field is called intercropping and it is a common feature in traditional farming of small landholders. It provides farmers with a variety of returns from land and labor, often increases the efficiency with which scarce resources are used, and reduces the failure risk of a single crop that is susceptible to environmental and economic fluctuation. There is another important way that without incurring additional costs and use of water and fertilizer could result in higher production. This approach is increasing agricultural production per unit area by growing more than one crop in a year. Intercropping will be successful when competition for sources is less than competition within a species. Plants in the mixture can be chosen in a way that a species benefits from environmental changes caused by other species in mixed cultures directly. Intercropping inhibits the growth and development of weeds and leads to increased production. Since the system will reduce pesticide use, environmental pollution will be also less proportionally. The objective of the present study was to study some traits of chickpea (plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per plant, 100-seed weight, and plant yield,) under application of nitrogen and planting pattern of chickpea and quinoa.

In order to study the effect of nitrogen and intercropping ratios of chickpea and quinoa on some traits of chickpeas, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete Block design (RCBD) was conducted with three replications at Gonbad Kavous University farm during the 2020-2021 growing season. Nitrogen factor was included three levels of non-application and application of 25 and 50 kg N/ha and the treatments of planting pattern were included 9 levels of sole cropping of chickpea, 67 % chickpea + 33 % quinoa, 50% chickpea + 50% quinoa, 33% chickpea + 67% quinoa, 100% chickpea + 33% quinoa, 100% chickpea + 50 % quinoa, 100% chickpea + 67% quinoa, 100% chickpea + 100% quinoa and sole cropping of quinoa. In sole cropping, the distance between the plants on the row for chickpea and quinoa was 10 cm. The operation of harvesting the entire plot was done by removing the border rows and half a meter from both sides of the middle rows. For analysis variance of data software of SAS Ver.9.1.3 was used and treatment mean differences were separated by the least significant difference (LSD) test at the 0.05 probability level.

The results of analysis variance showed that planting pattern and nitrogen had a significant effect on plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant, 100-seed weight, and plant yield chickpea and also plant height, number of seeds per plant, 1000-seed weight, and plant yield quinoa. Plant height in additive intercropping was more than in replacement intercropping but the number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant, 100-seed weight, seed weight per plant, and pods weight per plant in replacement treatments and sole cropping of chickpea was more than additive treatments. Nitrogen application increased all traits. Plant yield of quinoa in replacement intercropping of 33% quinoa instead of chickpea was greater than other treatments. However, the plant yield of chickpea in sole cropping of chickpea and replacement intercropping of 33% quinoa instead of chickpeas with 14.11 and 13.26 respectively, which was greater than other treatments.

Plant height in additive intercropping treatments was more than in replacement intercropping but the number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant, 100-seed weight, plant yield, and plant dry weight in replacement treatments and sole cropping of chickpea was more than additive treatments.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of drought stress and foliar application of Fe and Zn on agronomical characteristics of sunflower

a farm experiment was carried out in the Fars agricultural research center in the split plots form base on a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2014. Irrigation at three levels (irrigation after 60, 120, and 180 mm of evaporation from A class evaporation pan) as the main plots and foliar application at four levels (water, iron sulfate, zinc sulfate, and iron sulfate+ zinc sulfate) were used as sub-plots.

The results showed that the delay in irrigation from 60 to 180 mm of evaporation caused a decrease in the number of seeds per head, grain yield and biological yield by 24.8%, 37.5% and 30%, respectively. The foliar application of iron sulfate + zinc sulfate compared to the control treatment increased the number of seeds per head, 1000-seed weight and grain yield by 24.1%, 16.6 percent and 14.3 percent, respectively. The delay in irrigation, increased the water use efficiency by 50.9%. The interaction between irrigation and foliar application had a significant effect on leaf and grain iron concentration and leaf zinc concentration, so that with delay in irrigation, absorption of nutrients decreased, but foliar application under drought stress conditions increased iron and zinc absorption in sunflower

According to these results, it can be stated that with micronutrient foliar spraying, the severe drop in sunflower yield can be prevented under drought stress conditions

Quinoa, with its high nutritional value, is highly resistant to a wide range of non-biological stresses. Despite the limited resources and the increasing demand for food products in lands with low or limited fertility, it can be cultivated well and produces a good product.

