انرژی

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of dietary metabolizable energy levels (EL) and stocking density (SD) on growth performance, blood indices, jejunal morphology and meat quality in Arian broiler chickens. A total of 672 Arian one-day-old chicks were used in a completely randomized design with 2×4 factorial arrangement, including two stocking density (12, 16 birds/m2) and four energy levels (EL1: Arian recommendation energy level, EL2: 3.5% higher energy level for finisher2, EL3: 3.5% higher energy level for all periods, EL4: 3.5% higher starter, grower and finisher1 and 6.1% higher energy level for finisher2) with eight treatments and six replicates. The results showed that recommendation Arian catalogue energy level with 16 birds/m2 decreased body weight gain in the finisher2 (42-36 days) and the whole period (1-42 days) and had highest feed conversion ratio in the finisher2 (P<0.001). Increased energy level (EL3) significantly decreased feed intake in finisher2 period. The carcass efficiency, breast relative weight and abdominal fat as increased as energy levels enhanced. In HSD, EL2 compared to EL3 increased relative weigh of heart. Also, EL3 increased low-density lipoprotein and alanine transaminase concentration in HSD. Concentration of albumin, total protein and high-density lipoprotein were decreased by stock density, on the contrary, Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase increased (P<0.05). The lowest height of villi was related to EL1 in HSD, and the highest villi height was observed in EL4 and low stock density. High energy level increased the villus width, the ratio of the villus height to the crypt depth (VH/CD) and the absorption area (P<0.05). HSD significantly reduced villus height and width, VH/CD and absorption area of villus (P<0.05). The interaction of energy level and SD did not affect any of the meat quality indicators. Furthermore, the findings of the present study showed there is no significant difference between 12 and 16 birds/m2 during the whole of period. The HSD decreased the growth performance and had a negative effect on the feed conversion ratio, whereas improved the performance of Arian broiler chickens when increased the energy level by 3.5% in the finisher 2.

The Broiler breeders use diets with different characteristics to feed the chickens based on the price of feed items in the market and the availability of them, their experience and taste. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of different energy level on blood metabolites, bacterial population of small intestine and performance of Arian broiler chickens.

In this study, 200 commercial broiler chickens of Arian commercial breed were used in a completely randomized design with four treatments, five replications and 10 chickens per replication. Treatments included, 1: control treatment with the recommended energy level of the guideline;2: 50 kcal / kg less energy than the control; 3: 100 kcal / kg less energy than the control and, 4:150 kcal / kg less energy than the control.

The results of the experiment showed that reduce the energy level of the diet on weight gain, feed conversation ratio and were ineffective (p>0.05) but at 24 and 35 days of age, it increased feed intake also increased the level of breast in treatment 3 and 4 and increased blood glucose and HDL (p<0.05). No effect of treatments was observed on intestinal microbial population.

The results of this experiment show that energy reduction has no effect on poultry performance and shows that dietary energy in Arian breeds can be reduced to levels even less than 150 kcal / kg compare to control diet, which requires further supplementary testing.  Also, the percentage of breasts increased with decreasing energy level, which requires the ratio of energy to protein in the guide of this breed should be reviewed.

Livestock systems in developing countries located in tropical and sub-tropical regions are heavily dependent on the natural resources (i.e. pastures). In these countries, decreased pasture availability and quality during the dry season has important consequences on performance and health of dairy ruminants. In these conditions, energy intake does not meet energy requirements for body maintenance, fetal growth and milk production, which results in negative energy balance, and high adipose tissue mobilization. If adaptation to NEB fails, the risk of metabolic disorders increased considerably, affecting not only animal performance, but also animal health and welfare. Fat-tailed sheep, such as the Lori-Bakhtiari and Turkey-Qashqai breeds, are raised in semi-arid regions of Eastern and Southern Africa, Central Asia, as well as numerous countries in the Middle-East. The common characteristic of all fat-tailed sheep is the deposition of a substantial amount of fat in the tail. Fat-tailed sheep are known for being highly resilient to harsh environmental conditions such as those related to the dry season such as water scarcity and low quality pastures and feedstuffs. According to the literature, fat depots are differently regulated in fat-tailed sheep compared to other sheep breeds during periods of feed scarcity. However, most of these studies have been performed in sheep breeds used for meat production.

