اسید آلی

In the poultry industry, additives are used to stimulate growth, improve production performance, and improve the health of the flock. On the other hand, reducing the quality of food items and their protein level, as well as the high level of anti-nutritional substances, disturbs the balance of the microbial ecosystem of the digestive system of birds and health and ultimately reduces their performance. The health and nutritional status of poultry is largely dependent on the microbial flora of the digestive system, which directly and indirectly affects the morphology of the digestive system, nutrition, and immune system. The microbial flora of the intestine is relatively unstable and is easily affected by various nutritional factors. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the effect of the simultaneous use of organic acids and prebiotics in diets containing low-quality soybean meal on the performance of laying hens.

This experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement using two levels of mixed organic acids and prebiotics and two types of soybean meal in the diet of laying hens. Chickens were distributed among pens based on weight and production rates for 2 weeks. Then, 192 laying hens of the LSL strain at the end of 73 weeks of age, after weighing and entering the wing number, were placed in 48 experimental cages, including four treatments with 12 replications, and fed for 12 weeks. Experimental treatments were treatment I (without the combination of organic acids and probiotics and containing 42% protein soy), treatment II (without the combination of organic acids and probiotics and containing 38% protein soy), treatment III (the combination of organic acids and probiotics and containing 42% protein soy), and treatment IV (a combination of organic acids and probiotics with 38% protein soy). To add the combination of organic acids and prebiotics, organic acid was used at a level of 1 kg per ton. The composition of the product included 30% propionic acid, 10% butyric acid, and 15% acetate plus 20% prebiotic with the origin of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cell wall. Performance traits, including production percentage and egg weight, egg mass weight, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured at the end of the experiment (age 85 weeks) when all the birds were killed using the cervical vertebrae displacement method. The abdominal fat response of the immune system, histomorphology of the small intestine, and microbial population of the cecum were the investigated parameters.

Except for the first week of the experiment, the addition of the combination of organic acids and probiotics and the use of high-quality soybean meal in the diet significantly increased the egg-laying percentage during the rest of the experiment (p < 0.01). In the first 4 weeks of the experiment (weeks 75-78), the percentage of egg production was under the significant influence of the interaction effects of the experimental factors. The treatment with organic acids plus prebiotics and high-quality soybean meal (treatment 3) presented the highest egg production rate (p< 0.05). From the second week to the end of the experiment, the consumption of diets containing the combination of organic acids and probiotics and high-quality soybean meal significantly increased the weight of the produced eggs (p< 0.05). The interaction effects of experimental treatments during the experimental period did not show a constant trend in the weight of produced eggs (p≥ 0.05). Adding the combination of organic acids and probiotics to the diet elevated egg mass in the entire experimental period, the difference of which was significant (p< 0.05). The use of soybean meal with low-protein soybean meal in the diet during the experimental period decreased the weight of the egg mass compared to the group consuming the diet containing high-quality soybean meal (p< 0.05). Adding the combination of organic acids and probiotics and the use of high-quality soybean meal in the diet of the studied laying hens improved the FCR during the test period (p< 0.05). The FCR in the first 5 weeks of the experiment was under the interaction effects of the experimental factors (p< 0.05). Abdominal fat at the beginning (age 73 weeks) and the end of the experiment (age 85 weeks) did not show significant differences between different treatments (p≥ 0.05). Cellular immune response to DNCB injection significantly increased using the organic acids and prebiotic mixture and decreased with the presence of low-protein soybean meal in the diet (p < 0.05). The microbial population of the cecum changed significantly under the influence of the interaction effects of the mixture of organic acids and prebiotics and the quality of the feed soup (p < 0.05). The use of a mixture of organic acids and prebiotics caused a significant increase in the height of the duodenal villi (p< 0.05). The presence of low-protein soybean meal in the diet significantly elevated the depth of crypts (p< 0.05). The ratio of villus height to crypt depth changed under the significant influence of the interaction effects of the experimental factors. The highest ratio was recorded in the treatment with a mixture of organic acids and prebiotics and high-quality soybeans in the diet while the lowest ratio was measured in the treatment without a mixture of organic acids and prebiotics and low-protein soybeans in the diet (p< 0.05). The width of the duodenal villi did not change under the influence of experimental factors, with no significant differences (p≥ 0.05).

