کنترل

 One of the important bacterial diseases of stone-fruit trees is canker caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss). This pathogen employs a vast range of pathogenic and virulence factors during its interaction with its host in order to induce disease symptoms. To control the bacterial canker disease, various methods such as sanitary measures, selection of resistant cultivars and certified seedlings and chemical component based on copper are used. Application pf plant derivatives such as essential oils and extracts, is one of the compatible management methods in line with environmental goals. Essential oils include a wide range of antimicrobial components and have high efficacy, multiple mechanisms of action, and low toxicity on non-target organisms. The current study aimed to assess the inhibitory and sub-inhibitory effects of six indigenous medicinal essential oils against the causative agent of canker disease in stone fruits. The research evaluated the efficacy of these essential oils in reducing the virulence factors of the disease while identifying the active compounds within the oils. 

The antimicrobial properties of six native plant EOs, namely Thymus transcaspicus, Satureja khuzistanica, Mentha longifolia, Ziziphora clinopodioides, Perorkia abrotanoides, and Artemisia persica were evaluated against Pss bacteria based on disc diffusion assay test and measurement of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Moreover, the effect of essential oils on some virulence factors of pathogen including motility, biofilm, and syringomycine production was investigated in sub-inhibitory concentrations. The effect of selected EOs on the reduction of bacterial pathogenicity on immature cherry fruitlets was also investigated. Finally, the chemical composition of EOs was determined using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-Ms).

All studied essential oils have different antibacterial effects in interaction with Pss bacteria. EOs of T. transcaspicus and S. khuzistanica showed a significant inhibitory effect with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value of 1.16 and 2.32 g L-1, respectively against Pss compared with other essential oils and streptomycin antibiotic. Sub-inhibitory concentrations test of EOs showed no significant effect on the growth pathogen. The swarming motility of bacterial cells treated with essential oil decreased by 25-55% and the swimming motility decreased by 18.42 to 35.71% compared with the control. T. transcaspicus and S. khuzistanica within the range of 70-75% showed the strongest inhibitory effect on biofilm formation. Also, in the toxin production test, T. transcaspicus and S.khuzistanica EOs are effective in reducing syringomycin production and increasing the growth of Geotrichum candidum by 1.5 to 1.76 times compared with control (not treatment with EOs). The EOs treatment at MICs reduced the symptoms of the disease. In immature cherries inoculated with Pss bacterium and treated with EO of T. transcaspicus was not observed necrosis symptom. The four selected essential oils tested all had a role in reducing the virulence factors in Pss, and the degree of effectiveness is different depending on the components of the essential oil. The higher the phenolic content in the essential oil, the greater its antimicrobial properties against plant pathogenic bacteria. According to the EOs analysis, thymol in T. transcaspicus, carvacrol in S. khuzistanica, piperitone in M. longifolia, and pulegone in Ziziphora clinopodioides were the major constituent compound. It seems that the highest amounts of compounds in essential oils have a higher antibacterial power. The EOs of T. transcaspicus and S. khuzistanica effectively reduce the pathogenic activity of bacterial cankers agent in stone fruits. ConclusionThe studied plant compounds in sub-inhibition concentration showed acceptable potential in inhibiting pathogenic agents in in vitro tests. Taking into account the growing trend of the general acceptance of natural control compounds in the field of plant diseases, it seems that planning in line with how to use plant products to reduce the consumption of pesticides can be investigated and needs complementary experiments. In order to reduce the spread of bacterial canker symptoms and increase the life span of the tree, the main effective substances (oxygenated monoterpenes) of the essential oils of T. transcaspicus and S. khuzistanica can be used as a model chemical structure for the synthesis of antimicrobial substances using the experts in the field of chemistry and pharmaceuticals. It is suggested to investigate the stability and preservation of antimicrobial properties in laboratory and field conditions.

Fusarium root wilt by Fusarium solani f. sp. phsaeoli is one of the most import soil borne diseases of bean crops world-wide. Currently the control of the disease using fungicides is present in most of the technical recommendations, despite the environmental side effects. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of identifying healthy control solutions such as the use of plant essential oils and extracts. In this study, the inhibition effect of the essential oils of two plants was investigated in laboratory conditions on the pathogenic fungus. Iperidoine+Carbendazim fungicide, 1.5/1000 was used as a comparison criterion in experiments. The studied features were the speed growth rate of the fungus and the mycelial growth inhibition five concentrations of the studies plants. Results showed that MGI was 58.30 % for thyme in 100 ppm and 41.17 % for ajwain at 100 ppm. The fungicide showed the highest MGI rate at 78.53 % and thyme extracts at the highest concentration was not at the same Duncan group with the fungicide. According to the results, it can be concluded that thyme extract would be an alternative for the common fungicides to control Fusarium root wilt.

