جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "biology" در نشریات گروه "گیاهپزشکی"

Increase of the population of grape cicada was occurred in the major vineyards of Zanjan province in 2012- 2015. Identification the damaging species and its growth process were carried out in four infected orchards located in Shenat vicinity of Abhar, Zanjan, Iran during two-year study from early June 2013. In each weekly visit, 30 grape bushes selected randomly in each orchard and were examined carefully to find the presence of nymph exit holes from the soil, exuviae, adult cicadas, egg laying clefts and incubated eggs. All the collected specimens were identified as Chloropsalta smaragdula Haupt 1920. First exit holes, larval exuviae, and adults were observed on June 11and 14, June 11and 14, June 16 and June 14 respectively; first egg laying symptoms on the newly grown shoots were also observed on July 2nd incubated on Aug. 2nd. Additionally, to prepare the preliminary distribution and infection rate map of the pest in the region ,three grape shrubs of three orchards in 40 villages in Abhar and Khorram- Dareh counties were examined for recording the percent of egg laying clefts to estimate the infection rates using the software of Arc view.

Olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), is one of the most important and main pests that attack olives all around the world, especially in Mediterranean countries. This research was done to study some biological characteristics of the pest in two years. This pest has three to five generations in the Tarom sofla area of Qazvin province. Results showed that fly overwinters as adult mainly but rarely as pupa beneath the plant debris and surface soil layer of the olive orchards. The olive fruit fly attacks the fruits as the weather warms up and after a period of reproductive diapause, in late spring and early summer, at the same time as the olive core hardens (Pit hardening). Climatic changes and olive tree phenology and access to olive fruit were constant and fully correlated with olive fruit fly activity. Based on these results, the first generation, because of the favorable conditions and the product of in the first year, happened generally in July, the second generation has continued between August and September, the third generation between September and October, the fourth generation in October and November, and the fifth generation or the wintering generation in November and December. But in the second year, due to the low yield and weather conditions, the first generation was generally observed in August, the second generation in September, the third generation between September and October, and the fourth generation (wintering generation) in October and November, and another fruit was not observed in December. Due to the long oviposition period, the olive fly has overlapping generations. The density of the olive fly population in the third and fourth generation is more than the first and second generation. In the early generations, the sex ratio is in favor of males, but in the last generation, it changes to 1:1.

Biology and natural parasitism of Copidosoma subalbicornis parasitoid wasp of A. lineatella was evaluated in almond and peach orchards of Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiari province in 2016-2017. Parasitism and the presence of parasitoid wasp in nature, host preference and life span of parasitoid wasp and the pest were evaluated at laboratory conditions. Results showed that maximum parasitism percentage of third generation larvae was 26.5±2.22 and 27.1±3.11 in Emamieh and minimum was 18±1.18 and 17.9±2.37% in Saman and Cham Ali almond Mamaei cultivar orchards in 2016 and 2017, respectively. The rate of parasitism of peach twig borer larvae in the first and second generation was 13.3 and 16% in Saman city in 2016, respectively, and in 2017 was 13.9 and 15.5%. C. subalbicornis could parasitize the all larval instars of the pest during three generations, however, last instar larvae were preferred.

Xylophagous moth, Euzopherodes vapidella vapidella Mann (Lep.: Pyralidae), as a new pest in Iran, causes damage in olive orchards of Fars province specially at Fasa, Kazeron, Darab and Shiraz area in recent years. Its biological characteristics was studies using light trap and field sampling during 2007-2008 at Fasa olive orchards. Female moths lay their eggs at the wounded sites, which cause by pruning, grafting and broken branches. Neonate larvae penetrate under the bark and fed on cambium layers. The larval and pupal development occurred under the barks. The pest overwintered in different larval stages, mostly in final instars.The first adult moths appeared gradually from mid-March, and based on light traps observations, its four generations were observed in mid-April, the second half of July, late-September and mid-December, respectively.The mean length of embryonic, larval and pupal stage development lasted 5.25 ± 0.18, 21.8 ±0.19 and 7.4 ± 0.24 days, respectively. Sex ratio of the male: female in laboratory and field study were same and estimated 1: 1.4.  The longevity of male and female moths was 7.45 ±0.25 and 5.15±0.17 days, respectively.