The present study was carried out in the experimental farm of Yasouj University (Naregah, Yasouj, Iran). All animal procedures followed the ethical law on Animal Protection and were approved by the Committee of Animal Experiments (Yasouj University, Iran). All ewes used in this study were visually healthy and had no signs of diarrhea. The present study was carried out to investigate the consequences of a reduced energy intake on the body weight and blood metabolites of non-pregnant fat-tailed ewes. In this experiment, 10 non-pregnant fat-tailed ewes (Lori-Bakhtiari and Turkey-Qashqai) with average age 3.6 ± 0.3 y and BW 49.2 ±3 3.60 kg were used. During the trial, all animals were kept in individual pens (1.2 × 1.0 m) located in a closed barn. Each pen was equipped with a separate drink and feed container. Two weeks before the start of the experiment all animals were fed with a total mixed ration (TMR) diet formulated to fulfill 100% of the energy requirements recommended by the NRC (2007). Then, animals were randomly allotted into one of the two experimental groups, including the Control (Control; n= 5) and the Feed Restriction (Restriction; n=5) groups. From wk 1 to wk 5 (end of the experiment), ewes of the Control group access to the diet adlibitum. The feed restriction group was feed with a diet equivalent to the 100%, 50%, 65%, 80%, and 100% of the energy content of the dry diet on wk1, wk2, wk3, wk4 and wk5, respectively. During the entire experimental period, total mixed ration (TMR) was provided to the animals twice a day (0800 and 1700). In addition, animals had free access to drinking water and mineral blocks throughout the entire experimental period. The individual feed intake was recorded daily by weighing the offered TMR and the ort in the next morning before feeding. The ewes were weighed weekly on the last day of each experimental week. During the entire experimental period, blood samples were collected weekly from the jugular vein using heparinized vacuum tubes (6 mL) at 0730 (before feeding). All blood samples were kept in wet ice and then centrifuged at 3,500 × g for 15 min. The plasma was then aliquoted (1.5 mL) and stored at -20°C. The plasma concentration of glucose, urea, creatinine, triglyceride, cholesterol, albumin, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein–cholesterol (HDL-C), as well as the plasma activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) were determined using commercial kits (Pars Azmoun, Karaj, Iran), and NEFA and BHBA were measured by a RANDOX (Randox LTD, UK) commercial kit, and an automated analyzer (Mindray, B850, China), following manufacture’s instructions. The concentration of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) was determined using the following equation: VLDL (mg/dl) = TG × 0.20. The data was tested for normal distribution using the UNIVARIATE procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA, 2002-2008, Release 9.2). The data was evaluated using the MIXED procedure of SAS. The model included treatment (Control and feed restriction), time (from wk 1 to wk 5), and the interaction (treatment × time) as fixed effects. The individual ewe was set as a repeated subject. Concentrations of metabolites were considered dependent variables. Significant differences were considered significant if P<0.05, and a tendency if 0.05 

Obtained results showed that feed restriction reduced dry matter intake in the restriction group (P<0.001). different feed restriction percentage affected BW (P<0.01), and the lowest was related to the wk 2 in the restriction group (P<0.05). Among blood metabolites, plasma glucose, NEFA, and BHBA concentration tended to increase in the Restriction group (P= 0.07). Although plasma creatinine concentration was not affected by feed treatment, the sampling times affected of its concentration in the Restriction group (P<0.05). The other plasma metabolites measured were not affected by the feed restriction and sampling times except the LDL concentration at wk 4 in the Restriction group (P<0.05).

In conclusion, feed scarcity in tropical regions could affect on body weight in the non-pregnant ewes. With not changed the most of blood metabolites in the fat-tailed ewes, it could be speculating that, fat-tailed could also be considered as an energy source in these type of breeds, specially during the pregnancy and feed scarcity.