In general, the results showed that using a combination of organic acids and probiotics in the diet of laying hens improved their productive performance and the health of their digestive system, as well as the performance of chickens fed with low-protein soybean meal.

Organic acids are one of the alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters. They have beneficial effects on poultry performance and gastrointestinal microbial balance. In general, the addition of organic acids to the diet lowers the pH of the diet and gastrointestinal tract, stimulates growth, helps to overcome the population of beneficial bacteria over pathogenic bacteria, and reduces toxic metabolites produced by harmful bacteria. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial effects of encapsulated versus non-encapsulated organic acids (OA) supplementation in drinking water on intestinal microbiota and broilers' growth performance.
A total of 360-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were divided into six treatments, four replicates, and 15 chicks per replicate in a completely randomized design. The experimental treatments included: a negative control (without organic acids; OA, in drinking water), a positive control (200 mL of a commercial OA, acidifier 4+ in 1000 L drinking water), 500 and 1000 mL non-encapsulated blend of OA, and 500 and 1000 g encapsulated blend of OA in 1000 L drinking water. The blend of OA was composed of butyric, propionic, and acetic acids. Body weight and feed intake were measured weekly on a pen basis. From these data, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily water intake (ADWI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated over the total rearing period. The European production efficiency factor (EPEF) was also calculated for the entire period of the trial. On day 42, gastrointestinal samples were collected from a total of 48 sacrificed birds (n = 12 birds from each experimental group) for pH and microflora analysis. Digesta from different sections of the gastrointestinal tract was collected and pH was measured using a digital pH meter. Total coliforms, lactobacilli, and Escherichia coli were counted in ileal digesta using a plate method with the use of a specific medium.
Broilers with an encapsulated blend of OA in drinking water had higher (P<0.05) body weight, ADG, and EPEF, and lower (P<0.05) FCR than the negative control. Broilers in the PC group and those with OA in their drinking water exhibited greater final BW, ADG, and FCR than those in the NC group (P<0.05) throughout the rearing period (0 to 21 d, 22 to 42 d, and 0 to 42 d). Organic acids can improve broilers' performance by inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the intestine. In the current study, administration of encapsulated OA in the drinking water of broilers resulted in lower (P<0.05) pH in jejunum when compared to the negative control. Dietary organic acids reduced the pH of different sections of the gastrointestinal tract of broilers compared to those fed the control diet. The administration of 500 g encapsulated or 1000 mL non-encapsulated blend of OA in the current study resulted in a lower count of E. coli compared with the negative control (P<0.05). The count of E. coli was linearly decreased (P<0.05) in the ileum of broilers with graded levels of the non-encapsulated blend of OA. It seems that the gizzard and stomach of birds drink acidified water were more acidic and might decrease the bacteria that were present in the gastrointestinal tract, especially in the lower gastrointestinal tract. Organic acids provide acidic pH in the gut, which increases beneficial bacteria, and decreases harmful bacteria of broilers.
Growth performance and the European production efficiency factor were generally greater with encapsulated OA compared with non-encapsulated one. Results of the current study showed that administration of 500 mg encapsulated blend of OA was sufficient for achieving the desired results.

Antibiotics have been widely used in animal production for decades to promote growth. Although there is a trend toward reducing antibiotics in diets and now in Europe new laws have been passed to ban their use. As a result, economically important diseases such as enteritis necrosis (NE), which is caused by Clostridium perfringens in chickens, have become more prevalent. The alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters could affect gut health and performance by their impact on intestinal microflora. The purpose of this experiment was to compare the efficacy of some feed additives as alternatives to antibiotic for preventing of subclinical necrotic enteritis in broilers.

