Salicylic acid

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is one of the plants of the mint family, it has many uses as fresh food and medicinal uses. Water is one of the most important factors in the production of plants, and its limitation in Iran, especially in recent years, is the main factor that reduces the yield of plants. In order to investigate the evaluation of antioxidant enzymes activity, proline content and Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) essential oil yield under leaf foliar application of salicylic acid in drought stress conditions, an experiment was conducted in the form of split plots based on randomized complete block design in 3 replications in a private farm located in Mahdasht area of Karaj city in 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 crop years. Irrigation regimes in 4 levels: I1: 100%, I2: 80%, I3: 60% and: I4: 40%. The volume of water required in the main plots and salicylic acid in 5 levels: SA1: No application (spraying solution with water net as control), SA2: foliar spraying with a concentration of 50 μM, SA3: 100 μM, SA4: μM and SA5: 200 μM were placed in the subplots. The results showed that the amount of amino acid proline and the activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutar and ascorbate peroxidase increased with increasing drought stress. Also, salicylic acid foliar application, by increasing proline as an osmolyte and increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, moderated the drought stress and maintained yield to a large extent. The highest yield of essential oil from the treatment of 100% water requirement with the use of 200 µM salicylic acid is 11.982 kg/ha) and in humidity conditions of 40%, 60% and 80% of the water requirement of the plant with the use of 200 µM salicylic acid, respectively, at the rate of 11.730, 11.287 and 10.329 kg/ha were obtained. A significant increase in the performance of essential oil was observed in this study by increasing the consumption of salicylic acid from zero to 200 μM. Finally, due to the adverse effect of drought stress on the growth and production of basil plant, it is recommended to use a concentration of 200 μM salicylic acid to moderate drought stress and improve yield.

In many arid and semi-arid regions of the world, including Iran, soil salinization is considered an important obstacle to optimizing the use of agricultural lands. Salinity stress affects the main plant processes, including photosynthesis and the production of photosynthetic process, and with negative effects on these processes, it causes a decrease in plant production. Salicylic acid plays an important role in regulating plant growth, development, ripening and plant defense responses. Application of appropriate concentration of salicylic acid increases tolerance to abiotic stresses, thus not only reducing the destructive effects of stress but also increasing tolerance to biotic stress. However, the concentration of salicylic acid used and its method of application, including foliar spraying, depend on the plant species, and therefore contradictory results can be reported. One of the management strategies for improving the conditions of saline soils is the use of organic amendments, including biochar. In most of the studies, it has been stated that biochar increases the availability of micro and macronutrient elements (directly) and improves physical, chemical and biological characteristics such as increasing cation exchange capacity, dispersion, improving soil structure (indirectly), so increasing microbial biomass and improving soil fertility cased to increasing growth.

The experiment was carried out factorial experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design with four replications. Factors include biochar in four levels (control without biochar, simple biochar 2.5% by weight in soil and biochar 25% modified with phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid by weight in soil) and salicylic acid foliar spraying in three levels (control, 0.5 and 1 mM) and soil at three levels (normal soil as a control, saline soil at two levels of 4 and 8 dS m-1). Salinity treatment was applied in two stages of planting, at the same time as the first irrigation and when the seedlings were fully established in the soil. To prepare modified biochar, 10 grams of biochar were added with 200 ml of phosphoric acid and one molar sulfuric acid. Foliar spraying with salicylic acid was done based on the determined levels, in two phases, early and late flowering. The desired traits were selected by choosing the number of plants randomly after applying the treatments, and the samples were weighed to evaluate the dry weight after drying in the oven.

The results of variance analysis showed that the highest plant height in the first and second year of the experiment was obtained from the treatment of 0.5 and 1 millimolar salicylic acid, respectively, combined with the application of simple biochar of 2.5% by weight in the condition of no soil salinity stress. The application of 0.5 mM salicylic acid with biochar modified with phosphoric acid caused the highest number of leaves per plant in the absence of salinity. With increasing soil salinity concentration, the dry weight of bean plants decreased significantly. The application of biochar, especially simple biochar of 2.5% by weight, reduced the negative effects of salinity on these traits. In high soil salinity, the application of salicylic acid, especially combined with the application of simple biochar, improved the grain in the pod. The application of biochar modified with sulfuric acid in all treatments resulted in a significant decrease in grain yield; however, salicylic acid at different levels of salinity combined with the application of simple biochar showed a significant positive effect on grain yield. The highest level of salicylic acid with biochar modified with sulfuric acid showed negative results at different salinity levels on the number of root nodules and root dry weight.

By increase of soil salinity, the dry weight of bean plant decreased significantly, although at high concentrations with the application of biochar, especially simple biochar of 2.5% by weight, the negative effect of salinity on the plant weight decreased to some extent. The application of different levels of biochar in extreme salinity conditions not only did not improve the condition of this trait, but also caused a decrease in this trait compared to the absence of biochar application. Biochar, especially simple biochar, had a positive effect on increasing the number of pods in the plant in conditions of no salinity or moderate salinity. It was concluded that the positive and significant effects of different levels of salicylic acid on the morphological characteristics of the root, including its length, volume and weight, were particularly evident in high soil salinity stress.