The objective of the current research was to investigate the influence of different levels of dietary energy and stocking density on body weight and immune system response in Ross 308 broiler breeder hens. For this purpose, a completely randomized design with 9 treatments included three diet energy levels 2600, 2750 and 2900 ME/Kg and three levels of stocking density (4, 6.5 and 9 birds/m2 in rearing and 3.5, 5.5 and 7.5 birds/m2 in laying period), were used with factorial arrange (3×3) and 4 replicates The results showed that, with increasing dietary energy level, live weight of hens increased significantly from 21 weeks to the end of the experiment (P <0.05), on the other hand, high density from the beginning of the experiment until 31 weeks had no significant effect on live weight of hens, but in the last 10 weeks, higher density caused more weight gain (P<0.04). The percentage of lymphocytes, monocytes, heterophiles and the ratio of heterophiles to lymphocytes did not show a significant difference between the three energy levels. However, the percentage of heterophils, lymphocytes and the ratio of heterophils to lymphocytes were higher in the high-density treatment (P <0.05). There was also no significant difference between the treatments in the observed titers including infectious bursal disease (IBD), bronchitis (IBV), reovirus (REO), Newcastle (ND) and influenza (AI). The results showed that increasing stocking density can cause stress in the herd and if the herd stocking density increases, it is necessary to re-evaluate the energy requirement.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of lecithin emulsifier to diet containing different levels of energy on performance, carcass characteristics, intestinal microflora and nutrient digestibility of broiler chicken. A total of 200 day old broiler chicks (male sex) Ross 308 strain was divided in 4 treatments, 5 replicates and 10 chicks in each replicate in a completely randomized design. Experimental treatments include: diet containing soybean oil with standard energy, diet containing soybean oil with low energy, diet containing soybean oil with standard energy + emulsifier, diet containing soybean oil with low energy + emulsifier. The Results showed that in the case of weight gain throughout the period, the body weight of chickens increased with decreasing energy levels. Also in the case of weight gain in the final period and the whole period, with increasing the level of emulsifier, body weight decreased. Regarding the FCR, in the initial, and whole growth periods, increasing the emulsifier level increased the feed conversion ratio. No statistically significant effects were observed in other experimental traits and different breeding periods by changing the energy level and adding emulsifier (P>0.05). The percentage of thighs in diets with high energy level was higher than other treatments. But other carcass traits did not show any significant effect (P>0.05). No effect of treatments was observed on intestinal microbial population. The results related to digestibility showed that in the case of dry matter, organic matter and fat traits, digestion was reduced in standard diets containing emulsifier and no significant effects were observed in other traits (P>0.05). In general, it can be said that increasing energy levels caused weight loss and reduced nutrient digestion, and adding emulsifier caused weight loss, increased conversion ratio and reduced nutrient digestion.

In order to investigate the effects of different levels of dietary metabolizable energy (ME) and protein (CP) on growth performance, energy efficiency ratio (EER), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and immunity system response of broilers, a total of 640 Ross 308 broilers were used in a 2×2×2 factorial arrangement with completely randomized design including 8 treatments, 4 replication and 20 chicks in each replication. The increasing of ME with lower level of CP (22%) decreased ME and CP intakes up to 21 day of age and then the rising of CP level (24%) increased ME and CP intakes up to 42 day of age. The FCR of males improved inconsiderably by increasing of dietary ME level but the ME and CP intakes were slightly higher and females had higher EER and PER at 35 day of age. The antibody titer against SRBC enhanced by increasing of dietary ME level. The concentration of HDL and heart weight were higher in males. Enhancing of ME led to an increase in nitrogen excretion and higher protein level (24%) caused decrease in intestine weight. Therefore, the increasing of ME and CP up to the 3rd week and then the decreasing of CP up to the end of production period is recommended to optimize ME and CP intakes and improving EER and PER.

In recent years, researchers have focused to find out the best dietary composition to provide maximum performance and health for the animal. Therefore, providing suitable nutritional conditions is aimed to improve the growth performance of calves. There are reports of the use of dietary fatty acids to alter growth performance as well as the immune response in suckling calves. Using a fat source is suggested as a way to improve energy and improve calf growth performance. However, the relationship between the level of forage consumption and the type of fat source in infant calves is not well understood. Therefore, a study was designed and conducted to evaluate the effects of fat source with or without alfalfa hay forage in the starter diet on performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood and rumen parameters of Holstein dairy calves.

This experiment with 40 newborn Holstein calves with a mean age of 3 days and a mean weight of 39 ± 1.8 kg with 4 treatments and 10 replications was a factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. Experimental treatments were included: 1) starter diet containing soybean oil supplement without alfalfa; 2) starter diet containing soybean oil supplement with 15% alfalfa; (3) starter diet containing palm oil supplement without alfalfa; 4) starter diet contained palm oil supplement along with 15% alfalfa hay. Daily starter intake and 10-d intervals body weight were recorded and the feed conversion ratio was calculated for each group. To determine blood parameters on day 36 of experiment, blood samples were taken from the jugular vein. Apparent digestibility of nutrients (organic matter, dry matter, NDF, crude protein and ether extract) was measured using acid-insoluble ash as an internal marker.

