تله

Dried figs have suffered significant damage in the last decade due to the activity of African fig fly (Zaprionus indianus). In this research, it has been tried to study different attractants for use in traps for mass trapping and non-chemical control of this pest. The experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with ten treatments and in three replications in one of the infected rainfed fig gardens of Kazeroon. Experimental treatments included four liquid adsorbent compounds including pure apple cider vinegar, hydrolysis protein 3%, pomegranate sauce 3% and fig juice 50% in two forms of solution and gel (using superabsorbent powder (polyacrylamide)) and two solid attracting, mashed banana fruit with yeast powder and banana slice with yeast powder and superabsorbent powder (Polyacrylamide) were used. The results showed that there were significant differences between the various treatments at less than 1%. The combination of crushed banana fruit with yeast powder with an average weekly attracting of 87.44 had the highest attraction of African fig flies and was alone in one group. After this combination, banana slice with yeast and superabsorbent, pomegranate sauce 3% with super absorbent (gel form) and pure apple cider vinegar with an average weekly absorption of 76, 50 and 42.31 per week of African fig flies compared to other compounds attractants were more efficient. The results also showed that the use of superabsorbent powder with liquid attracting compounds can increase shelf life of traps and reduce the cost of trapping.

The leafhopper, Orosanga japonicus )Melichar( upon sucking sap from the plant deposits a lot of honeydew on the leaves, attracts sooty mold, and blackens the leaves, fruits and branches. The use of monitoring and control methods is an urgent need because of lack of knowledge on the behavior of O. japonicus. Therefore, during the years 2021 and 2022, the attraction of this leafhopper was investigated to the sticky cards with various colors including white, yellow, red, blue, and green. Similarly, the light traps equipped with energy-efficient lamps of different spectrums such as UV, white, yellow, red, and green light was also considered for this investigation. The experiments were performed from the onset up to the end of this insect’s activity in citrus orchards. According to the results, O. japonicus adults were attracted and captured mostly by the UV light traps with means of 1437.3±89.7 and 299.6±18.2 in the first and second years of survey, respectively in comparison with other lamp colors used. On the other hand, the attraction of the leafhopper to the cards showed that the white and blue cards attracted more insects with means of 24.5±5.3 and 17.1±2.1 respectively in two-year of survey, compared to green, red, and yellow cards used. This preliminary information on population monitoring of this pest may pave the path for future management of O. japonicus.

Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly), Ceratitis capitata Wied is one of the most destructive pest of fruit trees in Iran and worldwide. Comparison of different traps and Medfly attractants was tested in a randomized complete block design with 11 treatments (1. Tephri trap baited with Cera trap liquid, 2. Mcphil trap baited with Cera trap liquid, 3. Tephri trap baited with Trimedlure (EXC453), 4. Mcphil trap baited with Trimedlure (EXC453), 5. Tephri trap baited with Indian hydrolyzed protein + Malathion, 6. Tephri trap baited with Iranian hydrolyzed protein + Malathion, 7. Plastic bottle trap baited with Indian hydrolyzed protein + Malathion, 8. Plastic bottle trap baited with Iranian hydrolyzed protein + Malathion, 9. Plastic bottle trap baited with Cera trap liquid, 10. Yellow sticky trap and 11. Jackson trap baited with Trimedlure (TM020A); and 3 replications, in citrus and persimmon fruit orchards of Sari, Noor and Qaemshar in 2007 and 2008. The area of each orchard was about 2 ha. The number of trapped Medfly was recorded weekly for 8 weeks. Data analysis indicated a significant difference among treatments in 5% probability level. Grouping of the treatments based on LSD test revealed that Jackson trap baited with Trimedlure (TM020A) with the maximum mean number of captured male and Cera trap liquid baited in Tephri trap, with the maximum mean number of female were in highest class. The Indian and Iranian formulated hydrolyzed protein baited in plastic bottle traps with the minimum mean number of captured flies was placed in lowest class.

Leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina L. is one of the most important wood borers which causes heavy damage on walnut in different parts of Iran, especially in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province. In this research, efficiency of two pheromones (Synanthedon tipuliformis Clerkand Z. pyrina), two forms of pheromone traps (Delta and Funnel) and five installing height (4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 m above the ground), to catch male leopard moths were studied. Pheromone traps were installed in the walnut orchards at the second decade of May (before the adult emergence). Number of caught moth were recorded weekly and finally mean number of caught moths per trap were compared statistically among treatments. Results showed significant difference between pheromones and the pheromone of Z. pyrina was captured more number of the moths, whereas there was no significantly difference between traps (delta and funnel traps). Results of both years of the experiment showed installing height had a significant effect on the capturing of the male moths, and with increasing the height of installation, number of captured moths increased significantly. Mean number of caught moths per week were 1.38, 2.43, 7.77, 10.68 and 16.17 at the height of 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 meters, respectively. In other words, the number of caught moths at the heights of 12 and 6 meters (above ground level) were11.6 and 6.59 folded of the 4 meter height, respectively. Based on the obtained results, trap form and installation height of the traps have significant effect on number of the caught leopard male moths by pheromone traps.