This experiment was conducted with the aim of investigating the simultaneous effect of drought stress and heavy metals on the quinoa plant, in a factorial format in a completely randomized design with 3 replications. The first component involved two levels of soil (contaminated and uncontaminated), and the second factor, three levels of drought stress (100% of field capacity 60% of field capacity, and 30% of field capacity).

Interaction effect of soil type and drought stress was significant on all traits except the fresh weight of shoot and plant height. The lowest amount of fresh and dry weight of roots, dry weight of shoot and weight of thousand seeds was observed in contaminated soil with severe drought stress. Nevertheless, the weight of 1000 quinoa seeds under the influence of moderate drought stress was not significantly different from the condition without drought stress. Examining the simple effects showed that soil contamination with heavy metals caused a decrease of 13.7% in fresh weight of shoot and 30.5% decrease in dry weight of shoot compared to plants grown in uncontaminated soil.

In general, it can be stated that the increase in drought stress has significantly reduced root fresh weight and 1000 seed weight in quinoa, but the percentage and ratio of this reduction in soil contaminated with heavy metals was much higher than that of non-contaminated soil. According to the results of this research, the cultivation of quinoa can be investigated as a promising plant in soils with similar limitations.

Five varieties of Phalaenopsis (Nottingham, Dubrovnik, Andorra, Memphis, Bucharest) were self-pollinated and crossed with each either as the male or the female parents. The five self-pollination and 20 cross-pollination states were evaluated for six phenological and morphological characteristics. Pollination was performed using an orchid pollination syringe in a greenhouse with a temperature of 20-27 ◦C, the humidity of 80% and light of 2500 lx during the 2018-2019 growing season. Nottingham under self-pollination conditions was better than other varieties and was superior to all crosses for all traits under investigation. The differences among males, females and their crosses were significant for all traits, except the time to the first pollination signs in which the effect of the female factor was not significant. In general, Nottingham was the superior variety in almost all traits and Dubrovnik was the worst variety in most traits either as male or female parents. Cross-pollination also had different outcomes in different traits. For example, for the time until swelling of the capsule, crosses Memphis × Nottingham and Nottingham × Memphis caused the capsule to fill later than the Nottingham parent. The cross Dubrovnik × Nottingham caused the capsule to fill earlier than the Dubrovnik parent. In the Dubrovnik × Nottingham cross, the weight of seeds per capsule, as an important trait, was higher than the Dubrovnik parent under self-fertilization conditions. Also, the cross-pollination was not suitable for increasing the weight of seeds per capsule in the Nottingham × Andorra cross. As an example for the capsule length, the Nottingham × Bucharest cross had smaller capsules than the self-pollination conditions of Nottingham and Bucharest. Therefore, depending on the importance of the traits under consideration in commercial production, cross-pollination can be used as a method, in addition to producing flowers with colors and shapes different from the parents, for improving the desired traits relative to one parent or both parents in self-pollination conditions.

In order to determine the critical nitrogen concentration of canola leaf and studying the correlation of yield and yield components of this plant with leaf nitrogen concentration, 35 farms were managed in the same way of Varamin plain and in the dominant soil serie (Varamin), were selected during 2016. Leaf samples were pick up from these farms at flowering stage and were prepared for analysis. In harvest season, all 35 fields were harvested and the mean grain yield was determined. The critical nitrogen concentration in dry leaves was determined at 3% by using Kate and Nelson's graphical method, for 90% relative yield. There was a significant correlation between the content of canola leaf nitrogen as independent variable (X) with other traits, including grain yield and yield components as dependent variables (Y) at the 35 studied farms. The results of the studies showed that canola seed yield was affected by leaf nitrogen content. The content of nitrogen in canola leaves was significantly correlated with grain yield. This correlation was followed by a quadratic function with a coefficient of explanation of 0.97. Relative yield of canola seed increased only to 4.36% nitrogen concentration of leaves, and since then, the increase in leaf nitrogen did not affect grain yield.

Population growth and low protein content of cereals has attracted the attention of peoples to pulse crops. Pulses has important role in contributing to food and nutritional security and replenishing soil nutrients having a huge potential in addressing needs like future global food security, nutrition and environmental sustainability needs. These plants can fix nitrogen in their roots and are effectiveness in soil fertility. After harvesting of these plants, large amounts of nitrogen will be added to the soil that next plant can use them. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an annual plant with indeterminate growth habit. It is one of the most important food legumes. Generally, legumes are highly sensitive to water deficit stress in flowering stage. In different crops as well as chickpea, differential genotypic response to drought stress as a result of variation in physiological parameters has been reported. Drought stress is the most important challenges in production of chickpea in Golestan province. On time using of water in the most sensitive stage of plant growth will result in higher production of seeds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen and supplemental irrigation on some quantity and quality traits of Adel chickpea cultivar in Gonbad Kavous conditions.
 