The results showed that feeding alfalfa hay along with soybean oil could negatively affect the starter consumption, average daily gain and final weight of suckling calves. Thus, the lowest starter consumption, daily gain and final weight were found when soybean oil was fed with alfalfa hay. Dry matter intake (milk + starter) and feed efficiency did not be affected by oil, alfalfa forage and their interactions. The results showed that the digestibility of organic matter in the treatment containing soybean oil with alfalfa was the lowest (P < 0.05). The highest digestibility is related to the treatment of palm oil with alfalfa and the lowest amount is found for soybean oil with alfalfa. The highest concentration of ammonia nitrogen was for calves receiving soybean oil with alfalfa and the lowest amount was related to the treatment of palm oil with alfalfa (P <0.05). The results showed that alfalfa, oil and alfalfa and oil interaction had a significant effect on short chain fatty acid concentration (P <0.05). Rumen pH, and acetate, propionate concentrations and acetate to propionate ratio and short chain fatty acids were not affected by alfalfa, oil and their interactions. Oil supplementation and the interaction could have a significant effect on blood concentrations of glucose, insulin and beta-hydroxybutyrate (P <0.05). While soybean oil, alfalfa and the interaction of oil and alfalfa did not have significant effect on other metabolites.

It can be concluded that despite the level of forage in the starter diet, soybean oil supplementation compared to the diet containing palm oil reduced performance, nutrient digestibility and also impaired ruminal fermentation. Simultaneous feeding of soybean oil and alfalfa forage had a negative effect on feed intake and performance of dairy calves, and on the other hand, when consuming forage during the pre-weaning period of calves, the use of palm oil is more advisable rather than soybean oil.

Effect of short-term feeding high energy diet along with eCG and hCG injection on follicular dynamics, blood metabolites, double ovulation and twinning rates in Naeini ewes was evaluated. For this purpose, 45 Naeini ewes (3-4 years old) were randomly assigned to 3 experimental groups: 1- Maintenance diet + eCG (Me), 2- Short-term high energy diet + eCG (HEe) and 3- Short-term high-energy diet + eCG and hCG (HEeh). All ewes were synchronized by inserting intravaginal progesterone sponges for a period of 12 days during the breeding season. The short-term feeding was started 4 d before until 1 d after sponge removal (for a 6 d period). The eCG injection was done 1 d before sponge removal and hCG injection was done on the day of sponge removal and 1 d later. Results showed that regardless of the kind of hormone injection, feeding high energy diet increased (P<0.05) the medium and large follicles population. The HEe and HEeh groups had higher (P<0.05) serum glucose, cholesterol and insulin, but lower (P<0.05) serum urea nitrogen compared with Me group. In HEe and HEeh groups, (P<0.05) serum oestradiol decreased before sponge removal and increased (P<0.05) after that. The HEeh ewes had highest (P<0.05) twinning rate (42.9%). In general, short-term feeding (6-day) high energy diet along with chorionic gonadotropins injection improved the follicular development, blood parameters and reproductive performance in Naeini ewes.