Dipteran flies are the second most important group of insect parasitoids after hymenopteran parasitoids and they represent about 20% of all insect parasitoids. The Tachinidae comprises approximately 1500 valid genera and more than 8500 described species in the world and is the largest and most important family of dipteran parasitoids. This family is divided into four subfamilies: Exoristinae, Tachininae, Dexiinae, and Phasiinae, of which the Exoristinae is the most species–rich subfamily. Some species of the Tachinidae have been used in classical and augmentative biological control programs, especially in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. Despite the high potential of Tachinidae parasitoids as effective biological control agents, their role in pest management programs has been less studied. Not only in Iran, but also in many parts of the world, the tachinid species are not commercially available and only some species of the family have been mass reared. In the last decade, considerable research has been conducted on the identification and classification of Tachinidae in Iran, and more than 270 species of this family have been reported in the country. In the current review, various aspects of the Tachinidae have been investigated including, biology, rearing methods, and examples of application and their potential in biological control programs. This review aims to reveal the role of the tachinid flies in biological control programs and to use them in the integrated management programs of key pests in Iran.

Olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Rossi). (Dip.: Tephritidae) is the main pest of olive orchards in Guilan, Qazvin and Zanjan provinces. In this study seasonal population fluctuations, bio-ecology characteristics and olive orchard infestation were investigated in the orchards of Tarom Sofla (Ghazvin province) in 2014- 16. Sex pheromones (on yellow sticky traps) were used to catch the adult flies and fruit sampling carried out to reveal the pest development and fruits infestation rate. Based on the results, flight activity of the adults occurred throughout the season with different densities, which depends on weather conditions. The fly had 3-4 overlapping generation per year. Immature stages observed in mid-Jun. Ovipositing in the fruits (1st generation) started in late spring and early summer, coinciding with pit hardening. The 2nd generation found from mid-August to mid-September and the 3rd generation started from end of September. In three years, the fruit infestation means at Kalaj and Ghoshchi were 2.4%, 5.1%; 4.7%, 6.2% and 8.7%, 21.3%, respectively.

The endoparasitic wasp, Aenasius bambawalei Hayat (Hym.: Encyrtidae), is one of the most effective parasitoids of cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hem.: Pseudococcidae), in Iran. Since natural enemies alone are not able to keep the population of mealybug under economic injury level, the use of chemical insecticides is inevitable. In this study, the effects of sublethal concentrations of 0.5, 1 and 25 ppm of dimethoate, thiodicarb and imidacloprid were investigated on the life table parameters and survival of the parasitoid in laboratory conditions. The results showed that the fertility of the female parasitoids decreased in insecticidal treatments and the length of the total preoviposition period (TPOP) increased. However, the length of the adult preoviposition period (APOP) and the longevity of females did not change. Moreover, the intrinsic rate of increase (rm), the finite rate of increase (λ), and the net reproduction rate (R0) in dimethoate and thiodicarb treatments were significantly lower than control, but in imidacloprid treatment, the difference was not significant. According to these results, imidacloprid had less negative effects than the other two inecticides on the growth parameters and the life table of A. bambawalei.

Development, reproduction, and life table parameters of the parasitoid Eretmocerus delhiensis Mani (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)parasitizing sugarcane whitefly, Neomaskellia andropogonis Corbett (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)were studied at 20, 25, 30 and 32°C, 45±5% RH, and 12: 12 h (L: D). The developmental time of egg to adult stage, decreased from 24.2±0.46 days at 20°C to 10.7±0.33 days at 32°C. An average of 250 degree-days was required to complete development above the lower threshold temperature (11.25°C). Preimaginal survivorship was 77.76±0.41, 82.33±0.38, 74.99 ±0.37, and 59.45±1.07% at 20, 25, 30, and 32°C, respectively. The mean fecundity of E. delhiensis was 65.66±1.48, 82.80±3.24, 18.93±0.60, and 8.46±0.49 eggs at 20, 25, 30, and 32°C, respectively, and had a mean longevity of 23.80±0.55, 17.33±0.54, 6.66±0.28, and 4.43±0.22 days at the same four temperatures. The intrinsic rate of population increase (rm) ranged from 0.156±0.01 to 0.234±0.02, with the highest value recorded at 25°C. Our results revealed that 25°C is the optimum temperature for development and reproduction of E. delhiensis. These data can be used in supplementary studies to maximize the production of E. delhiensis from mass rearing facilities and to develop computer simulation models to predict E. delhiensis development plus population dynamics for release programs.