In comparison to sensitive genotypes,  resistant genotypes have more  Stoma closing in stressful conditions. Stress leads to decrease in level, diameter and Stoma in order to improvement of water consumption efficiency and transpiration which also leads to photosynthesis reduction and seed performance, these features have significant and positive correlation with seed performance. Dry weight (DWH) is the key factor that determines the harvest index, which is closely related to the tank capacity. Spraying auxin solution by affecting the cell division and enlargement of endosperm cells or controlling the important growth material towards the destination. and destination capacity are involved, which ultimately leads to increased performance. Auxin hormone is known as a hormone to increase cell elongation, which can ultimately lead to increased performance.

This study was performed using split-split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Khuzestan province with the aim of determining the best planting pattern and hormone treatment of rice in two cropping years (2018 and 2019). Three planting methods (dry planting, seedlings planting, direct or common planting), 16 different levels of auxin and salicylic acid hormones in the form of seed priming and different leaf spray treatments with 1 and 2 liters per hectare and different spraying times at the tillering stage and the appearance of panicle were applied to different rice genotypes.

The results of combined analysis showed that except for the interactions of the stomatal surface in other cases, the main effects and the interaction of the traits, there is a significant difference in the probability level of one percent. The highest number of stomata was obtained in arid cultivation method and dollar genotype and the highest number and diameter of stomata in submerged cultivation method and red hat genotype were obtained due to the inverse relationship between traits. Among the hormonal treatments, we saw the highest amount of these traits in priming with auxin and salicylic acid due to the optimal compatibility from the earliest stage of growth. The obtained results can be one of the main goals in breeding research and breeding of cultivars with higher resistance to salinity conditions under the in fluence of different hormonal treatments and planting patterns.

In general, Daniel cultivar had the highest grain yield with an average of 7178.50 kg / ha in seedling culture method with hormonal treatment of priming with auxin and salicylic acid.

The environmental factors cause changes in the growth, quantity, and quality of active substances (such as alkaloids, glycosides, steroids and volatile oils) in the medicinal and aromatic plants. Among environmental stresses, water deficit stress plays an important role in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in medicinal and aromatic plants in arid and semi-arid regions like Iran. Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. commonly known as Badrandjboie-Dennaie and Zarrin-Giah called in Farsi, belongs to the family Lamiaceae, is one of the endangered endemic species in Iran. The main compounds of the essential oil from D.kotachyi are Monoterpene hydrocarbons category (alpha-pinene, gamma-terpinene, neral, geranial, nerol, geraniol, limonene, carvacrol and thymol), Oxygenated monoterpenes category (alpha-campholene aldehyde), Sesquiterpenes (caryophyllene) and geranyl acetate from Acetates of carboxylic acids category. The extreme harvesting, limited distribution, and no commercial farming of D.kotachyi has led to the danger of its extinction which is one of the most important challenges. Therefore, this study was done to evaluate the elicitors (organic and alcoholic) on the morpho-physiological characters and essential oil quantity and quality of D.kotschyi to determine and introduce the best elicitor.

This investigation was done in biennial research  from spring (May) 2022 to fall (September) 2023 at the Research Farm of Islamic Azad University Branch of Shahrekord, Iran (latitude. 32°20′ N, longitude. 50°51′ E, altitude. 2061 m). Based on the Köppen climate classification, the climate of the area of study is classified as cold and semiarid. Seeds of D.kotschyi Boiss. (Lamiaceae) were obtained from Forest and Rangeland Institute, Iran. Firstly, the seeds were sterilized and sown on May 2022 and 2023 under greenhouse condition (250C, light 12/12 day/night, 65% RH). After about 45-50 days from sowing, when the seedlings had 4-6 true leaves with 8-10 cm tall, were transplanted in the experimental field on 20 May.The present study was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications to investigate the effect of foliar application of different elicitors of organic [chitosan (0.25 and 0.5 gr.l-1, salicylic acid (1.5 and 3 mM), phenylalanine (1000 and 2000 mg.l-1)] and alcoholic [(ethanol (10% and 20%), methanol (10% and 20%), acetone (10% and 20%)] and control level (without any spraying) on the morpho-physiological characters and essential oil quantity and quality of D.kotschyi  In each year, treatments were applied in stage of V4-V8 and the sampling was performed in flowering stage. The essential oils were extracted by hydro-distillation and analyzed using GC/MS and GC-FID.