Eggplant greenhouse cultivations in last two /three years found under progressing and intensive spider mite damages observed for the first time in Varamin region.  Effects of two new botanical pesticides, Mariapro+Coverino-M, Bio-2, in comparison of propargite 57% EC and tetradifon v/w 7.52% were evaluated against Tetranychus urticae red color population on round black eggplants variety 1574 in greenhouse during spring season of 2021 in Varamin region. Spraying of treatments done with wheel burrow sprayer and effects of the them carried out by random 15 leaves collected from each treatment at one day before and 3,7and 15 days after. Mite active stages on 2cm2 on middle under side of eggplant leaf recorded by help of stereomicroscope. Abbott formula used to convert raw data in to mortality%. Mean mite mortality% of treatments analyzed with SAS software. Minimum and maximum mean active mite stages for 2ml/l Tetradifon (25.83 mites) and 1.5 ml/l of Bio-2 (44.50 mite) recorded respectively. Pesticide control effects showed a statistical significant (p<0.05) at different interval times. Higher effects (100%) for both propargite doses recorded at 3rd and 7th day of interval periods and least mortality% (58.92%) observed for tetradifon 2ml/l at 15 days’ interval time. Low slop mite mortality% found at decreasing level until 15 days for most of treatments. Spraying old registered acaricides recommended at higher spider mite infestation before harvesting period. Both new botanical pesticides can provide mite control damages during eggplant fruiting time and producing organic vegetables under greenhouses.

Alfalfa stem nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci) is one of the most important and destructive pests of economic crops such as alfalfa, garlic, onion and tulip. The effects of Saponins from the aerial parts of six alfalfa ecotypes on the mortality of alfalfa stem nematode was investigated under laboratory conditions. In this study. The results showed that among the crude Saponin treatments, the amount of 90 microliters from the Hamedani and Faiz ecotypes had the highest effect with 96% and the amount of 50 microliters from the local Miandoab ecotype 42% had the least effect on the nematode mortality. Also, among the pure Saponins, the amount of 50 microliters of Hamedani, Shiraz–Plycross and Faiz ecotypes with 99%, and the amount of 10 microliters of Nishaburi ecotype with 68% had the highest and lowest effect, respectively, on the mortality of the nematode. In most ecotypes, increasing the concentrations of crude Saponin from 50 to 90 microliters and pure Saponin from 10 to 50 microliters causing 54% and 31% mortalities led to an increase in nematode mortality. It means there is a positive correlation between alfalfa stem nematode mortality and the raw and pure Saponin concentration of alfalfa ecotypes. Subsequently, Hamedani, Faiz and Polycross Shiraz ecotypes showed the highest effect and Miandoab and Nishaburi local ecotypes showed the least effect on the mortality of this nematode. .

Contaminated soil can be remediated by employing various types of microbes, such as bacteria, which have the ability to enhance plant growth and combat pathogenic microorganisms. Biological control is an environmentally adaptable method that utilizes living microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and viruses to suppress plant pathogens through mechanisms such as competition, parasitism, antibiosis, and induced resistance. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of bioremediation bacteria as biological control agents against fungal pathogens affecting sugarcane. To achieve this objective, previously identified bacterial strains with potential in bioremediation of Atrazine and Metribuzin herbicides, including Brucella sp. (66A, 44A, and 65A), Pseudomonas putida 10A, Ensifer adhaerens 20m, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 15A, and Stenotrophomonas sp. 22A, were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the growth of Thielaviopsis ethacetica, Cytospora sacchari, Fusarium proliferatum, Bipolaris drechslera, Curvularia sp., Alternaria sp., and Nigrospora sp. The experiments were conducted using the dual culture method in a completely randomized design with three replications under laboratory conditions. The diameter of the bacterial inhibition zone and the percentage of fungal growth inhibition were calculated. The results indicated that P. aeruginosa 15A exhibited the highest growth inhibition against T. ethacetica, Curvularia sp., and Alternaria sp. On the other hand, Stenotrophomonas sp. 22A significantly inhibited C. sacchari, while both Stenotrophomonas sp. 22A and Brucella sp. 65A showed considerable inhibition against F. proliferatum. Bipolaris drechslera was most effectively inhibited by Brucella sp. 66A and Brucella sp. 44A, while P. aeruginosa 15A and Brucella sp. 66A exhibited prominent inhibition against Nigrospora sp. Notably, P. putida 10A did not display antagonistic properties against the tested fungi under laboratory conditions, whereas P. aeruginosa 15A significantly affected the growth of all examined fungi. Based on these findings, this study provides evidence that certain bioremediation isolates possess significant potential for biological control of specific fungal pathogens affecting sugarcane in laboratory conditions. Consequently, the antagonistic properties against important fungi in sugarcane can be utilized in agricultural activities. This strategy has the potential to decrease the reliance on fungicides in sugarcane farming, benefiting both the economy and the environment. Additionally, it can contribute to the maintenance and improvement of product quality and yield, while supporting sustainable cultivation..