Field and laboratory surveys were carried out to study the biology of cotton thistle leaf miner, Pegomya terebrans (Rondani) in Urmia region. The results showed that the host plant species of this fly are restricted to three species of plants belonging to tribe Cynareae (Asteraceae), including Italian thistle Carduus pycnocephalus L. and two species of cotton thistle namely Onopordum acanthium L. and O. leptolepis DC.. The species has only one generation per year and hibernates as adults. After overwintering, adults become active and mate in late March. Fertile females begin oviposition in early April. The eggs are laid either singly or in groups of up to five in irregular shape under the leaves of the host plants. Depending on the daily temperature, they hatch within 6-10 days and young larvae immediately bores into the leaf and begins consumption in tissues between the leaf surfaces. The species has three larval instars and larval developmental time is 21 to 27 days in natural conditions. The full grown third instar larvae fall to the ground and pupate in the soil at a depth of 1 to 3 cm which its period lasts 4 to 5 months. The emergence of flies begins in mid-October and continues until late-November. They remain inactive for about five months in autumn and winter and become active in early spring, again. The larvae of P. terebrans were parasitized by Biosteres spinaciae (Thomson) in the studied region. Parasitic association between B. spinaciae and P. terebrans is reported for the first time.

The Syrian bean-caper hawk moth, Hyles zygophylli L., is distributed in the eastern Palaearctic region and feeds on the leaves of the Syrian bean caper, Zygophyllum fabago L. In order to study the life history traits and its parasitoids, continuous rearing was conducted in field and laboratory conditions. The results showed that H. zygophylli completed four generations within the growing season and hibernate as pupal stage in the soil at a depth of 2 to 6 cm. The annual life cycle of the species begins in late April with the emergence of adults from overwintering pupae and ends in early October with the pupation of fourth-generation larvae. Adult hawk moths 2-3 days after emergence mates and begin laying eggs in irregular shape on the stems and underside of leaves. They are spherical shape, light green and 1.1 ± 0.1 mm in diameter. Depends on daily temperature, the incubation period takes 3-5days. The larval development time takes 18-25 days and pupal stage lasted 12-16 days. Laval development were completed in five larval instars. The maximum length (in rest position), head capsule, and weight of completely developed larvae were 6.6-6.9 mm, 4.9 mm, and 3.8-4.9 gr, respectively. The larvae and pupa of H. zygophylli were parasitized by two species of tachinid and chalcid flies namely, Masicera sphingivora (R.-D.), Tachina praeceps Meigen and Proconura barbara Masi in Urmia region. The association of parasitoids with H. zygophylli are reported for the first time.

Biological characteristics and feeding rate of Episyrphus balteatus on Nasonovia ribisnigri as an economically important pest of lettuce were evaluated at four constant temperatures (15, 20, 25 and 30 ± 1°C), 65 ± 5% RH and a photoperiod of 16L: 8D h. Results showed that the developmental time of the incubation period (egg), first and third instars larvae and pupae of E. balteatus significantly decreased with increasing temperature. Moreover, the duration of developmental time (total immature stages) of this predator decreased with increasing temperature from 24.43 days at 15°C to 13.94 days at 30°C. The feeding rate of E. balteatus was effected by larval instars and temperatures. The 24-hour feeding rate of total larval instars of the predator were 11.48, 13.9, 11.97 and 9.32 nymphs / larva at examined temperatures, respectively.There were no significant differences regarding the developmental time and 24-hour feeding rate of the second larval instar at studied temperatures. The least mortality rate and the greatest 24-hour feeding rate were 12% and 11.6±0.62 third instar nymphs of N. ribisnigri / larva, respectively, in third instar larvae of E. balteatus at 20°C. According to the obtained results and considering high feeding rate of E. balteatus especially at 20°C, seems this predator can be considered as one of the suitable elements for the integrated pest management program of currant lettuce aphid.