Nutrient requirements of goats have not been studied as extensively as those of beef and dairy cattle and sheep. Furthermore, Sistani goats have received less research attention than meat or dairy goats. Goats play an important role in Iran, largely as a source of red meat and milk. Iran has 25 million goats and kids. Results of research on ruminants showed that nutrients can affect prenatal growth if the lack of nutrition during gestation (in utero nutrition) will affect the postnatal growth performance. Dietary nutrient, especially energy and protein, are major factors affecting meat production in goats. During the late gestation, the last two months of pregnancy, eighty percent of the fetal growth occurs, leading to a significant increase in nutrient requirements of the ewe. Underfeeding energy or protein during pregnancy can lead to pregnancy toxemia, sub ketosis, or compromised fetal development, especially at the end of pregnancy when fetal growth rate is highest. The idea of using levels energy and protein in Sistani goat is new Therefore, this experiment conducted to test the effect energy and protein on on performance, digestibility, microbial protein, some of metabolites and ruminal parameters in late pregnancy of goat.  The experiment was conducted in the Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University (SANRU) of Iran. Humane animal care and handling procedures were followed according to the University’s animal care committee. On 100 days after successful matting, 28 synchronized singleton pregnant Sistani goats (with 3-year-old; body weight = 25±1.6 kg, and body condition score =2.6±0.5) were randomly allocated to four treatments and fed with experimental rations including 1) low protein and low energy diets (LPLE), 2) high protein and low energy (HPLE), 3) low protein and high energy (LPHE), and 4) high protein and high energy (HPHE). Feeds and rations samples were dried at 55°C, ground through a Wiley mill (1-mm screen), and composted by animal. Samples were analyzed for DM, OM, Kjeldahl N, ether extract (AOAC, 2002), ADF, NDF (Van Soest et al., 1991; using heat resistance alpha amylase without sodium sulphate), and ash at 605°C. The NFC was calculated by 100- (CP (%) + NDF (%) + Ash (%) + EE (%). The goats were weighted at the start of experiment, before and1 d after parturition, and Kids weight after birth. Nutrient digestibility, blood parameter, microbial protein synthesis and chewing activity. By measuring urine purine bases microbial protein synthesis was estimated. Rumination and chewing activity animal were measured visually with five-minute intervals over 24 h for all animals. Rumen fluid was collected at o h before feeding and at 3h post feeding. The sample were sealed and placed in freezer before transport to the laboratory for the analysis the NH3 and VFA content.  Our results showed that the intake of nutrients was increased in HPHE Treatment. Treatment HPLE had highest apparent digestibility than other experimental treatments. Goats on the higher CP diet lost more BW at parturition than other treatments. The lowest pH occurred at 3h post feeding. The ph of rumen fluid after the food ration is provided tends to decrease gradually because of fermentation in the rumen, particularly that of carbohydrates, which are degraded into VFA products. The VFA production increased at 3 h post feeding. There were no differences for microbial protein synthesis but had increase in treatment HPHE for microbial protein synthesis. Concentration of plasma cholesterol was significantly difference at 28d before generation. Glucose concentrations and urea were increased in HPLE treatments and Concentration of plasma triglycerid was lower in goats fed LPLE diet at 14d before generation. Glucose plasma concentration was higher in HPHE than other groups at 2h after generation. The birth live weight of kids was similar between the four groups but LPLE, LPHE and HPHE had numerically lower birth weight. The HPLE group had greatest and LPLE group had lowest body condition score.  Overall, these results show that maternal protein feeding during late gestation has been positively associated with kid birth weight and performance. In this experiment, 10 % of CP concentration greater than NRC (2007) recommendation, increased the body weights kids and improved performance of goat. Although, it seems that further experiments are needed.

In order to evaluate the effect of diets with different levels of energy and protein on ruminal pH, ammonia nitrogen, nutrient digestibility and excretion of purine derivatives, an experiment was designed. Six experimental treatments were allocate in six fitulated seep in repeated measure desind. Treatments included: Control; treatment with high level of energy using barley grain; treatment with high energy level using barley grain and corrected by peptide, treatment with high level of energy using corn grain; treatment with high energy level using corn grain and corrected by peptide and treatment with high level of protein with increasing levels of soybean meal. Results showed experimental treatments were significant effect on pH and ammonia nitrogen released in the rumen, in three hours after feeding (p <0.05). Dry matter intake, fat and organic matter digestibility were not affected by experimental treatments (p >0.05). Control and high protein levels treatments significantly less intake of crude protein, Nutral Detergent Fiber and Acid Detergent Fiber (p <0.05). The digestibility of nutrients has improved with addition of energy and protein sources. The purine derivatives excreation were significantly higher in treatment with high protein levels than other groups (p <0.05). Supplementation of diets with carbohydrate and protein sources with the least adverse effects on gastrointestinal is recommended.

In this research, the artificial neural networks (ANNs) and multi-layered non-fuzzy inductive inference system (ANFIS) were used to model the output energy in dairy and beef cattle farms. For this purpose, according to Cochran's relation, 105 beef and dairy farms were randomly selected from five townships which were the main producers of this sector in Mazandaran province from 2016-2017. Using the energy balance of inputs and outputs, the input and output energy averages in beef production farms were calculated to be 16994.76 and 3449.85 MJcow-1 and for dairy production farms were equal to 100100 and 58277 MJcow-1, respectively. Also, ER (Energy Ratio), EP (Energy Productivity), SE (Special Energy) and NE (Net Energy) indices for dairy production farms were 0.58, 0.08 KgMJ-1, 12.5 MJKg-1 and -41825.93 MJcow-1, respectively and for beef production farms were calculated as 0.2, 0.02 KgMJ-1, 50 MJKg-1and 13544.91 MJcow-1, respectively. Using the results of statistical analysis of the data, modeling of the output energy for each unit of input energy was performed by two above methods (ANNs and ANFIS). The results showed that the model of nervous- fuzzy inference comparative multi-layered system with the correlation coefficient of 0.9899 for steer farms and 0.9933 for dairy farms, had better performance and accuracy than that of the artificial neural network with the correlation coefficient of 0.8118 and the structure of 6-16-1 for beef farms and correlation coefficient of 0.9837 and the structure of 5-12-1 for dairy farms.