Codling moth, Cydia pomonella Linnaeus (Lep.: Tortricidae), is the most important pest of apple orchards, feeding on fruits, resulting to reduce the quantity and quality of product. In order to reduce the use of chemical insecticides, the application of kaolin particle film was tested in the fields of tree regions of Iran (Tehran, Razavi Khorasan, & Zanjan regions). The different concentrations, 3, 4 and 5%, of kaolin clay (Sepidan® WP95%), and diazinon (Diazinon® EC60%) and fozalone (Zolon® EC35%) insecticides were sprayed over the whole canopy, three times from early June to late August. Based on the field studies, kaolin-5% had a similar efficacy to chemical insecticides. The mean of codling moth infestation in fozalone, diazinon and kaolin-5% treatments were 14, 16 and 16.4%, respectively, compared to the control (44.6%). The use of kaolin increased the weight and diameter of the fruits and the chlorophyll index and photosynthesis amount of the apple trees. In the kaolin-5% and control treatments, the mean fruit weight were 247 and 146 g, and the mean fruit diameter were 78.6 and 75 mm, respectively. Also, the chlorophyll index was 53.8 and 51.5, and the photosynthesis rate was 5.91 and 4.93 μmol/m2/s, respectively. Therefore, due to the high effect of kaolin in reducing of pest damage and also no adverse effect on trees, spraying kaolin (Sepidan® WP) at the concentration 5% over the whole canopy, before the peak of moth oviposition, can be used successfully to reduce codling moth on apple.

Application effective botanical pesticides are an objective to keep natural enemies of citrus red mite (CRM) safe in Caspian costal region of Iran. Eeffects of three doses (1, 3, 5 ml/l) of Pestout®a botanical pesticide, was studied against Panonychus citri infesting orange trees in west and east parts of Mazandaran province during 2019. Abamectin 0.2 ml+0.25 ml horticultural oil, 0.5ml of fenpyroximate 5% EC and hexythiazox 10% EC, 1.5% liquid washing detergent compared with water treated check against citrus red mite. A complete randomized block designed in four replications, 8 treatments, conducted on 5 and 15 years old Tampson orange variety in east and west of Mazandaran province respectively. Treatment was done when 5 active mite stages observed on upper surface of 30% collected leaves randomly. Each treatment effects determined by 50 leaves collected randomly one day before and 3, 7, 14, 21 days after spraying. Collected data was converted into impact percentage by Henderson–tilton formula and mean analysis done with SAS software. Maximum and minimum impact percentages of Pest out® doses from 3rd to 14th days after spraying were recorded 43.87±1.43%, to 89.70 ±0,77% in western and 94.47±1.03% up to 98% in eastern part of the province and declined in both places onwards. Pestout® doses caused decreasing natural mite pest enemies until 7th day and increasing them after until 21st day sampling interval. Statistical effects of all treatment in control CRM damages during three months sampling period on orange fruits weight showed insignificant between treatments (p>0.05). Effects of liquid washing detergent on CRM observed almost similar to 1ml/l and 3 ml/l effects of Pest out® in east and west part of province. Applying 1 and 3–ml doses of Pest out® at lower incidence of CRM will provide effective control in east and west part of Mazandaran province respectively..

Web spider mites population playing a major pests on vegetable crops during hot summer months. Effectiveness three biomite doses (1, 1.5 and 2 ppm) on cucumber, muskmelon, watermelon in comparison effects of Neem-Azal 1.2% EC, Propargite 570EW, Abamectin 1.8% EC, 1.5 ml/l detergent liquid soap and water sprayed in controlled agent were evaluated against Tetranychus urticae in Esfahan, Khorasan Razavi and Kerman provinces respectively. Complete randomized block designed with three replications used and each replicate consisted at least 50 cultivated plants in each block. Treatment done when at least 5 mobile spider mite stages in 40% randomly collected leaves observed. By random collection of 30 leaves from each treatment determined, effects of them determined at one day before and 3, 7, 14 days after. Collected data converted into mortality% and mean mortality% analysis done with SAS software. Mean spider mite under leaf side of muskmelon in Khorasan Razavi observed 6 to 12 times and 3-5 times higher in Esfahan and Kerman respectively. Highest mean of 61.6 spider mites recorded under sider of muskmelon leaf for 2 ml/l of biomite treatment in Khorasan Razavi. Higher biomite doses effects recorded 73.46% for 2ml/l up to 7 days in Esfahan and 65.56% and 82.67% up to 14 days after recorded in Khorasan Razavi and Kerman without any phtyotoxicity on plant parts in all treatments. Spraying 2 ml/l of biomite at early morning hours under spider mite incidence, provided higher efficiency, longer toxicity period for controlling vegetable spider mites.