The study was conducted using 336 one-day-old male broiler chicks in a completely randomized design with 7 treatments, 4 replicates and 12 chicks per replicate. The treatments included: 1) Negative control (NC, corn-soybean meal-based diet without any feed additive); 2) Positive control (PC, diet containing wheat and fish-meal without any feed additive); 3) Antibiotic (PC diet + zinc-bacitracin); 4) Probiotic (PC diet + probiotic); 5) Prebiotic (PC diet + prebiotic); 6) Phytobiotic (PC diet + phytobiotic); and 7) Organic acid (PC diet + organic acids).

The results indicated that addition of antibiotic or its alternatives to the PC diet did not affect average daily feed intake, average daily gain, feed conversion ratio and relative weight of internal organs (p>0.05). Evaluation of cecal bacterial population at d 41 showed that chickens were infected by subclinical necrotic enteritis. The count of Clostridium perfringens was significantly lower in broilers fed either phytobiotic or antibiotic than in broilers recieved either NC or PC treatments. Broilers fed probiotics, prebiotics or organic acid in their diet had lower counts of Clostridium perfringens in cecal contents than those fed PC diet (p<0.05), however the difference was not significant when compared to NC treatment (p>0.05).

According to the sampling results on days 29 and 41, addition of phytobiotic compared to antibiotic, increased the number of lactobacilli while reduced the count of Clostridium perfringens and coliforms. Therefore, phytobiotic can be a suitable alternative for antibiotic to promote gastrointestinal health and prevent subclinical necrotic enteritis in broilers.

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of organic acid (Biotronic) and silver nanoparticles coated on zeolite on performance and humoral immune response of broiler chickens under heat stress conditions using a total of 375 one day-old broiler chicks (Cobb 500). Chicks were allocated to five treatments, five replicates and 15 chicks per each replicate using a completely randomized design. Treatments included: (1) control (2) 1% Uncoated zeolite, (3) zeolite-coated with 0.5% silver nanoparticles, (4) 1 g/kg organic acids and (5) zeolite-coated with 0.5% of silver nanoparticles and 1g/kg organic acids. Heat stress was exposed at 34˚ C in sixth week. Chicken’s performance indices were measured periodically. Blood samples were taken to determine antibody response, sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and heterophile to lymphocyte ratio at the end of the third, fourth, fifth and sixth weeks. The results of experiment indicated that diet containing Nano silver with organic acid decreased broiler body weight compared with the control and organic acids treatment at growth period (days 42-21 of breeding) (p<0.05). Also feed conversion ratio was significantly higher in the Nano silver coated on zeolite treatment than control treatment, zeolite and organic acids groups in the whole experimental periods (1-24 days) (p<0.05). However, the results of the experiment showed no significant differences between all treatments on immune system (p>0.05). In conclusion, the use of Nano silver and organic acid at the above levels had no effect on immune system, but the diet of silver nanoparticles increased the feed conversion ratio in chickens.

The effect of use of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and probiotic on productive performance of laying hens and some quality parameters of produced eggs was evaluated using an experiment with 320 Bowens laying hens, in a 4×2 factorial experiment with four fatty acid levels (no additive, 0.1 % diet, propionic acid, 0.2 % diet, butyric acid and 0.3 % diet, acetic acid) and two levels of probiotic (0 and0.01% diet) in a completely randomized design with 8 treatments, 5 replications and 8 birds per replication. The results of production performance showed that the egg weight, feed conversion ratio, production percentage and egg mass parameters, were not affected by the experimental groups. The main effects showed that organic acid supplementation significantly increased feed intake (P<0.05). It was shownthat the percentage, diameter and color index of the yolk were not affected but the height of the yolk was improved by supplements (P<0.05). The results of shell quality also showed that specific gravity, shell percentage and shell thickness were not affected by the experimental groups, but diets containing organic acids and probiotic significantly improved shell resistance compared with non-additive group (P<0.05).It could be concluded that organic acid and probiotic supplements with a positive effect on feed consumption, egg weight, egg yolk height and shell resistance, improved production performance and quality of produced eggs.