In this study, the efficiency of different traps including window trap and colored pan traps (white, yellow, red, purple and blue ones) to capture members of the order Coleoptera was assessed in the two rangeland and farmland habitats of the Saral Agricultural Station of Kordestan province. During the study, a total of 18509 individuals from 19 families of the Coleoptera were collected using the different traps. The results showed that the rarefaction curve of window trap had the most coordination and estimation with total rarefaction curve. There was significant difference (α=5%) among the traps in value of Shannon-Wiener index (P=0, df=5, F=37.07) and Simpson index (P=0, df=5, F=10.87) in rangeland area. While window trap had higher mean Shannon- Wiener and Simpson indexes (0.9±0.06 Bit and 5.8±1.1 respectively) than colored pan traps. In farmland area, there also was significant difference (α=5%) among the traps in value of Shannon-Wiener (P=0, df=5, F=16.84) and Simpson indexes (P=0, df=5, F=9.18) in, while window trap and white pan traps had highest mean Shannon- Wiener index (0.9±0.02 Bit and 0.8±0.08 Bit respectively) and Simpson index (6.1±0.5 and 5.6±1.5 respectively).

Stem borer moth, Sesamia cretica Lederer causes major damage on sugarcane. Sex Pheromone of S. cretica was synthesized in the chemical laboratory of Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection. Efficacy of synthesized pheromone with 3 types imported pheromone of S. cretica from Russell, Econex & Silvanderson companies were tested at the fields of Sugar cane Agro-Industrial Company of Ahvaz during 2014. Also attractiveness of synthesized pheromone was investigated with funnel and delta traps.The results showed significant differences among treatments (p

Codling moth, Cydia pomonella is one of the key pests of apple in Khorasan Razavi province which annually causes severe fruit damage to apple crop. There are several ways that are used to control and prevent injury to apple products in the world. The most successful and widespread use of pheromones has been in monitoring traps. Mating disruption method by pheromones takes place when enough artificial sources of pheromone are placed in the area that the chance of finding a female by a male is high. Mating, and laying viable eggs is reduced below the point where economically significant damage occurs. Large-scale mating disruption implementation trials have yielded significant reduction in pesticide use while keeping crop damage levels acceptably low. Mating disruption works best if large areas are treated with the pheromones. Currently, chemical control is the most common method of the pest control by using insecticides. In this research, with the goal of eliminating codling moth and minimizing the use of chemical compounds on the apple fruits, the ability of artificial sex pheromones in controlling the codling moth based on mating disruption method was investigated and compared with chemical control in Ghochan County, Khorasan-e-Razavi Province, Iran, in 2013.
The experiments were conducted in 20 replicates based on a CRB design. The treatments were mating disruption with pheromone dispensers mating disruption chemical control and chemical control based on the local method. Adult moth was sampled using Delta traps with a sticky insert. 1000 pheromone, which is a two-strand wire rod was produced has been installed on trees per hectare. Pheromones were installed before the first appearance of male moths. 20 to 25 days after each pest generation, randomly 25 fruits were selected and recorded from different directions and heights base on healthy and infected fruits.
The mating disruption system against the moths that devastate the crops is a portion of the global crop protection policy. The greatest number of insects captured were recorded in spraying treatments which were significantly different compared to the other treatments. The difference between treatments was significant in codling moths population and the percentage of infected fruits (p≤0.01). The lowest percentage of infected fruit was in to mating disruption treatment and mating disruption treatments custom spraying treatment. The highest rate of infected fruit was observed in conventional spraying treatment that represents this treatment had less power for controlling the pest. Mating disruption and mating disruption chemical control had the most effect on reducing the pest population and number of infested fruits with a significant difference compared to the chemical control. Codling moth was peak flight with three points. Mating disruption treatment and the disturbing spraying during the growing season had the best controling on the pest population compared to the conventional treatment. Mating disruption is the most effective method when the pest population densities are low to moderate level. It has also been identified as a pest control method in which the insect does not become resistant. Conventional pesticide based control methods kills insects directly, whereas the mating disruption method confuses male insects from accurately locating a mating partner, leading to the eventual collapse of the mating cycle. Mating disruption, due to the specificity of the sex pheromone of the insect species, has the benefit of only affecting the males of that species, while leaving other non-target species unaffected. This allows for targeted pest management, promoting the suppression of a single pest species, leaving the populations of beneficial insects (pollinators and natural enemies) intact.
Mating disruption method is considered to be the most environmentally friendly strategy in pest management and control. Pest management programs that use pheromones are generally thought to be most effective methods in controlling low to moderate levels of pest densities. The mating disruption method has a number of advantages such as uses possible in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and in organic farming, no direct lethal effect on the pests, the method is not destructive, the targeted pest is maintained at a level which is harmless and allows biodiversity, the risk of resistance is low because the main components of the natural pheromone blend are present, strict preventive method, by interrupting the reproduction cycle of the pest before any damage is done, only one application of the dispensers is necessary at the beginning of the season, the method allows a reduction of the number of spray. In this research, suppressing the codling moth population during its first and second generation was effective by the pheromone treatment. In the third generation, however, this effect was reduced probably due to the loss of pheromone in the environment.

The Mediterranean fruit fly is a quarantine pest which was seen in Fars province, Iran in 2008. Pomegranate is one of the hosts of this pest in the late season, Two different methods, including trapping and bait spraying, were used in order to evaluate populalim suppression in shiraz in 2011 and 2012. Through trapping method, three attractants includeing Trimedlure, Biolure, Femilure, were investigated separately in a Tephri traps with three replications, in this way, the average number of infected fruits (with control) and also the number of trapped Mediterranean fruit flies (without control) were bait spraying method,Two types of hydrolyzed proteinin and smell bal were used the south side of the trees, In bouiting method, two types of hydrolyzed protein, Bioceboand Smelltol were sprayed mixed with 0.002 concewtratin of malathion on trunks and one meter width of south part of the tree crown Trimedlure and biolure had the same effect on number of infected fruits, but more effective than the control and Femilure. Howerer, the number offlies couptured was higher in Bcolure. In baiting method, no significant difference was observed among the treatments , howeres the place on the trees was significantly different .Number of infected fruits was less in one meter width spraying on the crown.