According to obtained results, applied organic and alcoholic elicitors significantly (α=1% and 5%) influenced the morpho-physiological characters and essential oil content/composition of D.kotschyi, however the assayed traits showed slightly variation during the studied years. In two years, the highest shoot dry matter (140.3-145.1 g.plant-1) and chlorophyll content (2.51-2.55 mg.g-1 DW) was obtained in salicylic acid (3 mM) and phenyl alanine (1000 mg.l-1) treatments respectively. In most of measured characters, plants treated with salicylic acid (3 mM), phenyl alanine (1000 mg.l-1) and ethanol (20 %) were in the same group. Amounts of some characters in plants treated with methanol and acetone lesser than control plants. The main constituents of essential oil were Neral, Alpha-Pinene, Limonene, Geranial and Geraniol (alcoholic monoterpenes) that made the most components of essential oil plants. The organic elicitors effect especially salicylic acid on increasing the total phenol content was higher than the alcoholic ones. Applied elicitors showed significant effects on essential oil content and composition of D.kotschyi and the highest essential oil content (1.12-1.18 %) was obtained from the treated plants by salicylic acid (3 mM). According to the biennial results of the chemical analysis of the essential oils from D. kotschyi by GC/MS and GC-FID, the most important chemical compounds that determine the quality of D. kotschyi essential oil including α-pinene (21.32-29.22%), geranial (8.34-15.78%), neral (6.43-13.1%), limonene (4.33-8.76%), geraniol (1.08-2.71%), geranyl acetate (4.11-8.91%), α-campholene aldehyde (1.32-3.77%) were identified. α-Pinene belonging to monoterpene hydrocarbons was the predominant constituent of the D. kotschyi. The most correlation indices were obtained between essential oil content with shoot dry matter and alpha-pinene.

Foliar application of salicylic acid and phenyl alanine significantly increased the monoterpene alcohols compounds in essential oils of D.kotschyi so that the content of these compounds in treated plants by organic elicitors 58% was more than the control plants. Finally, the application of salicylic acid at 3 mM can be a good strategy to improve morpho-physiological characters and essential oil quantity and quality of D.kotschyi in cold and semi-arid climates.

In order to investigate the herbicides sulfosulfuron and mesosulfuron methyl + iodosulfuron methyl-sodium in pure form and together with salicylic acid in the control of weeds, yield and yield components of wheat, a study was carried out in 2021 in the research farm of Lorestan University. The experiment was carried out factorially based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in three replications. The first factor included the application of the recommended dose and 50% of each of sulfosulfuron (Apirus, 75% WG) and mesosulfuron methyl + iodosulfuron methyl-sodium (Atlantis, 1.2% OD) herbicides. The second factor was foliar spraying of salicylic acid in combination with herbicide treatments. The results showed that the lowest density (0.2) and dry weight (0.4242) was related to Asperugo procumbens L. Also, the reduction of dry weight of weeds and the highest number of seeds per spike, height, number of spikes per square meter, seed yield and chlorophyll (a and b) were obtained from the application of (Apirus + Atlantis with salicylic acid). Based on the obtained results, it is recommended to use salicylic acid along with herbicides to increase wheat yield and reduce weeds.

Basil with numerous medicinal characteristics is one of the most important plants of the mint family (Lamiaceae). Among the factors affecting the growth and development and the production of effective substances of medicinal and aromatic plants is water, which is more effective than other institutions for reduction. Research has shown that salicylic acid makes plants resistant to environmental stresses. Therefore, in order to investigate the effect of foliar spraying of salicylic acid on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of basil plants under the influence of drought stress, an experiment was conducted in the form of split plots based on randomized complete block design in 3 replications in a private farm located in Mahdasht area of Karaj city in 1394-1395 and 1395-1396. Irrigation in 4 levels: I1: 100%, I2: 80%, I3: 60% and I4: 40%. The volume of water required in the main plots and salicylic acid in 5 levels: S1: No application (spraying solution with water net as control), S2: foliar spraying with a concentration of 50 μM, S3: 100 μM, S4: μM and S5: 200 μM were placed in the subplots. The results showed that the water deficit caused a decrease in the number of spikes per plant, the number of hazelnuts per plant, the number of seeds per hazelnut and the 100-seed weight, and the use of salicylic acid increased the number of spikes, the number of hazelnuts per plant and 100-seed weight. Under the influence of water deficit, biological and seed yield decreased and with increasing concentration of salicylic acid, biological and seed yield increased significantly. By increasing the concentration of salicylic acid in all humidity regimes, biological and seed yield also showed a significant increase. Also, the response of basil plant to salicylic acid under drought stress conditions was very significant compared to the conditions of supplying 100% of the plant's water needs (full irrigation). Finally, due to the adverse effect of drought stress on the growth and production of basil plant, it seems necessary to use salicylic acid to moderate drought stress.

