فرومون

Leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina L. is one of the most important wood borers which causes heavy damage on walnut in different parts of Iran, especially in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province. In this research, efficiency of two pheromones (Synanthedon tipuliformis Clerkand Z. pyrina), two forms of pheromone traps (Delta and Funnel) and five installing height (4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 m above the ground), to catch male leopard moths were studied. Pheromone traps were installed in the walnut orchards at the second decade of May (before the adult emergence). Number of caught moth were recorded weekly and finally mean number of caught moths per trap were compared statistically among treatments. Results showed significant difference between pheromones and the pheromone of Z. pyrina was captured more number of the moths, whereas there was no significantly difference between traps (delta and funnel traps). Results of both years of the experiment showed installing height had a significant effect on the capturing of the male moths, and with increasing the height of installation, number of captured moths increased significantly. Mean number of caught moths per week were 1.38, 2.43, 7.77, 10.68 and 16.17 at the height of 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 meters, respectively. In other words, the number of caught moths at the heights of 12 and 6 meters (above ground level) were11.6 and 6.59 folded of the 4 meter height, respectively. Based on the obtained results, trap form and installation height of the traps have significant effect on number of the caught leopard male moths by pheromone traps.

One of the main problems of pine trees in the Chitgar park located in Tehran, Iran, is pine bark beetles, which not only cause direct harms to these trees but also is vector of some viral  and bacterial pathogens. To study the seasonal population fluctuations of the pest, the sampling process of adults from pine barks was performed in different regions of the park in 2015 to 2017. Twelve infected centers in the park were selected and four cross trap were installed in each center. The mass capturing pheromone of Orthotomicus erosus and pine kairomone dispensers were used in each trap. The distance between traps was about 50 meters. According to the observed data, the emergence of adult beetles was started in early April and continued until mid-December. The average daily capture per trap was four beetles. From mid-December onwards, no beetles were caught in the traps. Mediteranean pine bark beetle had at least six flight peaks in the area of study. The most trapping were observed in 8 June, 28 June, 27 July, 16 August, 5 September and 25 September respectively. The The highest number of trap catches was registered in September, July, August, June, September and October, with 9.2, 7.7, 7.2, 5.7, 2.4 and 1.6 beetles per trap respectively. Also, the mean average of total capture during spring, summer, autumn and winter were 401, 1159,114 and zero beetles per trap; so, the most activity of the pest was observed in summer, spring and autumn respectively The highest number of beetle was in the north and the least was captured in the south of the park.

Stem borer moth, Sesamia cretica Lederer causes major damage on sugarcane. Sex Pheromone of S. cretica was synthesized in the chemical laboratory of Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection. Efficacy of synthesized pheromone with 3 types imported pheromone of S. cretica from Russell, Econex & Silvanderson companies were tested at the fields of Sugar cane Agro-Industrial Company of Ahvaz during 2014. Also attractiveness of synthesized pheromone was investigated with funnel and delta traps.The results showed significant differences among treatments (p

Carob moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller is an important pest of pomegranate in Iran and expanded its range into many parts of the world. It is an important pest in the United States on date, in Iran, it is not founded on date, but it is a key pest of pome grates. Due to the inefficiency of chemical and other control methods for preventing carob moth’s damages on pomegranate, it is essential to use biological methods such as the use of pheromones for monitoring or attractant kill. For this reason, identification of sex pheromone and its components of carob moth is essential for biological control of this pest, and in this project the major sex pheromone (Z,E)-9,11,13-tetradecatrienal and others components of E. ceratoniae in different parts of north Khorasan and Semnan provinces were identified. The method was extraction of pheromone by SPME and identification by GC/mass. ‍Compounds, with masses 206 (Z,E)-9,11,13-tetradecatrienal), 208 ((Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienal) and 210 (9-(Z)-tetradecenal) were obtained from the injected samples into Varian GC/mass.

Leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lep.: Cossidae), is a key pest of walnut in Iran. The efficiency of mating disruption by two commercial products including Isonet® Z and Zeumat Universe® was evaluated in 2011 in East Azerbaijan and Kerman provinces. In each hectar, 300-600 pheromone dispensers for mating disruption were attached to the trees before the emergence of adults. Three pheromone traps were also installed in each plot to evaluate the orientation disruption before the adult's emergence. The pheromone traps did not capture any adult in the plots where mating disruption was performed during the experiment in both provinces while the traps caught the adults in the control plots. This result confirmed the efficiency of the used number of products for orientation disruption of the males. The averages of the number of larval entrances on the branches of plots where mating disruption was conducted by Isonet® Z, Zeumat Universe® and control were respectively 0.18 ± 0.03, 0.13 ± 0.02 and 0.45 ± 0.04 in Kerman province, 0.18 ± 0.03, 0.33 ± 0.04 and 0.63 ± 0.07 in East Azarbaiejan province and 0.18 ± 0.02, 0.2 ± 0.02 and 0.52 ± 0.04 (average ± S. E.) for the pooled data of both regions. There was a significant difference among the averages (P

The carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller), (Lep.: Pyralidae), is an importantly injourious pest on a wide range of plants throughout the world and as well a major pest of pomegranate orchards in Iran. Insight into the sexual behavior of an insect is indispensable for optimizing the application of pheromone in pest control strategies and while information on reproductive behavior being the prerequisite to the chemical ecology studies. In Moths, the blend ratio of sex pheromone components as well as pheromone communication system in different areas can vary depending upon due to adaptation to varying environmental conditions and on host plants. In the course of this research, sexual behavior as well as male cross-attraction between individuals from Saveh, Arsanjan and Kerman populations were examined in wind tunnel and under laboratory conditions (27±1°C and 60±10% relative humidity, light intensity of approximately 10 lux and 0.3 m/sec of wind velocity), using two day-old calling virgin females as the source of pheromone. The results indicated that the adults began to mate starting from the first night following eclosion, with males starting the search behavior. Most males employed in the study took flight after being released in the wind tunnel. The percentages of males from Saveh, Arsanjan and Kerman populations that contacted the pheromone source were 83.3, 76.9 and 85.7% respectively. Data analysis revealed no discrimination (among test populations’ males) between female from their own population vs. females from other populations. This result reflects the fact that possible differences in pheromone blend among populations of E. ceratoniae did not prevent cross-attraction under laboratory conditions. Insight into the sexual behaviors and an identification of the interfering factors can be of practical importance for the development of integrated pest management systems in pomegranate orchards in Iran.