Calf breeding has been one of the most important and sensitive management programs in cattle farms. Therefore, using the right nutrition strategies for their improved growth and health is very important. For this reason, antibiotics have long been used in many countries to increase the growth of livestock due to their inhibitory effect on harmful bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. In the last decades antibiotics were used for stimulating growth and increasing viability in calves, because of improving antibiotic resistance finding new techniques for improving growth and viability and reducing weaning weight is necessary. Adding supplemental levels of probiotic and organic acids can increase the immune system and improve health of calf.

In this study, the effects of different levels of probiotic and organic acids additive were investigated on blood metabolites, immune response and health of Holstein calves.

In order to determine the effects of different levels of probiotic and organic acids on the performance, skeletal growth and feeding activity of infant calves, the experiment was conducted using 36 Holstein calves with a mean weight of 36 kg ± 2 in a completely randomized design with nine treatments and four replicates. The experiment lasted for 75 days in Moghan Agro-Industrial Company located in Parsabad city, Ardebil province. Treatments included: 1. basal diet without additive (control), 2. basal diet containing 2 g probiotic additive, 3.basal diet containing 3 g probiotic, 4. basal diet containing 3 g organic acid, 5. basal diet containing 4.5 g organic acid, 6. basal diet containing 2 g of probiotic and 3 g of organic acid, 7. basal diet containing 2 g of probiotic and 4.5 g of organic acid, 8. basal diet containing 3 g probiotics and 3 g of organic acid and 9. basal diet containing 3 g probiotic and 4.5 g organic acid. The study evaluated feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, skeletal growth, nutrition behavior, blood parameters, immune response and the calves health state. The test results were analyzed in a completely randomized design with SAS statistical software version 9.1.

The results showed that experimental diets had a significant effect on feed intake and daily gain, blood glucose and cholesterol and improved the immune system and health status of calves (p <0.05). In contrast, the experimental diets do not have a significant effect on the final weight and feed conversion ratio. This study also showed that the addition of probiotic, organic acid and the combination of these additives did not affect skeletal growth and feed intake activity of Holstein calves. Experimental treatments at 60 days and the whole period had a significant effect on feed intake. In general, probiotics increase food intake through their effects on the processes of digestion and absorption of nutrients. The average daily weight gain in the first, second and whole months of the period was affected by experimental diets but the overall effect of treatments in time periods was not significant. Blood glucose concentrations were increased in calves receiving treatment 5, which could be attributed to the created suitable environment in the intestinal tract due to the consumption of organic acids, which may have contributed to the digestion and absorption of more nutrients and As a result, it increases the blood glucose levels. Experimental diets had a significant effect on the white blood cell percentage in both sampling times (45 and 75 days). In general, the improvement of the immune system by probiotics is done through three ways of increasing general antibodies, increasing macrophage activity and increasing the production of local antibodies on the mucosal surface of tissues such as the intestinal wall. The effect of organic acids on the immune system is still largely unknown, but in general it can be said that organic acids improve digestion and absorption of nutrients as well as reducing harmful bacteria and help the immune system improvement.

based on the obtained results dietary treatments do not have any adverse effect on calves' performance. Moreover, it can be concluded that feeding probiotic and organic acid to the calves could have positive effects on animal performance and health state, so supplementing the diets by these substances is a good mean to improve the calves’ growth.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of organic acids combination on performance, blood biochemical parameters, intestinal morphology and internal egg quality parameters of layer Japanese quails in completely randomized design manner using 225 layer quails in 3 treatments, 5 replicates and 15 quails in each replicate, reared for two periods of 3 weeks each (37-39 and 40-42 weeks). Treatments were: 1) control; 2) basal diet with 0.04% AGP (bacitracin dimethyl salicylate) and 3) basal diet with 0.01% of organic acids combination. Results showed that feed consumption, egg production, egg weight and egg shell percentage were increased significantly compared to the control group by incorporating organic acids combination into the diet. Also significant increase the intestinal villus height, number of goblet cells and intestinal crypt depth were observed in the organic acids supplemented group. The lowest concentration of calcium, high-density lipoprotein, serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, feed conversion ratio and Haugh unit scores were found in organic acids fed quails. Glucose, total protein, phosphorus and serum aspartate aminotransferase values were not affected significantly by the experimental groups. Based on the results of this study, application of organic acids combination as a viable alternative to antibiotic growth promoters can be recommended in layer Japanese quails egg.