In order to investigate the effect of foliar spraying of salicylic acid on some traits and dry matter performance of basil plants under the influence of water limitation, an experiment was conducted in the form of split plots based on randomized complete block design in 3 replications in a private farm located in Mahdasht area of Karaj city in 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 crop years. Irrigation in 4 levels: I1: 100%, I2: 80%, I3: 60% and: I4: 40%. The volume of water required in the main plots and salicylic acid in 5 levels: S1: No application (spraying solution with water net as control), S2: foliar spraying with a concentration of 50 μM, S3: 100 μM, S4: μM and S5: 200 μM were placed in the subplots. The results showed that the simple effects of drought stress and salicylic acid on the traits of stem diameter, inflorescence length, total chlorophyll, carotenoid and plant dry weight at 50% of flowering are significant at 1% level and the interaction effect of these two factors is also significant except for stem diameter. It was significant at 1% level on all studied traits. In general, salicylic acid increased stem diameter, inflorescence length, total chlorophyll and carotenoid, and with more water limitation, salicylic acid showed more positive effects in increasing the mentioned traits. With the increase in concentration of salicylic acid in all drought stress treatments, the dry weight of the bush showed a significant increase. The maximum dry weight of the bush was 3144.88, 3105.45 and 3045.67 kg per hectare related to the concentration of 200, 150 and 100 μM salicylic acid under the conditions of 100% water requirement. The highest dry weight of the bush in severe drought stress (40% water requirement), severe stress (60% water requirement) and mild drought stress (80% water requirement) belongs to the dose of 200 µmol/l salicylic acid, respectively, at the rate of 1596.45, 2033/2033 and 2327/36 kg per hectare. Our study showed that foliar spraying with salicylic acid is more effective in increasing the dry weight of the plant under water-limited conditions. According to the obtained results, it is recommended to use salicylic acid for the production of basil plants in order to adjust the drought stress in climatically semi-arid areas such as Karaj.

Using compounds such as salicylic acid as a plant growth regulator that can help plants against environmental stress is one of the most important and innovative strategies in agricultural science. Also, today, the planting of cover plants in order to reduce the use of herbicides has received a lot of attention. Therefore, cover plants are one of the effective tools in non-chemical management of weeds in sustainable agriculture. Sesame with the scientific name Sesamum indicum from the Pedaliaceae family is one of the oldest oil seeds that mankind has known and used. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of foliar spraying of sugar alcohols and salicylic acid and types of living mulch on the quantitative and qualitative yield of sesame. Based on this, a factorial field research was carried out in the form of a basic design of randomized complete blocks with three replications in the year 1400 in Sosangerd. In this experiment, the main factor of foliar spraying of anti-stress substances with four levels (sorbitol (concentration 6%), mannitol (concentration 6%) and salicylic acid (concentration 0.08 mM) and non-use (control) was considered as the first factor. And the secondary factor of cover plants included: cowpea, mung bean, purslane and no cover plant (control). The results showed that the effect of foliar spraying and cover plants and their interaction on morphological traits, yield and yield components at the level of 1% significance Dar. The highest amount of investigated traits was observed in the conditions of foliar spraying with salicylic acid, and in the control treatment (without use), the amount of these traits reached their minimum. Among the investigated plants, bean and mung bean plants had the highest yield. This The plants had higher number of capsules, number of seeds per capsule, weight of 1000 seeds, oil percentage, oil yield, seed yield, biological yield and protein percentage. The results of the interaction showed that the most investigated traits were under the conditions of foliar spraying with salicylic. The acid was applied to beans and mung bean and in the conditions of foliar spraying with sorbitol and mannitol to beans.

In order to improve seed germination under environmental stress conditions such as salinity, one of the solutions is to use seed priming. Despite this advantage of priming, the longevity of primed seeds usually decreases and it has been observed that using post-priming treatments such as heat shock can improve the longevity of primed seeds. This research investigates the effect of seed priming with salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, and brassinosteroid under salinity stress and the effect of heat shock after priming on improving the longevity of primed seeds.

The effect of seed priming with hormonal substances such as methyl jasmonate at three concentrations of 1, 100, and 1000 micromolar and brassinosteroid at three concentrations of 25, 75, and 100 mg/liter on increasing the seed germination traits of Suaeda fruticosa was investigated under salinity stress during separate experiments. In both studied hormones, priming temperatures of 5, 10, and 15°C were used for 1 and 2 days. Hormonal seed priming with salicylic acid at a concentration of 25 mg L-1 for 2 days at 10°C -obtained from the previous results (unpublished)- was used for comparison with those of the studied treatments. To determine the most suitable accelerated aging stress for evaluating and determining the best heat shock treatment, the accelerated aging test of seeds was carried out for two, four, six, eight, and ten days. In this research, to improve the longevity of primed seeds, they were exposed to heat shock treatment at temperatures of 30, 35, and 40°C for 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours after seed priming.

Both seed priming treatments with methyl jasmonate and brassinosteroid significantly increased all the tested germination traits compared to the control (without priming). This increase in traits such as germination percentage, vigor index, and seedling length in seed priming with methyl jasmonate was 46.4%, 67%, and 41%, respectively, and in the case of priming with brassinosteroid was 32%, 44%, and 38%, respectively. Also, in this research, the heat shock treatment at 40°C for four hours after priming had a significant and positive effect on seed germination. Application of the mentioned treatment increased germination by 60% at the end of the aging period compared with the control (without the application of heat shock).