Different species of weevils (Col.: Curculionidae) are found in oilseed rape fields, which some of those are canola stem-borer weevils. They feed inside petioles, crown and/or stems of the crop in larval stages and cause damage. These weevils are mainly belonging to genus Ceutorhynchus, which little information about their taxonomy, distribution and biology is available in Iran.

During 2016-2018, the biological characteristics of canola stem-borer weevils were investigated in canola fields of Mazandaran, Lorestan and Golestan provinces. In each province, three fields were selected for collecting samples. Yellow water traps were used for weekly collecting adult weevils from the fields during crop growing season. For collecting weevil-infested crops and determining infestation rate, 10 quadrates (0.5 × 0.5 m) were used per field. The adult weevils collected by the traps were identified and the pest biology as well as the infestation rates of the crop by the weevils were studied.

In this study, five Ceutorhynchid species were collected and identified: C. picitarsis and C. chalybaeus from Mazandaran, C. erysimi and C. pallidactylus from Golestan and C. sulcicollis from Lorestan, Mazandaran and Golestan. In late November, the adult weevils migrated to canola fields and after feeding and mating, the females deposited their eggs into main veins, petioles of the lower leaves or inside of the collar area of young canola plants and the emerged larvae penetrated into the host plant. The three larval instars of this pest fed inside host plant tissue during autumn and winter till mid spring season. The feeding activity of the first and second instar larvae were observed in late November and late December, respectively. Third instar larvae were found from beginning until mid-spring season. In late April, third instar larvae left the host plant, dropped in the soil for pupation and new generation adults emerged in May. These weevils are univoltine. The results showed that, the maximum infestation rates of oilseed rape by the stem weevils in Mazandaran, Lorestan and Golestan provinces was 20.1±0.89, 14.8±1.29 and 10.2±0.29 percent, respectively.

Determining the time of adult migration activity, oviposiotion and larval development of the weevils is an integral part of pest management strategy in oilseed rape fields. In this study, flight and oviposition activity of adults and also feeding activity of the first instar larvae were mainly observed in late November, which suggests this time as a suitable time for chemical control, if necessary. These weevils are mostly distributed around the Caspian Sea region (Mazandaran and Golestan provinces) however more investigations are required to conclude the existence of those in other parts of country.

Poplar clearwing moth, Paranthrene tabaniformis Rott. (Lep.: Sessiidae) is an important poplar pest in Asian, European, African and North America and it's reported by Farahbakhsh from Iran in 1962. In current research, biology of P. tabaniformis was studiedmainly in Safrabasteh Poplar Research Station,as well as Fakhr Abad (Lasht-e nesha) and Pillambara (Paresar) stations, the Lakan nursery and some private nurseriesin Kiashahr and Ziabar in Guilan province. Adults of this pest are resemble wasps, emerge from Mid-Mayand  operate until Mid-September.Females mate after emergence and the eggs are laid individually, pairs, and rarely more in different directions at a height of 30 cm to 2.5 m on the creases of the stems, as well as under the leaves and margins of the lateral buds. The embryonic period is 10 to14 days and the larvae create a small cavity in the bark, usually at the petiole-to-stem junction, after hatching and then they penetrate into the soft stems and gradually form galleries.The maximumlength of larval galleries was 25 cm.Larval activity of this pest was observed by creating galls on one-year-old poplar stems of different poplar clones of euramericana and deltoides species with different intensities in Guilan province. Severe infestations of seedlings can result in stem breakage under wind impact. Wintering of the insect is the form of third to sixth stages of larvae. Theactivity of larvae is resume in April and become pupae after a while. The pupal period is between 17-19 days. P. tabaniformis has one generation per year.

Puncture vine, Tribulus terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae) is a summer annual, aggressive and cosmopolitan weed species. The biology of Microlarinus lareynii, as a seed-eating biocontrol agent of puncture vine, was studied in Urmia region. The results revealed that, the weevil completes three generation per year and overwinters as an adult in plant litters. Adults emerge from the overwintering sites in mid-June. After emerging, they start to feed on the undersides of stems and mate from time to time. Then females chew holes into the burr, and lay eggs singly in the each hole. The eggs were covered by females for protection. The duration of incubation period lasted 3.4±0.8 d. Upon hatching the young larvae bore into the fruit where she feeds on the seeds. The larval and pupal development takes 17.8±2.6 and 6.2±1.5 d, respectively. Therefore, the time from oviposition to adult emergence takes 29.0±2.1d in natural conditions. The larvae of M. lareynii were parasitized by three species of Bracon Fabricius in Urmia region. Including, B. intercessor Nees, B. trucidator Marshal and B. murgabensis Tobias. The association of M. lareynii with B. trucidator and B. murgabensis are new. Furthermore, this is the first parasitoids report for M. lareynii from Iran.