The ornamental plants are sold according their beauty. Different mite species imposing damages on various ornamental plant parts. At the moment total mite pest species in greenhouse commercial ornamental plant productions in the world exceed to 31 species from 15 genera and 6 mite families (Tetranychidae, 7 species, Tenuipalpidae, 4 species, Eriophyoidea, 13 species, Tarsonemidae, 2 species, Acaridae, 5 species) respectively. Among Acarina mites and other arthropods pest species, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Two spotted spider mite) is the most economical pest in the greenhouses in Iran and in the world. This mite pest due to possess shorter time of generation, number of generations through host plant existed, higher daily and total fecundity, higher adaptation range of temperature and humidity during roses plant cultivation time, enhanced this mite to become the first arthropods receiving higher resistance to different pesticides group under greenhouse conditions. Biological control achievement of this mite pest by rotational natural enemies like Phytoseiulus persimilis A. H. received for few percent only under special circumstances in developing countries. But control major of this mite still depended to pesticides effects and how and when to apply. Economical rose plants generally harvested for two or three years in greenhouse condition while enhancing longer period activities for two spotted spider mite population with constant noticeable damages. Substitution new chemical group of acaricide at short period of time against this mite pest under greenhouses reported effective by concerned researchers under greenhouse conditions. Most pesticides effects in agricultural crops can enter and kill the mite as stomach or contact poisons and can classified them into organic and inorganic pesticides. Inorganic pesticides do not contain the element of carbon but include arsenic, mercury, zinc, sulfured, boron or fluorine. While botanical pesticides, positives relatively with high LD50 values to mammals, they usually are considered safe to human. Dependency to pesticides application against spider mite population although will not eliminated them in agricultural crop productions, they should not automatically be given the higher priority especially under greenhouses. Tetranychus urticae causes longer period damages and faster resistance to various group of pesticides among cut rose’s pests in the greenhouses in Iran and elsewhere in the world. Spray new acaricidal compounds in rotation, is one of the control measures which to keep out further mite resistance to the acaricidal application.

 In this concerned, an investigation carried out to evaluate effects of  different doses of flufenzin 20% SC (0.4 and 0.5 ml/lit) and Dayabon-3 (8 and 10 ml/lit doses) a botanical pesticide manufactured in Iran in comparison with effects of 0.75 ml/lit of abamectin, 0.5 ml/lit of hexythiazox 10% EC and etoxazole 10% EC of registered acaricides against T. urticae mobile stages on cut roses in greenhouses of Tehran, Mahalat and Esfahan regions during period of 2014-2015 respectively. The completely randomized design method with three replications were used. In each replicated, 10 meters roses plants cultivated in the plastic pots were used. Time of treatment’s done at weekly sampling from all roses’ plants in different treatments including controlled treatment and total 200 leaves randomly sampled from various rose plant parts and carried out into polyethylene bag into laboratory to examine mobile stages of spider mite under stereomicroscope. Alive mite stages counted under rose leaf side and when at least 3 active spider mite stages observed with 30% rose leaves infested by mite, different treatments applied at early morning hours. Water spray also used in controlled treatment. Effects of each treatment determined through random 30 leaves collected from bent and vertical shoots and number alive mites were counted under rose leaf side and registered for each treatment. Sampling period followed at one day before treatment and 3, 7, 14 days after treatments sprayed respectively. Raw collected data for each treatment through Aboutte formula converted into mortality%. Analysis of variance on mean of mortality% done with the help of SAS software and those treatment grouped according Duncan multiple range test method.

Mite mortality% caused by 0.5ml/l of flufenzin and 10 ml/l of Dayabon-3 found varied from 3rd to 14th days after treatment in Tehran with decreasing effects from 82.89% to 56.35%, 82.64% to 49.65% for both treatments respectively. While effects of these two treatments in Esfahan recorded from 78.61% to 82.93%, and 71.04% to 74.27% with increasing effects against rose spider mite population. Comparing effects of these two treatments in Mahalat however remained almost at constant and mite mortality% fluctuated from 68.8% to 70%, 62.97% to 66% during sampling period respectively.

 Spraying higher doses of these two pesticides at lower mean of population and % of mite infested rose leaves and implementing different acaricidal compounds in rotation, will provide higher mite control as well as protect further risk of spider mite resistance to the pesticides in rose greenhouses.