In this experiment, 160 one day old male broilers were used to compare the effect of weekly changing of metabolizable energy (ME) and protein (CP) levels with NRC and Ross feeding system on growth performance, carcass characteristics and blood metabolites of broilers. Experiment was done in a completely randomized design with 4 treatment and 4 replicates (10 birds each). There were four experimental treatments including: T1: diets formulated based on NRC recommendation, T2: diets formulated based on Ross recommendation T3: phase feeding 1 and T4: phase feeding 2. The results showed that lowering ME and CP level did not have any adverse effect on broiler performance till 14 days of age. In grower, finisher and whole period, significant effect of treatments was seen on performance traits (P

An experiment was carried out with 140 Arian broiler breeder hens and 20 males at 26 weeks of age. This experiment was done in 2×2 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with 20 experimental units and lasted 40 weeks. Dietary treatments were formulated with 2 levels of energy including 2740 and 2540 Kcal/Kg and two level of digestible lysine (0.54 and 0.61 %). Dietary energy level had no significant effect on egg production, egg weight and feed conversion ratio, but hens were received lower energy level had a lower daily weight gain compare to the hens received high energy level (p

Poultry industry is growing rapidly throughout the developing countries. There have been a considerable increase in growth rate and feed efficiency in commercial broiler chickens in recent years. The improvement of poultry production highly depends on the synergy between science and practice. By use of modern technology, genetics, microbiology, informatics and nutrition knowledge, production of fattening chicken highly increased in the whole world in last years. Also shorter production period and lower quantity of feed which is needed per kg of weight gain is the main goal of broiler production (Steiner et al. 2008). Poultry feeding is biologically and economically very important factor in broiler production. Feed cost is approximately 65-70% of the total production cost (Esonu et al. 2003). Energy and protein are very important nutrients for formulation of broiler diets. They are determinants in the evaluation of the performance and production coefficients of poultry. Protein and energy having major effect on growth performance of the broiler and they are the most expensive nutrient in broiler diets. Costs are rising along with the development of the poultry industry. Furthermore, there is a limitation on the feed sources which produced in Iran and to prevent loss of nutrients, evaluating the economy of poultry industry is important. Also there are several limiting factors such as environmental conditions which lead to lower weight gain and higher feed conversion ratio as compared to the standard performance in current broiler house in Iran. For these reasons, by feeding chickens with the diluted diets may achieve to the reasonable broiler performance while reducing the production costs. Therefore this experiment was conducted to evaluate the productive and economic performance of broiler chickens fed with different level of energy and digestible amino acids.
Material and This study was conducted at the veterinary organization of Khorasan Razavi. A total of 1440 day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were reared with standard diet during the first ten days of age and then randomly divided into twelve treatment groups. The chickens were arranged as 3×4 factorial completely randomized experimental design according to 3 levels of energy (100, 95 and 90% of Ross 308 recommendation) and 4 levels of protein and essential digestible amino acids (100, 105, 95 and 90% of Ross 308 recommendations). Each treatment considered of 3 replicates of 40 chickens per experimental unit. The birds were reared on the litter pen for 42 days with ad libitum access to feed and water. Experimental diets were formulated to provide similar nutrients content (expect protein, amino acids and energy levels) according to the Ross 308 recommendations. The standard composition and analysis of the diets are given in Table 1. Diets were formulated base on linear programming by using of the UFFDA software. Feed intake (FI) and body weight gain (BWG) were recorded for each period on pen basis, and the data was used to calculate feed conversion ratio (FCR). Mortality was recorded on daily basis, and dead weight recorded to correct FCR. The economic evaluation was performed according to cost of feed intake per kg weight gain; that was calculated as multiplying FCR in cost of each kg diet (Obih and Ekenyem 2010). Data were analyzed using the General Linear Models (GLM) procedure of SAS (SAS, 2003). The differences between the means of groups were separated by Tukey Multiple Range test (P In case of energy levels, the main effects showed that, there was no significant difference between FI and BWG, whereas, feed cost per kg final BW was lower in the diet containing 90% energy. These results are in agreement with NRC (1994), which reported that it is not always true to conclude the poultry can adjust feed intake to achieve a minimum energy from diets containing different levels of energy. Similarly, Leeson et al (1996), Nguyen and Bunchasak (2005) and Jafarnejad and Sadegh (2011) found no significant effect on BWG of broiler chicks fed the diets containing different levels of energy. In the study using Hubbard × Hubbard broilers, Aftab (2009) reported that, the diets with the higher energy (2850 kcal) resulted to the lower feed intake and FCR in day 35.
Broilers fed with the diet containing 90% of amino acids had the lowest BWG and feed cost than those fed with other levels of amino acids. Aftab (2009) reported that with increasing balanced protein from 8.4 to 10.2 g per kg, the FI and BW linearly improved (p The present results demonstrated that balancing diets with 90% of amino acids and 95% of recommendation energy not only decreased feed cost but also partly improved performance of broiler chickens.