Biology and economic importance of peach twig borer were investigated during 2000-2001 and 2016-2017 in almond orchards located in Saman, Chahar mahal VaBakhtiary, Iran.From the beginning of the growing season, almond orchards were visited weekly to collect infected branches and fruits transferred to laboratory to isolate and rear different developmental stages of the pest. Moreover, pest population changes were investigated by installing pheromone traps in almond orchards. Results showed that the pest spends winter in the form of first and second instar larvae within the terminal buds of the branches of host trees. Pest larvae feed on shoots and buds in the early growing season. Since mid-June, the larvae fed upon immature apricot, peach, and almond fruits, causing them to fall. The average infection rate in immature fruits of “Mamaee” almond cultivar was 2.95% and 1.47% in 2000 and 2001, respectively. The amount of “Sefid” almond cultivar infection was determined18% in heavy infested orchards. The number of infested fruitand branches in peach trees were higher than almond trees.The amount of infestation in almond and peach trees in the west and south directions was statistically more than the north and east directions. In laboratory conditions, with 25± 2 ° C, 50±10% RH and 8:16 hours (L: D) the embryonic period of the pest along with larval and pupal stages were lasted 5-6, 12-16 and 7-12days respectively. The pest completes three generations per year. The peak of the first, second and third generation occurs in late May, the second week of July and the last week of September respectively.

Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) is one of the important pests of canola in Iran and some countries of the world. Population growth parameters of this aphid were evaluated by two-sex life table method on different canola cultivars (Opera, SLM046, RGS000, Okapi, Delgan, Licord, H19, and Modena) at 25 ± 1 °C, 65 ± 5% RH and a 16:8 h (L:D) photoperiod. Net reproductive rate (R0) varied from 7.48±1.11 to 26.95±4.24 offsprings per generation on eight canola cultivars; the lowest value was on H19 and Okapi and the highest value was on Modena, Opera, SLM046, Delgan and Licord. The lowest intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was related to aphids that were fed on cultivars Okapi and RGS000 (0.176±0.001 and 0.209±0.002 day-1). However, rm value was the highest when aphids were fed on cultivars Modena, Opera, Delgan, and SLM046. The results of this study indicated that Okapi and RGS000 were relatively resistant, and Modena, Opera, Delgan, and SLM046 were susceptible cultivars to B. brassicae.

 Large areas of non-irrigated wheat fields have recently gone through the damage caused by growing population of wheat chafers. To study wheat chafers’ population changes and their natural enemies, the larvae, pupae and adults were collected from Kermanshah and Kurdistan provinces. Sampling and counting of larvae and pupae were done by placing wooden quadrats over the wheat fields and digging soils of the sampled areas. The insect net was employed to capture the adults. The sampling was carried out for three years (2010-2013). The two cockchafer species Tanyproctus ganglbaueri and Miltotrogus (Amphimallon) caucasicus (Scarabaeidae) were the most damaging chafers to wheat in western parts of Iran. The dominant species depended on the region and timespan indicating species turnover. The described species of T. ganglbaueri hasn’t been reported yet as a pest worldwide. The highest density of M. caucasicus larvae in Kermanshah province was 5.6 larvae per 0.25 m2 quadrat in mid-April; while in case of T. ganglbaueri 16 larvae per 0.25 m2 quadrat was recorded in March in Kurdistan province. Larvae of T. ganglbaueri started feeding in early February and the peak feeding times occured in March and April. The average adult lifespan of T. ganglbaueri was roughly 43 days. Fungal and bacterial pathogens including Beauveria bassiana, Hirsutella sp. and Bacillus sp. were isolated from the wheat chafers. The relatively different biology of these two pest species has an implication in their timing control actions. More studies on identification and revision of wheat scarabs in different climates of Iran is needed.