Despite the significant increase in germination percentage by each of the hormonal substances like methyl jasmonate and brassinosteroid, the comparison of the best treatment combination of these substances with salicylic acid showed that seed priming with 25 mg L-1  of salicylic acid for two days at 10°C caused a significant increase in the percentage of germination under salinity stress. Also, the heat-shock post-priming treatment significantly improved the longevity of primed seeds.

Pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is being sown in Iran from April to July. To investigate the effect of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and Bacillus velezensis bacteria on pinto bean yield and yield component, an experiment was conducted as a split-split plots experiment in a randomized complete block design with four replicates in the research farm of the college of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran in 2021 on separate planting dates (mid May and late June). The treatments included two irrigation levels (irrigation 70% and 100% of the plant's water requirement) as the main plot, foliar spraying (ASA hormone at 0.5 mM level and control) as a secondary plot and inoculation with Bacillus velezensis bacteria and no inoculation as a secondary subplot. Results of the analysis of variance showed that the interactions of sowing date, irrigation, foliar spraying, and inoculation with bacteria on the traits measured in pinto beans was significant. The maximum plant height (154 cm), number of sub-branches (7), leaf area index (7.3), seed yield (3045 kg/ha), and harvest index (43%), 100 seed weight (37 g), pod number (24) were obtained in mid-May planting date, along with salicylic acid foliar spraying and bacterial inoculation without water stress. The highest biological yield (7997 kg/ha) was obtained under water deficit stress (70% of plant water requirement) and foliar spraying with ASA hormone and inoculation with bacteria, in late June sowing date. Overall, hormone spraying and inoculation with bacteria improved the yield characteristics of pinto bean under drought-stress conditions in both sowing dates.

This research was conducted as factorial layout in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research fields of Baye-Kala Agricultural Research Station (BARS) at Neka city in 2021-2022. The treatments included four levels of salicylic acid (1, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mM) and four levels of titanium oxide nanoparticle (0, 100, 200, and 300 ppm) which used as foliar at vegetative growth. The mean comparison of the simple effect of treatments showed that the grain yield and plant dry weight were increased by increasing the concentration of titanium nanoparticles and salicylic acid. At 300 ppm titanium nanoparticles and 1.5 mM salicylic acid, the highest grain yield and plant dry weight were 0.24 kg/ha and 0.26 kg/ha. The grain yield and plant dry weight were increased 46% and 37%, respectively using 300 ppm titanium nanoparticle. In addition, the enhancement of 66% and 72% of grain yield and plant dry weight, respectively were obtained by application of 1.5 mM salicylic acid. The highest amount of chlorophyll a, b and total (0.447, 2.173, 2.620 mg/g of fresh tissue), flavonoid (22.22 mg/g of fresh tissue), catalase and peroxidase (2.33 and 4.12 absorption units per microgram of protein per minute and soluble sugar (162.04 mg/g of fresh tissue was related to the treatment of 300 ppm titanium nanoparticles and 1.5 mM salicylic acid. Based on the obtained result, the effect of two elicitors used caused increase in physiologic traits and grain yield of camelina.

In order to investigate the effect of priming on seed germination indices and antioxidant enzyme activity in chickpea seedlings under salinity stress and an experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design arranged in factorial with three replications at University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2023 with 3 replications. Treatments were four salinity levels (0, 50, 75 and 100 mM Derived from sodium chloride) and four levels of priming (without priming (control), hydropriming, priming with gibberellin (50 ppm) and salicylic acid (100 ppm)). The results showed that salinity stress reduced germination percentage (GP), daily germination coefficient (DGC), plumlue fresh weight (PFW). But seed priming with distilled water, salicylic acid, especially gibberellin improved these traits. Salinity increased the mean germination time (MGT), so that the highest (0.0387 seed per day) was observed at salinity of 100 Mm. The highest radicle fresh weight (RFW) (110.967 mg), radicle dry weight (RDW) (19.600 mg), plumule dry weight (PDW) (14.667 mg), seed length and weight vigor index (SLVI and SWVI) (12.041and 3.288) were observed in priming with gibberellin and control. The activity of catalase and glutathione enzymes reductase in priming with gibberellin were the application 66 and 42% higher than the control. The activity of peroxidase (enzyme in gibberellin treatment and salinity of 100 mM compared to the control showed an increase about 96%. Also. lowest amylase (2.1384 mg g-1 FW min-1) was obtained in salinity of 100 mM. In general, the results showed that gibberellin by stimulating antioxidant enzymes and neutralizing free radicals can reduce the harmful effects of salinity stress on some traits in chickpea seedlings and improve seedling growth

Seed pretreatment is one of the simple techniques that can increase seed vigor and seedling establishment, and thus plant yield. Seed pretreatment can be done with water (hydropriming), inorganic salts such as potassium nitrate (halopriming), and growth regulators such as salicylic acid (hormone priming) and ascorbic acid (vitamin priming). Another effective factor in producing strong seeds is proper nutrition of the mother plants. Proper nutrition of the maternal plant in the form of foliar sprays with essential elements leads to the production of high-quality seeds, which affects germination and yield. Considering the positive role of seed pretreatment in improving germination rate and seedling establishment, and increasing seed yield of various plants as a result of foliar application of growth regulators and inorganic salts, this experiment was conducted to study the effect of seed pretreatment and foliar spraying with salicylic acid, ascorbic acid and potassium nitrate on improving physiological and biochemical characteristics, yield and yield components of borage.