 In order to study the effects of nitrogen and supplemental irrigation on quality and quantity of Adel variety of chickpea, an experiment as factorial based on RCBD in three replications was carried out in farm of Gonbad Kavous University in 2015-2016. Two factors was nitrogen in 3 levels of none consumption, consumption of 25 and 50 Kg nitrogen/ha and supplemental irrigation in 3 levels of none irrigation, irrigation in flowering stage and irrigation in flowering+seed filling stage. Traits that were measured included number of lateral branch, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, 100-seed weight, plant dry weight, seeds weight per plant, harvest index, grain yield, protein percent and protein yield. Seed planting was done during the third week of December 2015. Row spacing was 25 cm. 50% of urea was applied during sowing and the rest was side banded when the chickpea plants were at seed filling stage. Weed control was performed manually. Harvesting date was first week of June. Data were analyzed by using of SAS Ver. 9.1 software. For comparison of means, LSD at level of 5% was used.
 

The results showed that effects of nitrogen and supplemental irrigation on all traits except 100-seed weight and protein content were significant. Number of pods per plant in the treatment of 50 and 25 Kg N/ha with 29.36 and 27.76 were more than treatment of non consumption of nitrogen with 21.13. Irrigation in flowering and seed filling stages produced the maximum of pods per plant that was not significantly different from irrigation at flowering stage. The maximum grain yield was obtained from consumption of 50 Kg N/ha with 3287 Kg/ha. Seed yield in none application of nitrogen was 2243 Kg/ha. The maximum grain yield was obtained from treatment of irrigation in flowering and seed filling stage with 3218 Kg/ha. The maximum and minimum protein yield belonged to consumption of 50 Kg N/ha and non consumption of nitrogen, respectively. The maximum protein yield with 743 Kg/ha belonged to treatment of irrigation in flowering and seed filling stages and the minimum protein yield with 581 Kg/ha was obtained from non irrigation treatment.
 

Based on this experiment results, nitrogen and supplemental irrigation was affected all traits except 100-seed weight and protein percent. The maximum amounts of traits were obtained from consumption of 50 and then 25 Kg N/ha. Irrigation in flowering and seed filling stages produced maximum seed yield that has not significant different with irrigation in flowering stage. In general, it seems that for suitable production of chickpea, it is necessary to irrigate it for two times and applicate 25 Kg N /ha

Using organic fertilizers to replace or considerably reduce the use of chemical fertilizers leads to an increase in the quality and performance of the sustainable production of crops. A field experiment based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replications was carried out to compare application of vermicompost, urea and their combinations in Agricultural Education and Medicinal Plant Research Center of Isfahan province during 2016. Five levels of fertilizers: control, 100% vermicompost (3429 kg ha-1), 66.6% vermicompost + 33.3% urea (86.86 kg ha-1 urea + 2283.71 kg ha-1 vermicompost), 66.6% urea + 33.3% vermicompost (173.73 kg ha-1 urea + 1141.85 kg ha-1 vermicompost) and 100% urea (260.86 kg ha-1) were used in two cultivars of dill (Varamin and Isfahani). The results indicated that 66.6% and 33.3% urea vermicompost increased the number of umbel (13.6 %), 1000-seed weight (19.3 %), plant dry weight (21.9 %), grain yield (33.4 %), harvest index (18.5%) and essential oil yield (27.5%) compared to the control treatment. Furthermore, the highest percentages of essential oil percentage (0.80%), d-Carvone (91.49%) and linalool (2.61%) were obtained related to 100% vermicompost. Therefore, using integrated chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer application without significant decline in yield quantity and quality, could be decreased consume chemical fertilizer and its impacts on environment.