This research was conducted to investigate the effects of SAF Mannan prebiotic and Liptol HPA organic acid on performance¡ carcass traits and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens. In this experiment¡ 160 one-day-old Ross-308 broiler chicks were allocated to 4 treatments¡ 4 replications and 10 Chicks each by employing a completely randomized design for a period of 42 days. Experimental diets including: control diet (no additive) and diets containing 0.1% prebiotic¡ 0.1% organic acid and 0.1% mixed of prebiotic and organic acid. Feed intake (FI)¡ weight gain (WG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined periodically and carcass characteristics¡ productive index (PI) and intestinal morphology was measured at 42 days of age. Results indicated that¡ there were no significant differences between treatments in FI. The highest WG was observed for diet containing organic acid (P

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of an organic acid at three levels of dietary electrolyte balances (DEB) on growth performance، acidity and gut microbial population of broiler chickens. A total of 720 as-hatched Ross 308 broilers were used in the study from day 1 old to 40 days of age. The experiment was carried out using a complete block design with factorial arrangement (2×3). Each dietary treatment were replicated 4 times. Experimental diets included 3 levels of DEB (200, 250 and 300 mEq/kg) with or without 0. 4 % of the organic acid. Effects of dietary treatments were evaluated on performance criteria, carcass components, gut microbial population and pH of different sections of gastrointestinal tract. The results showed that feed intake of chickens fed 300 mEq DEB were higher than two other groups (200 and 250 mEq) and the effects were significant during finisher and entire periods (P<0. 05). Dietary supplementation of organic acid also increased feed intake in all experimental periods (P<0. 05). The average weight gain of chicks received diet with 300 meq/kg DEB was higher than other groups during the starter and grower period (P<0. 05). Effect of organic acids on weight gain was significant during all stages of experiment (P<0. 05). Gizzard weight of broilers fed diets containing 300 mEq DEB was higher, but the difference was significant only with 200 mEq DEB (P<0. 05). Organic acids supplementation of dietary treatment had significant effect on femoral and back percentage (P<0. 05). The main and interaction effects of dietary treatments on feed conversion ratio were not significant. The enterococci count decreased in 300 mEq DEB also a significant difference was observed between 300 mEq DEB and 200 mEq DEB treatment (P<0. 05). The results showed that using organic acid could increases weight gain and feed intake of broilers without any change in microbial population of cecum or changing the pH of GI.

In order to study the effects of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae probiotic and organic acids on the performance, nutrient digestibility and gizzard and cecum pH of broiler chickens, 256 one day old Ross 308 chicks were used as a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replicates. The chickens were fed with a basal diet supplemented with one of the four additives including avilamycin antibiotic, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, an organic acids mixture or Saccharomyces cerevisiae plus organic acids. At 28 days of age, 2 birds per replicate were slaughtered and their ileal contents were collected. The results of the present study showed that administration of 10 mg/kg avilamycin antibiotic improved bird performance and nutrient ileal digestibility, compared to the diets containing 1.5% Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 0.15% organic acids or the mixture of the yeast and organic acids (P< 0.05). The experimental treatments containing yeast, organic acids or the mixture of organic acids and Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast decreased gizzard and cecum pH (P< 0.05). The results of this study showed that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast and the mixture of the organic acids couldnt act as a suitable substitute for the avilamycin effects on the performance of the broiler chickens and even using both the yeast and organic acids was not resulted in any additive effects on the performance traits of broiler chickens.