The experiment was conducted in 2017-2018 cropping year as a randomized complete block design with three replicates at Samian Ardabil Natural Resources and Medicinal Plants Research Farm. The experimental treatments were water pretreatment for 48 hours, seed pretreatment with ascorbic acid (0.85 mM) for 48 hours, seed pretreatment combined with foliar spray with ascorbic acid (0.85 mM), seed pretreatment with salicylic acid (4 mM) for 60 hours, seed pretreatment combined with foliar spray with salicylic acid (4 mM), seed pretreatment with potassium nitrate (20 mM) for 24 hours, seed pretreatment combined with foliar spray with potassium nitrate (20 mM), and control treatment (without seed pretreatment and without foliar spray of the maternal plant). Statistical analyses were performed using SAS software (Ver 9.1) and comparison of means was performed using the Duncan multiple range test at the 1 and 5 percent probability level.

The results showed that although pretreatment of seeds by improving growth, physiological and biochemical characteristics cause increased yield and yield components of borage but, seed pretreatment combined with foliar sprays had a greater effect on increasing yield components and flower and grain yield due to synergistic effects. The use of potassium nitrate as a seed pretreatment in combination with foliar sprays had the greatest effect on increasing the amount of photosynthetic pigments, caused a 2.3-fold increase in total chlorophyll and a 1.8-fold increase in carotenoids compared to the control treatment. The use of ascorbic acid as a seed pretreatment in combination with foliar sprays increased the amount of proline a 2.3 fold, leaf protein a 2.5 fold, and flower yield a 3.8 fold compared to the control treatment. Application of salicylic acid as a seed pretreatment in combination with foliar sprays by increasing the components of seed yield had the greatest effect in increasing grain yield and caused a 3.4-fold increase in grain yield compared to the control. Seed hydropriming showed the highest seed weight among the treatments with a 28% increase in 1,000-seed weight compared to the control treatment.

The results of this study indicate that both seed pretreatment and foliar sprays of maternal plants with growth regulators and chemical stimulants led to an increase in flower and grain yield in borage. This increase was achieved by enhancing the levels of photosynthetic pigments, the quantum efficiency of photosystem II, the accumulation of amino acids like proline, and soluble proteins in the leaves. These treatments also had a positive impact on various yield components. While seed pretreatment alone had a positive effect on borage yield and its components by improving the plant's growth, physiological, and biochemical characteristics, the combined use of ascorbic acid, salicylic acid, and potassium nitrate as seed pretreatment, along with foliar spray, had an even more pronounced positive effect. This was likely due to synergistic effects on the plant's physiological, biochemical, and yield traits.

Various strategies have been used to improve growth and productivity of crops through genetic approach, genetic engineering, and breeding. However, economic feasibility and ease of use can pave the way for the application of priming techniques as "stress relievers" in agricultural production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of priming Catharanthus roseus seed with phytohormones of salicylic acid and Jasmonic acid under drought stress to reduce the effect of water limitation during the germination.

Two separate studies were conducted as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications at the Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology of Shahed University, Tehran. In the first experiment, treatments included priming in two levels of SA (0.5 and 1mM) and priming duration in two levels (24 and 48 hours), and drought stress with polyethylene glycol 6000 in 6 levels (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 Mpa). In the second experiment, treatments included JA (10 µM), priming duration in two levels (12, and 24 hours) and drought stress in levels six (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 Mpa). Dry seeds (without pretreatment) were considered as control.

In this study, drought stress treatments -1.5 and -2 Mpa in the first experiment and -1, -1.5 and -2 Mpa in the second one had no germination. Seed priming with SA and JA improved the percentage of seed germination so that in the first experiment, the highest percentage of germination (97.33) was observed under stress-free conditions with the application of 0.5 mM salicylic acid for 48 hours, which was 12.2% higher than the control treatment. 0.5 Mm of SA treatment with 24 hours of priming showed the highest percentage of germination under drought stresses of -0.1 and -0.5 Mpa. However, under drought stress conditions of -1 Mpa, 0.5 mM SA+48 hours treatment was superior compared to other treatments of salicylic acid and time. In the second experiment, the highest percentage of germination (98.3) was in the concentration of 10 μM jasmonic acid during 24 hours of priming under stress-free conditions, which showed an increase of 40.4% compared to the control treatment.

The results of the present study showed the importance of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid during seed germination stage under drought stress. Seed priming with salicylic acid alleviated the damages caused by drought stress on germination and growth. The process of adaptation to stress started by jasmonic acid can be attributed to pretreatment with jasmonic acid before applying drought stress.