In order to unravel the potential mitigating effects of seed priming on salt-stressed chickpea (Cicer arietinum), a
4-replicate factorial out-door completely random design pot experiment was conducted on Arman cultivar of chickpea at the research field of the Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan (Latitude of 32° 38' North, Longitude of 51° 39' East, and an Altitude of 1620 m above sea level), Iran. Irrigation water salinity at four levels (0, 25, 50, and 75 mM NaCl) and seed priming at four levels, including control (non-priming), priming with mannitol (5%), NaCl (0.5%) and KCl (0.5%) were tested. Na+ and K+ concentrations and Na+/K+ were increased, but Ca+2 concentration, days to physiological maturity, seed yield, fertile pods/plant, seeds/pod, above-ground dry mass, and harvest index were decreased with aggravation of salinity. Chickpea seed priming by NaCl and KCl led to increase in yield components and hence seed yield of the salt-stricken plants, compared to non-primed and mannitol-primed plants due, seemingly, to decrease in tissue Na+ concentration. Albeit, priming-associated modifications in Na+ and Ca+2 concentrations, fertile pods/plant, seeds/pod, seed yield, and harvest index varied with the level of salinity. In contrary to the non-primed chickpea, plants receiving priming were able to produce fertile pods, due perhaps to the mitigative effects of the priming on salt-stricken plants. All results, taken together, confirm that the salt-sensitive legume chickpea may be harmed by 50 mM salinity of irrigation water but seed priming by NaCl and KCl may suppress the harmful effects.

Introduction Drought is the biggest factor limiting the production of agricultural products. One of the effective strategies for stress modification is the production and introduction of high yielding and drought tolerant cultivars in combination with low water management methods. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) is promising due to spring and autumn types and deep roots as a plant resistant to salinity stress and drought stress. The balanced and optimal nutrition of different types of fertilizers, especially micronutrient fertilizers, which have low absorption potential in soil, can be effective in achieving a quality product and balancing environmental and non-living stresses. One of these micronutrient elements is zinc. Irrigation method and suitable planting method depending on the weather conditions in each region are important components for suitable establishment and high yield. With regard to the special conditions of soil and water due to limitations in humidity, low soil organic matter and high soil pH, use of maximum capacity of new plants such as safflower in the field cultivation pattern by applying the correct methods of agricultural management is inevitable. Therefore, with the aim of increasing the productivity, experimental comparing the method of planting and soluble zinc Nano chelate on grain yield and water use efficiency and some agricultural characteristics of safflower under drought stress. Materials and methods In order to evaluation of yield, water productivity and some crop characteristics of safflower in different planting methods with Zn Nano chelate spraying under drought stress a split split- A completely randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Station of Sistan in 2016-2017. Experimental factors including planting method in two levels (Flat and Furrow) as the main factor, irrigation regime at three levels (irrigation after 45% (control), 65% and 85% of admissible moisture depletion) as subsidiary factor, spraying of zinc Nano chalat in three levels (non spraying zinc, 0.5 and 1 g / liter spraying) as sub-subfactor. The irrigation time was determined according to the soil moisture curve using the Trim model of humidity (1TDR). At the end of the growing season, after leaving side effect from the start and end, 5 plants of the 2 middle rows of each plot were randomly selected and plant height and number of heads per plant were determined and by selecting head 10 random samples of each plot has also calculated the number of seeds per head. Seed 1000 weight was determined with a gravity of 0.01 g. In order to determine the grain yield with respect to the marginal effect, an area equal to 1.6 M2 (square meters) harvested. Water productivity was also calculated by dividing the grain yield per hectare into water consumption per hectare. Data were analyzed using MSTAT-C software and the mean comparison was performed based on Duncan multi-domain test at 5% probability level. Results The irrigation regime and spraying of zinc Nan ochelat was significantly affected by morphological traits, yield, yield components and water use efficiency. number of heads per plant, 1000- seed weight, grain yield and Water use efficiency was under the influence by the planting method. According to the mean comparisons, less irrigation significantly reduced and spraying of Zn Nano chelat increased the studied traits. Grain yield in Flat method increased 29% compared to Furrow method. Irrigation after 45% moisture depletion compared to irrigation after 85% moisture depletion of 61 percent increased grain yield but water use efficiency reduction by 11.5%. The spraying of zinc Nan ochelat with a concentration of 1 g / lit compared to non-spraying grain yield increased by 36 percent and increased water use efficiency by 37% and oil percentage by 12%. Conclusion Grain yield in flat planting method increased compared to furrow planting method. Irrigation after 45 percent moisture depletion compared to irrigation after 85 percent moisture depletion of increased grain yield but water productivity reduction. The spraying of Zinc Nano chelate compared to non-spraying increased grain yield and water productivity. According to the results of flat planting method with spraying of Nano chelate on 1 g. Li-1 under drought stress conditions, it can compensate and eliminate the stress-induced damage for economic production of safflower in Sistan weather conditions.