In order to study the effect of different levels of desiccated ox bile (DOB; 0.00, 0.25, and 0.50%) and organic acid (OA; 0.00, 0.15, and 0.30% of the diet) on performance, fat digestibility, blood metabolites and ileal digesta viscosity in broiler chickens fed diets containing 5% tallow, in a completely randomized design with a 3×3 factorial arrangement and 4 replicates in each treatment, 360 day-old Ross male broiler chickens were used. The isocaloric and isonitrogenous starter and grower diets were fed ad libitum to chickens from 0-21 and 21-42 days of age, respectively. Feed intake (FI), body weight gains (BWG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was measured for starter (7-21d) and grower periods (21-42 days of age). Chromic oxide at the rate of 3 g/kg was added to experimental diets to determine fat digestibility at 19-21 and 40-42 days of age. Serum cholesterol (Chol), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and ileal digesta viscosity were measured at 21 and 42 days of age. Addition of DOB significantly increased BWG during 7 to 42d of age and FCR during 7 to 21 was improved. Although fat digestibility significantly increased by supplemental 0.50% DOB and 0.15% OA in the starter period, no interaction was observed between dietary DOB and OA for these parameters. Dietary OA had no effect on blood parameters, but supplemental 0.50% DOB significantly increased blood chemistry. Interaction between DOB and OA showed an increasing effect in Chol and TG at 42 days of age. Digesta viscosity was remained unchanged by dietary treatments. The results of this study indicated that supplementation of DOB in the diet significantly increased BWG and measured blood metabolites. Dietary supplementation of DOB increased fat digestibility of the birds fed diet containing 5% tallow.

400 one day-old broiler chicks were allocated on a randomized complete design experiment with five treatments consisting of four replications for 42 days. Experiment treatments were included: 1. based diet consist 20 percent barley (barley control), 2. barley control + 0.1 percent of mixed essential oil (Antibiofin), 3. barley control + 0.2 percent organic acid, 4. barley control + 15 ppm of antibiotic (virginiamycin) and 5. corn-soybean based diet as corn control. In addition, Basal diet supplemented with commercial enzyme preparation. There was significant difference within treatments for 42 age's body weight and FCR. No significant differences in FI were noted among treatment during experiment. Antibody titer against (SRBC) among groups in secondly immuno response had a significant effect (P< 0.05). The villus height of deudenum and Jejunum was significant differences among the treatment groups. It can be concluded that by using additives such as medicinal plant and organic acids in diets containing barley, can be achieved to similar performance of corn based diets.

A study was carried out to investigate the effects of organic acid mixture as well as two methionine supplements on performance, carcass characteristics and weight of gastrointestinal tract in broiler chickens. Six hundred unsexed day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were utilized in a factorial arrangement of treatments (3×2) based on Completely Randomized Design (CRD) of 4 replicates of 25 chicks each. a Chicks were placed in floor pens (1.2 ×2 m2). Experimental diets consisted of three levels of organic acid mixture consisting of formic, lactic, malic, citric, tartaric and ortho-phosphoric acid (under the trademark Orgacid) (0, 0.5, and 1%) and two sources of methionine supplement (DL-methionine and liquid methionine hydroxy analogue (Alimet). The experiment was carried out in two periods. Levels of 0.5 and 1% of organic acids mixtures increased body weight and improved feed conversion ratio (P<0.05) during all the periods. During the grower period Alimet increased carcass weight as compared with DL-methionine. Levels of 1% of organic acid mixtures increase carcass weight as compared with other levels in starter (P<0.05). Also in this period breast weight was significantly increased by 0.5 and 1 % of organic acids mixture compared with that at 0% level (P<0.05). Abdominal fat was significantly increased by 1% organic acid mixture compared with that of 0.5% at 21 days of age. The use of organic acid at 1% level resulted in decreased in cecum weight at 21 days of age compared with that at the level of 0% (P<0.05). Intestinal length (by 0.5 and 1 % of organic acid mixture) significantly increased as compared with those at 0% level (P<0.05). Application of organic acid in general, increased carcass weight, breast weight, intestine length while decreasing weight of cecum at 21 days of age. Alimet increased carcass weight as compared with DL-methionine.