Determination of optimum level of energy and protein requirements for Japanese quail in different periods (starter, grower and finisher) improves the growth performance and economic efficiency. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of dietary energy and protein on energy and protein efficiency, carcass characteristics and performance of Japanese quail during starter period.
Experiment was performed by 450 one-day-old quail chicks based on a completely randomized design in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement with 5 replicates and 10 chicks per replicate. Experimental diets containing 3 levels of energy (2700, 2800 and 2900 kcal/kg) and 3 levels of protein (24, 25 and 26 %). Before the formulation of diets, the chemical composition of feed ingredients were determined by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR). Experimental diets were formulate based on corn-soybean meal using the WUFFDA software for the starter period (1 to 10 days). At the end of experiment (10 d), a bird was randomly selected and slaughtered to evaluate carcass characteristics.
Feed intake was not affected by dietary energy or protein levels (P>0.05), although energy levels of 2800 and 2900 kcal/kg reduced the feed intake numerically (P = 0.098). In addition, there was no interaction between dietary energy and protein levels for feed intake (P>0.05). Increasing the dietary protein level had no effect on weight gain and feed conversion ratio (P>0.05), but the dietary energy level affected the both weight gain and feed conversion ratio (P0.05). The energy level had a significant effect on weight gain and feed conversion ratio (P0.05), although the energy level of 2700 kcal/kg increased the breast weight (P= 0.056). The dietary protein level had a significant effect on carcass and thigh weights (P0.05), but the energy level of 2700 kcal/kg and protein level of 24% increased the breast weight numerically (P=0.056). The dietary protein level had a significant effect on protein consumption (P0.05), but at the lowest energy level (2700 kcal/kg), reduction of protein level to 24% resulted in an increase of energy efficiency ratio numerically (P=0.0680). Moreover, at the highest energy level (2900 kcal/kg) reduction of protein level to 24% resulted in an increase of protein efficiency ratio numerically (P=0.073). The carcass fat content was not affected by dietary energy or protein level (P>0.05). The dietary energy level had a significant effect on carcass protein content (P0.05).
The results of current study showed that the energy level of 2700 kcal/kg along with 24% crude protein in starter diets, can improve the growth performance of Japanese quail.