Three mite species (Panonychus citri (McGregor)), Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) in Caspian costal region in north part Iran and Eutetranychus orientalis Klein in southern part of the country playing major mite pests role in citrus orchards. An increase of Panonychus citri population activities onset with spring season and this mite damages on leaves and greenhouse shield of different citrus species mostly occurred during middle part of spring season and extended up to late summer season under low amount and number of rainfalls happened. At present control of this mite damages on citrus spp mostly depended to pesticide application in various citrus orchards in Mazandaran and other neighboring citrus growing provinces. Moreover, the highest amount of acaricides used in Mazandaran province applied for control of citrus mite pests only. To avoid further P. citri population resistance to limited number of pesticides available in market, introducing, a new compound of acaricide which being effective on eggs and active stages of this mite pests is necessary for sustainable mite pest management program.

In this study, effects of two doses (0.2, 0.3 ml) of Envidorspeed 24% SC were investigated in comparison to registered acaricides (Spirodiclofen 240 SC, 0.3 ml/l, Abamectin 1.8% EC, 20ml+250ml horticultural oil/100l water, Fenpyroximate 5% SC, 0.5 ml/l), organic pesticides (Biomite 2.5ml/l, Mineral silicon liquid 5%), detergent (Detergent of Goli 1.5%), Control treatment (water sprayed) were investigated on P. citri active stages in eastern and western parts of Mazandaran province. Those pesticides applied at the time of observing 5 active mite stages observed in 30 % of infested leaves collected randomly. Number of mobile mite stages on upper surface of 48 citrus leaves randomly collected from each treatment, mobile mites counted and registered with the help of stereomicroscope at laboratory conditions. Collected raw data of mite at one day before, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after treatments converted with Henderson-tilton formula into mortality%. Statistical analysis variance on mean mortality% done with SAS software and grouping of those treatment carried out according Duncan multiple range test methods. Side effects of those treatments on citrus natural enemy’s trees (mostly predatory mites from Phytoseiidae, Tydeidae, Cunaxidae, Stigmaeidae, Erythraeidae, and Trombidiidae) and few predatory insects, evaluated by data collected one day before treatments with data of natural enemies collected 21 days after treatments. Quantities damages of this mite pest on citrus fruit weight were also evaluated from end of leaves sampling treatments for toxicities at interval of one month during 3 months sampling period. Amount of mite damages in each treatment determined by random collection of 16 citrus fruits from middle part of citrus trees of each treatment and weighted them at each interval time until harvesting time in autumn season.

Result of both Envidorspeed doses efficiency in control of citrus red mite caused absolute mite control (100%) through sampling period of time. Mean population of 8.01 mite active stages recorded on upper surface of orange leaves did not influences on mite mortality % in eastern part of Mazandaran province. The organic treatments effects (Biomite 2.5ml/l, Mineral silicon liquid 5%) on citrus mite pest observed almost identical to effects of those registered acaricides applied in this study. The mite mortality% in eastern part found higher than western part of province. The different caused by this phenomena, mostly related to higher rate of rainfall in west than east part of this province as decreasing toxicity of pesticides affects. Maximum and minimum number of natural enemies as compared to controlled treatment were recorded for 0.3 ml/l of Envidorspeed dose and biomite organic pesticide, detergent (Goli 1.5%) treatments respectively. Less side effects of treatments toxicity recorded on an Oribatida mite (Scheloribates sp.) population, whereas harmful effects of them observed on two species of phytoseiid mite family (Amblyseius herbicolus, Typhlodromus caspiansis). Statistical analysis of citrus red mite damages on weight of citrus fruits at different treatments compared with control treatment did not showed a significant differences (p>0.05) and all treatment remained in a same group according Duncan method. According published articles, proper rate of citrus red mite damages on oranges or other citrus species remained unknown.

This finding suggested that, if lower Envidorspeed dose (0.2ml/l) applied at early stages of citrus red mite population, up to 33% cost of pesticide will reduce, protect further environmental pollution at citrus orchards which broadly scattered through Mazandaran province.

Botanical pesticides and oils are considered as suitable alternatives to the chemical insecticides in the integrated pest management program due to environmental compatibility, low toxicity to non-target organisms and low environmental stability. In this study, the effects of field concentrations of four botanicals and one biological control agent in the control of cabbage aphid were investigated during two years. The treatments including botanical product PalizinÒ (in two treatments without and with Citra-PlusÒ oil), commercial Neem product (Neem-AzalÒ), DayabonÒ botanical product and a biological product based on Beauveria bassiana, in comparison with the control were used in the stem growth stage of the oilseed rape. The experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with 6 treatments and 4 replications. The effectiveness of the treatments was evaluated by sampling and comparing the aphid population during 4 times: one day before treatment, 3, 7 and 10 days after treatment. Henderson-Tilton formula was used to calculate the percentage of modified losses. The results of study showed that the treatments of PalizinÒ, PalizinÒ + Citra-PlusÒ oil and DayabonÒ are effective compounds in the control of cabbage aphid and can be considered as a suitable alternative to chemical insecticides in the integrated management program of this pest. Neem-AzalÒ and Naturalis-LÒ products are not effective in controlling cabbage aphid.

Pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckharat & Lauterer (Hem., Psyllidae), is the most important pest of pistachio orchards in Iran. It causes to reduce the quantity and quality of the product. Nowadays, because of environmental side effects, resistance development and residues in human food the application of safe insecticides was increased in order to reduce the use of chemical insecticides. Therefore, the effect of two mineral powders was studied including diatomaceous earth and silica on A. pistaciae in the field experiment. The factorial experiment with a randomized complete block design including two types of compounds with three concentrations and six sampling times were used in the crop year 2019. Treatments were included three concentrations of diatomaceous earth (4, 6 and 8 per thousand) and two concentrations of silica (4 and 8 per thousand) and control treatment (water without mineral powders) were sprayed over the whole tree canopy. The total number of eggs and adults were counted 3, 8, 13, 18, 21 and 28 days after treatment on the randomly collected leaves. All of treatments and sampling dates were significantly different on egg of A. pistaciae and diatomaceous earth 6 per thousand (+Dimethicone) and 8 per thousand were the most efficient on the means number of eggs during 8 to 13 days after treatment. While in adult stage only 3 and 8 days after treatment significant difference was observed between treatments and two previously effective treatments on eggs, had most effect in adults reduction in the means number of adults per leaf, during  18 to 23 days after treatment. Based on this study, different concentrations of diatomaceous earth were the most effective on eggs and adults.

Effects bifenazate 24% SC doses (0.5 0.6, 0.7. ml/l) evaluated with spirodiclofen SC 240, fenazaquin  SC 20%, fenproximate 5% SC 5%, fenpropatrin, 10% FL on active stages of  Panonychus ulmi on red apple variety in East (Marand), West Azerbaijan (Oromia), Ardebil (Meshkeinshar) and Khorasan Razavi (Golmakan) provinces during 2010 . Blocked randomized design with three replications used and each replicate consisted four apple trees. Treatment done when mean of 5 mobile mite stages observed in 30% apple leaves collected randomly. Effects fo each treatment carried out by collection of 50 apples leaves and alive mite counted on upper leaf surface at one day before and 7, 14, 21 and 28 days accordingly. Mean active stages of P. ulmi mite/leaf found varied between 3.01 to 7.78 mites, 6.70 to 28.15mites, 3 to 36.66 mites and 17.43 to 26.83 mite among treatments in West Azerbaijan, Khorasan Razavi, East Azerbaijan and Ardebil respectively.  Highest mite mortality% threated by bifenazate doses up to 21 days after recorded 98.33% and 94.85% for 0.7 and 5 ml/l in Oromia and Golmakan, up to 14 and 7 days after observed 99.9% and 68.71% for 0.7 ml/l of bifenazate in  Marand and Meshkeinshar respectively. Bifenazate toxicity on mean of recorded natural enemies (predatory mites, Orius sp, and Thrips sp.) in Meshkeinshar reduced their number but did not eliminate them from apple trees. Higher doses of bifenazate application when mean of P. ulmi recorded lest than 5 mites on 30% of collected leaves, will provide effective control.

Feeding Aculops lycopersici (tomato russet mite) on tomato leaves and stems change color to fawn color, plant dryness and fruits nars of infested plants. An investigation carried out with three botanical pesticides, i.e. GC–mite (1ml/l), Biomite (2 ml/l), Neem 1.8 EC (3ml/l) and 25% lower than – recommended doses in compared with 0.5ml/l dose of Bifenazate 24% SC, Cyflumetofen 20% SC, Spirodiclofen 24% SC, Spiromesifen 24% SC, 0.75 ml/l of Milbemectin 1% EC on tomato under field and greenhouse conditions in Tehran and Varamin, respectively. A completely randomized design and randomized complete block design used in greenhouse and the field with three replications. Water sprayed in control treatment. Effects of each treatment determined by random 30 tomato leaves collected at one day before and 3, 7 and 15 days after treatments. Active mite stages on lower surface of tomato leaf counted and collected data by Abbott and Henderson–tilton formulas in greenhouse and field converted to mortality percentage, respectively. Mean mite mortality percentage analysis showed a significant (p<0.05) for 3rd day interval only under greenhouse and minimum 94.70 % control received among treatments at 15th day of sampling. While least of mean of mite control among treatments after 15 days under field condition recorded 89%. Mite mortality percentage found significant (p<0.05) between 3rd and 15th days sampling time among treatments under field conditions. Higher effects of botanical recorded 92.39% for 0.75 ml/l GC–mite, Biomite (93.23, 97.22%), Neem (97.11, 95.15%) doses, respectively. Least of mite pest controlled recorded 80.98% by spirodiclofen among synthetic acaricidal under field conditions. This finding suggested that through application of botanical pesticides in rotation with other pesticides, tomato production and natural enemies almost remained safe under field conditions.