The effect of priming Catharanthus roseus seeds with salicylic acid and jasmonic acid phytohormones on the germination characteristics of seeds under drought stress was investigated.
Priming Catharanthus roseus seeds with salicylic acid improved the germination percentage and characteristics of seeds under drought stress.

Beans are one of the most important legumes in many developing countries as one of the sources of human protein. Drought stress is also one of the factors limiting the growth and production of plants in arid and semi-arid regions, which has reduced the yield of plants, especially legumes. The use of antitranspirants is an effective tool in regulating transpiration with the aim of preserving water in the plant. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of antitranspirants in the condition of irrigation cut off on seed yield and some physiological characteristics of Kosha cultivar pinto beans. The study was carried out in the form of split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the two crop years of 2019 and 2020 in agricultural lands located in Khoi city. Experimental treatments include irrigation at two levels; Normal irrigation (irrigation according to local custom) and irrigation cut off at the stage of filling the seeds in the main plots and spraying antitranspirants on eight levels in the sub plots included: salicylic acid (0.5%), phenyl mercuric acetate (100 μM), gibberellic acid (150 μM), cytovit (2%), chitosan (0.5%), castor oil (6%), gum arabic (0.5%) and distilled water (control). The traits measured in the experiment included plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, hundred seed weight, seed yield, biological yield, seed protein percentage, relative water content and proline content. The results showed that the cut off Irrigation had a significant effect on the number of pods per plant, hundred seed weight, seed yield, biological yield, protein percentage, relative water content and proline content of bean leaves. antitranspirants also had a significant effect on all traits except for the number of seeds in pods. The interaction effect of irrigation withholding and antitranspirants was significant in the number of seeds in the pod and the percentage of seed protein. The triple interaction of year, irrigation cut off and antitranspirants on the number of pods per plant and hundred seed weight was significant. In the condition of irrigation cut off, antitranspirants increased the seed yield and the highest seed yield was obtained in the salicylic acid treatment, which increased by 41.1% compared to the control treatment. It seems that by applying a stage of irrigation restriction and consumption of antitranspirants in the areas that faced with the problem of water deficit at the end of the growing season, by improving some morpho-physiological characteristics such as reducing the amount of proline and increasing the relative moisture content of leaves and biological function, it is possible to effectively the slope decreased the yield of pinto beans under drought stress conditions. Therefore, in areas with water deficit, especially due to the simultaneous limitation of water resources, peak consumption in other agricultural products, which causes psychological pressure on to deal with the problem of water deficit, using antitranspirants as an efficient tool and removing a irrigation phase at the end of the growing season can partially compensated for the the reduction of damage caused by water deficit.

To investigate the effect of water deficit stress and stress modifiers on the nutrient concentration of leaf and grain and biochemical characteristics of quinoa, a pot factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with 16 treatments and 6 replicates was done in 2019 at Urmia University. The first factor includes water deficit stress at four levels (stress at vegetative growth stage, after plant establishment to flowering; stress at reproductive growth stage, from flowering to flowering end; stress at grain filling stag, from the beginning of filling to maturity; no stress, control) and the second factor is foliar spraying at four levels (ascorbic acid, 2 mM; salicylic acid, 2 mM; nano-micronutrient chelate fertilizer, 2 liters/1000 L water; control, water spray). The results showed that dehydration stress had a significant effect on leaf and grain elements and biochemical traits. Dehydration at different stages of growth reduced chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids and soluble sugars compared to the control but proline content increased. Mean comparison showed dehydration stress in vegetative growth stage, reproductive growth stage and dehydration stress in grain filling stage compared to control (without dehydration stress) increased proline content by 15%, 28% and 31%, respectively. However, dehydration stress at vegetative growth stage, reproductive growth and grain filling stage reduced grain weight by 4, 20 and 20%, respectively, compared to the control (without dehydration stress). Foliar application by increasing proline accumulation and photosynthetic pigment content, increased quinoa grain weight. Foliar application of ascorbic acid, complete micro-nanofertilizer and salicylic acid increased the chlorophyll a content by 2, 13 and 5%, respectively, compared to the control (spraying), respectively. It seems that foliar application of salicylic acid had a more positive effect than other modifiers at different stages of dehydration.

Lentil is a dicot, annual, and cross-pollinating plant that is found mainly in Fars, Khuzestan and East Azerbaijan provinces. The seeds of the plant are used in the treatment of cholesterol and blood sugar. Abiotic stresses such as salinity are important factors in reducing plant growth and yield. Although salinity can remarkably affect plant growth, its intensity depends on duration, type, plant species and growth stage. The greatest effect of salinity during the germination process is on germination rate and percentage and radicle and plumule length, as the increased concentration of ions in Therefore, studying of plant germination under salt stress and application of compounds such as salicylic acid to improve plant tolerance to salinity in saline areas can serve as a guideline for the cultivation of plants under such conditions. Therefore, this research aimed to study the effect of salicylic acid on the germination and growth parameters of Securigera securidaca L. under salinity conditions.

The experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications under the germinator conditions in the laboratory of Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center. Experimental treatments consisted of 5 levels of salinity stress (0, -0.3, -0.6, -0.9 and -1.2 MPa) and 3 levels of salicylic acid (0, 1 and 2 mM). The seeds were soaked in the treatments for 24h. At the end of the experiment (8 days), germination percentage and rate, seed vigor index, and fresh and dry weight of radicle and plumule were measured and calculated.

The results showed that all plant responses were affected by different osmotic potentials at p<0.01 compared with the control. The highest germination percentage was 91.11 under stress-free conditions and the application of salicylic acid at 1 mM. During the comparison of means for salicylic acid, the highest mean plumule length (10.88 mm) was related to 1 mM salicylic acid solution and the lowest (6.35 mm) was for control treatment, which showed an increase of 71.34%. Also, soaking seeds with salicylic acid caused an 84.98% increase in root fresh weight. An increase in salinity led to 96.30 and 94.62% decrease in radicle and plumule dry weights, respectively.

The study showed that soaking seeds with salicylic acid improved germination under salt stress conditions. Therefore, seed placement in salicylic acid solution (1 Mm) prior to cultivation can be used to improve the germination of Securigera securidaca L. under salinity conditions.

1- The most suitable concentration of salicylic acid for seeds soaking to increase plant tolerance to salinity stress is 1 mM.
2- Soaking of Securigera securidaca L. seeds in salicylic acid increases germination, seed vigor index and radicle and plumule length and weight under saline and non-saline conditions.

Kurdistan province has the country's highest area under cultivation and dryland wheat production. A study of factors that can increase the yield of dryland wheat will increase the stability of wheat production in the country. Proper nutrition of dryland wheat is one of the most critical forgotten managements in dryland farming. In the dryland area of Iran, deficiency of some elements, such as zinc, due to high acidity is observed to a large extent (Malakouti & Nafisi, 1997). The foliar application of nutrients is one of the most effective tools for resolving nutrient deficiencies in dryland crops (Liu et al., 2020). This method provides nutrients to the crop with relatively high efficiency and speed (Noulas et al., 2018). Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of foliar application of various organic and inorganic compounds on physiological characteristics, yield, and yield components of dryland wheat (cultivar Azar 2).

Two field experiments were carried out during the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 cropping seasons. The experiments were performed based on a randomized complete block design with eight treatments and four replications on dryland wheat (cultivar Azar 2) in Zarrineh city, 20 km from Divandere city, belonging to Kurdistan province. Foliar application treatments used in this study included: 1- Control (C, placebo) 2- Vitaspirin (V, 1 per thousand) 3- Humic acid (HA, 1 per thousand), 4- Zinc sulfate (ZS, 3 per thousand), 5- Vitaspirin + Humic acid, 6- Vitaspirin + Zinc sulfate, 7- Humic acid + Zinc sulfate, 8- Humic acid + zinc sulfate + Vitaspirin. Foliar application treatments were applied in Stages of stem elongation and heading.

In the 2018-2019 season, the foliar application of ZS, HA, HA+ZS, V+ZS, and V+HA caused to increase in the total chlorophyll content. While the biological yield was only affected by the foliar application of V+ZS in the 2018-2019 season, in the 2019-2020 season, the foliar application of V, V+HA, HA+ZS, V+ZS, and V+HA+ZS caused a significant change the amount of this trait. In the 2018-2019 season, the number of spikes increased due to the foliar application of HA, V, and V+ZS, and in the 2019-2020 season, this trait was influenced by the foliar application of V, V+HA, V+ZS, and, V+HA+ZS treatments. In the 2018-2019 season, thousand kernel weight was only affected by foliar application of V+ZS and V+HA+ZS, but in the 2019-2020 season, V, HA, V+HA, V+ZA, A+ZA, and V+HA+ZS treatments also affected the amount of this trait. As a result of these effects, yield in the 2018-2019 season was only affected by V+ZS treatment (14.04% increase), but in the 2019-2020 season, foliar application of V, HA+ZS, V+ZS, V+HA, and V+HA+ZS treatments increased grain yield by 22.13%, 29.63%, 27.07%, 26.57%, and 20.7%, respectively.

This experiment showed that among the compounds used, foliar application of V+ZS significantly increased grain yield in both cropping years (14.04% in 2018-2019 and 27.07% IN the 2019-2020 seasons). It seems that yield changes were due to the effect of different foliar application treatments on chlorophyll content, spike number, thousand kernel weight, and biological yield. Compared to the control (placebo treatment), the foliar application of V+ZS caused to increase in chlorophyll concentration, spike number, thousand kernel weight, and biological yield by 25%, 7.1%, 5.5%, and 14.04%, respectively, in 2018-2019 season. In the 2019-2020 season, the foliar application of V+ZS improved spike number (6.55%), thousand kernel weight (10.74%), and biological yield (16.92%) compared to the control. Overall, the results of this study showed that the combination of vitaspirin and zinc sulfate could improve the yield of dryland wheat fields. Due to easy access and relatively reasonable prices in the market will be recommended to farmers.