Introduction The terms of fat and oil refer to triglycerides of several profiles of fatty acids. Fatty acids that are not bound to other organic components as glycerol are the so-called free fatty acids. Lipids constitute the main energetic source for animals and they have the highest caloric value among all the nutrients. Linoleic acid is the only fatty acid whose dietetic requirement has been demonstrated. Besides supplying energy, the addition of fat to animal diets improves the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, increases diet palatability, and the efficiency of utilization of the consumed energy. Furthermore, it reduces the rate of food passage through the gastrointestinal tract, which allows a better absorption of all nutrients present in the diet. The energetic value of oils and fats depend on the following: the length of the carbonic chain, the number of double bonds, the presence or absence of ester bonds (triglycerides or free fatty acids), the specific arrangements of the saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on the glycerol backbone, the composition of the free fatty acid, the composition of the diet, the quantity and the type of the triglycerides supplemented in the diet, the intestinal flora, the sex and the age of the birds.
Dietary energy is one of the major effective nutrient, representing high percent of total cost of the diets for broilers. Diet energy has important effects on the regulation of the amount feed intake and performance in broilers. Fats are the main sources of energy in broiler diets. Different research showed that the advantages of fats especially in low energy diets.
Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted as a (2*2*2) factorial arrangement including 2 fat sources (tallow fat and canola oil), 2 levels of fat (3% and 6%), and two levels of diet metabolizable energy (2900 and 3100 Kcal.Kg) with 432 Ross-308 broilers in 8 treatments, 4 replicates and 12 chicks in each replicate in two experiment period (grower from 11 to 24 days and finisher from 25 to 42 days) in a completely randomized design. Chicks were fed from 1 to 10 days with a common starter diet that recommended by Ross company. During experiment periods all birds had free access to water and feed. Measuring of weight gain and feed intake were done at the end of experimental periods and feed conversion ratio was calculating by dividing the amount of feed intake to the amount of weight gain. Carcass traits were measured at the end experiment period by killing 2 birds from each replicate. Blood sampling was done at the end of experimental period.
Results and Discussion At the end of experimental period, using canola oil in contrast to beef tallow reduced the amount of daily feed intake, whereas improved the feed conversion ratio, final weight and production index (P0.05). Diet with 3100 Kcal.Kg ME caused the amount of weight gain and production index increase and feed conversion improve (P0.05). Interaction between fat sources, fat level and energy level, using 3% and 6% of canola oil increased the amounts of daily feed intake, daily weight gain and final weight and feed conversion ratio improved (P0.05). Diet with beef tallow increased the amount of HDL in blood (PConclusion The overall results showed that in broilers, using diet with 3100 Kcal/Kg metabolizable energy and canola oil up to 6% have positive results in broilers, but using more than 3% tallow have negative effect on broiler performance.

The effects of dietary energy and lysine levels on performance of growing Japanese quail were investigated by using 360 One- day old Japanese quails in a 2×6 factorial arrangement with two levels of metabolisable energy (2850, and 2950 Kcal/kg) and six levels of lysine (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5 and 1.6%) in a completely randomized design with three replicates and 10 birds per each. Feed intake and body weight were measured weekly and feed conversion ratio was calculated. At 35 d of age, to evaluate carcass traits, four birds (from both sexes) from each replicate were randomly selected and killed. Results showed that body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, carcass yield and breast yield (35 days) improved by increasing in dietary lysine (P

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of metabolizable energy (ME) levels, feed restriction (FR) intensity and duration in pelleted diet on performance, blood parameters and carcass characteristics in broiler chickens. A total of 480 male Ross 308 broilers were used in a 2×2×3 factorial arrangement with 12 treatments and 4 replicates. Experimental treatments included: two levels of ME, two levels of restriction intensity (90% and 85% of strain standard, intake), and three levels of restriction duration (8-21, 8-28 and 8-35d of age). Results indicated that increasing energy level improved body weight and feed conversion rate during 8-21 and 1-42 days of age, except for first week, that was decreased BW (P

Production systems in bio-Industries rest on resources management and conversion of various forms of energy. This research is investigated and modelled the energy of broiler production in a non-parametric form. The studied samples consist of 70 broiler productions in Ardabil province which were randomly selected from statistical society of the region. In this study, the equivalent energy consumption was estimated in the mentioned industry and the energy indices were calculated, then the equivalent amount of output energy and performance of system were modelled and estimated, using the artificial neural network models. Based on the obtained results, the total equivalent energy of input and output in broiler production were calculated as 153.79 and 27.45 GJ per 1000 birds, respectively. The most consumable input energy in the broiler production of region belongs to the fossil fuel with 61.48% of the total equivalent energy. Based on the results of artificial neural network, the best structure for modelling of energy consumption of broiler production was estimated 5-14-2 structure with five inputs, one hidden layer with 14 neurons and one output layer with two output parameters. The determination coefficient of the best weight combination for estimating the equivalent energy of broiler and manure production for testing data were obtained 93% and 91%, respectively and for validation data were obtained 98% and 95%. In assessing the effectiveness of inputs on the outputs, the fossil fuel showed the highest sensitivity among the production inputs that reveals the needs for revision of the energy resources more than ever.

A 28-week experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary energy and digestible methionine level on performance and reproductive traits of broiler breeder hens, using 280 Arian broiler breeder hens and 20 males at 26 weeks of age. The experiment was done as 2×2 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 5 replicates. Dietary treatments were formulated with 2 levels of energy (2740 and 2540 kcal/kg) and 2 levels of digestible methionine (0.25 and 0.28%). Dietary energy level had no significant effect on egg production, egg weight and feed conversion ratio, but hens were received lower energy level had a lower daily weight gain compared to the hens received recommended energy level (P