Spodoptera cilium Guenee is one of the pests of grasses in the landscape of the southern regions of Iran and many countries of the world. In this study, the effects of some insecticides, including, indoxacarb, fanvalerate, diflubenzuron, Imunit® (Alpha Cypermethrin +Teflubenzuron) and Bt were investigated against larvae of S. cilium in laboratory and field conditions. The laboratory bioassays were performed by leaf dipping method at 250C, 60±5% RH, and 16:8 light: dark conditions. The results indicated the LC50 values from low to high of imunit®, indoxacarb, diflubenzuron and fanvalerate, 48 h after lavae exposure were 27.7, 60, 187.8 and 1057.0 ppm, respectivley. In the second experiment, grass leaves were treated with recommended and half recommended concentration of tested insecticides using leaf dipping method. Then, the mortality of second and fourth instar larvae were counted daily up to five days. A day after exposure, the highest mortality percentage of the second instar larvae was related to the recommended concentration of indoxacarb, fenvalerate and imunit®, respectively, with 99.0±1.0, 92.0±2.3 and 89.0±1.0%, respectively. In this time, the highest mortality level of fourth instar larvae was related to the recommended concentration of imunit® and indoxacarb with the mortality of 58.0±2.0% and 56.0±5.9%, respectively. The greatest reduction in the damage percentage in the field test was reported 19 days after spraying is related to the recommended concentration of indoxacarb, and imunit® with 6.0±1.0 and 28.0±0.0%, respectively. According to our results, immunit and indoxacarb have been shown to control the population and reduce the damage of S. cilium, and can be used in this pest control programs.

Most of new acaricides evaluation were demanded against apple mite pest’s orchards in Iran. Effects of flufenzin 200 SC doses (0.2 and 0.3ml/lit) against Panonychus ulmi and Tetranychus urticae in apple orchards of Ardebil, West Azerbaijan, Khorasan Razavi and in Esfahan provinces were investigated during 2014 respectively. Other registered acaricides such as Spirodiclofen 240 SC, bifenazate 24% SC, fenpropathrin 10% EC, fenproximate 5% SC along with1.5% liquid detergent soap, water sprayed in control treatment were used in this study. Random apple leaves sampling at weekly interval followed from middle month of May and by observing mean 5 active mite stages on 30% of the collected leaves, treatments carried out at early morning hours. Efficiency of each treat done by random 40 leaves from middle part of apple trees collected at interval of one day before and 3,7,14, 21 days after treatment respectively. Mean mortality% analysis done by SAS software and ranked them according Duncan method. The higher P. ulmi mortality% by 0.2 ml/l of flufenzin dose treat recorded 92.45% and 95.82% at 3rd and 7th days after in Ardebil and reduced to 55.79% at 21st day respectively. Maximum P. ulmi mortality% caused by 0.3 ml/l of flufenzin dose recorded 86.47% and 81.79% at 14th and 21th days after in Mashhad area and on T. urticae observed between 66.07% to 72.17% during 3rd to 21st days after treatment in Esfahan. Highest mite pest control among registered acaricidal received for spirodiclofen acaricide and effects of all of them in comparison to earliest record found in reduction. Results indicated that by 480 g a.i. of flufenzin spraying in hectare under low mite pest incidence effective control in apple orchard expected.

European red mite (Panonychus ulmi (Koch)) and two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) are the two major pests of deciduous trees and most of the acaricides used in the control of them in apple orchards of Iran. The early of these two mite damages on leaf chlorophyll contents caused plant retardation, reduce fruit size and quality in apple production. Extensive mite pest damages during the middle of spring and summer months not only caused complete leaves shedding but side effects of this unusual condition imposed shortages of nutritional on vigorously of infested apple trees in next year on apple production also. Most of the new acaricides introduced and registered here in the last two decades demanded and evaluated against apple mite pests. Reduce the hazardous risk of synthetic acaricides application, so many efforts since 1995 undertaken since 1995 for sustainable mite pest’s management and keeping environmental and natural enemies safer in apple orchards. Evaluation of organic pesticides in developed countries in control of apple pests received more attention mostly to overcome spider mite pest damages in the world. In Iran, the only sulfur powder was tested in 1954 against citrus russet mite and no other mineral as an acaricide tested on apple mite pests in Iran. In this study, for the first time, the effect of Kaolin doses investigated on active stages of European red mite in four major apple growing orchards of Iran. Concerned literature survey indicated that this the first in depended kaolin effects report from Iran.

Different kaolin doses (3, 4 and 5%) against Panonychus ulmi infested apple orchards during investigated 2014. Effect of this pesticide was compared with registered acaricides such as Envidor (spirodiclofen 240 SC), floramite (bifenazate 24% SC), Danitol (fenpropathrin 10% EC), Ortus (fenpyroximate 5% SC), 1.5% detergent dishwashing along with water sprayed on apple trees as in uncontrolled treatment. Experiments conducted in different provinces of Iran (West Azerbaijan, Esfahan, Ardebil and Khorasan Razavi provinces during 2014). Treatment effectiveness was determined by random 40 apple leaves collected at the interval of one day before and 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after treatments. Active mite stages on the upper side of the apple leaf counted with the help of a stereomicroscope. Collected alive mite raw data from each treatment at different interval times, converted into morality% by Henderson-Tilton formula. Mean mortality% analysis variance done with SAS software. Grouping and ranking effects of each treatment carried out by DUNCAN methods.

Mite mean density before treatments on apple leaves among treatments found varied during 2014 in different provinces. The highest mean of mite out of 40 leaves before treatments in West Azerbaijan, Esfahan, Ardebil and Khorasan Razavi provinces recorded 11.60±0.28, 13.52±1.29, 11.85±0.32 and 4.75±0.15 respectively with total apple leaves infestation of 65 to 80% in all provinces. Lower doses (3 and 4%) of kaolin pesticides in the control of mite pests in all experimental stations except in Ardebil observed very weakly and less than 50% up to 14 days after. The highest mite mortality% time up to 7 days after treatments for 5% kaolin dose recorded 75.97% and 78.70 up to 7 days in Oromia and Ardebil and up to 14 days after observed 66.68%, 75.23% in Esfahan and Khorasan Razavi provinces respectively. A sharp reduction in apple mite pest control recorded at 21 days sampling interval for kaolin 5%. All kaolin doses sprayed on apple trees found without phytotoxicity during the hot and dried period of sampling time in all places. Expected control with 5% kaolin application at the early stages of P. ulmi activity for a once during the growing season is possible.

Application 5% kaolin at the lower incidence of Panonychus ulmi for once during the growing season in apple orchards recommended.

Bean is one of the most important sources of protein. Aphids, are important pests of this crop. For the assessment of of Acephate (Lancer® DF 97%) efficacy on Aphids, in Bean Field, three locations in Kermanshah, Markazi and Lorestan provinces were selected. This study was implemented in a completely randomized complete block design with 5 treatments and 3 replications. Treatments including required insecticides Acephate (Lancers® DF 97% at 1 and 0.75 kg ha-1) (2.5 and 1.8 g/l), Imidacloprid (Confidor® SC 35 %) at 250 ml ha-1, (0.6 ml/l) Pymetrozine (Chess® WG 50%) at 0.5 kg ha-1, (1.25 g/l) Pirimicarb (Pirimor® WP 50%) at 0.5 kg ha-1, (1.25 g/l) and control (WATER). Spraying was performed in each area according to the time of pest emergence. Samples were collected one day before and 3, 7 and 14 days after treatments. Leaf sampling was used to determine aphid density of each plot. The results showed that on the third day after spraying in Kermanshah, Imidacloprid and Acephate treatments at concentrations of 1 and 0.75 kg ha-1 respectively, had the highest effect. At the same time, in the Markazi province, Acephate 1kg ha-1 was significantly different from other treatments. In Lorestan, on the third day, no significant differences were observed between treatments, but the Acephate 1 kg ha-1 was the highest efficiency. Acephate (0.75 kg ha-1) can be recommended for bean aphid's control.

Nematodes especially root knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica, are amongst the factors responsible for reducing the production of cucumber which is a suitable host for this pest. In order to investigate the efficacy of the nematicide Imicyafos (Nemakick 30% SL) four concentrations 1, 2.5, 5 and 10 l/ha of a commercial form of this nematicide  and 150 kg/ha of nemaphos (nemacur 10% G) were applied to the soil at the time of transplanting cucumber seedlings and a week earlier respectively on Sultan variety cucumber. Nemakick was able to reduce the nematode population effectively compared with the control treatment. At the dose of  2.5 and 10 l/ha it reduced the final pest density by 75% and reproduction factor by 45% but it was ineffective at the dose of  1 l/h. Nemacur  at the same  doses  as  Nemakick, decreased the nematode infestation by 49% compared with the  untreated control. Nemakick at 2/5 l/ha commercial form dose could be recommended to be used for controlling M. javanica in greenhouse cucumber production.