ایران

Trichostrongylid helminths play a significant role in economic loss in livestock and human health. Due to the need to knowledge of the latest status of helminth infection of domestic ruminants, for proper planning to prevention and control, this study was conducted to determine of Trichostrongylidae helminths .

A total of 334 intestines and abomasums purchased from slaughterhouse of Sanadaj, Kurdestan. The samples were placed in 10% formalin separately and examined in the Parasitology Laboratory of Sanandaj and Hamadan Medical School. All nematodes identified using the appropriate keys. The results were recorded in a form along with information such as livestock type, sex, farming location .

Totally, 178 sheep samples (53.29%), 93 goat samples (27.85%) and 63 cattle samples (18.86%) were studied. The prevalence of intestine infection was 18.31% and abomasum was 81.69% and the overall infection in this study was 20.95%. Only two samples (0.6%) of Trichostrongylus sp. were isolated, most of them were female. The most isolated species was T. longispiculis. The highest percentage of isolated worms was Ostertagia ostertagi (22.18%). Most cases of intestinal nematode were Nematodirus abnormalis (14.28%) and in abomasum O. circumcicta (18.57%.)

Although Trichostrongylus infection has decreased in recent years; a 0.6% prevalence were found in present study. However, infection with other Trichostronegilids in the studied animals has a relatively high prevalence. Due to the economic loss in livestock and the possible role of these parasites in transmitting to humans, appropriate control and treatment measures should be taken

Meteorological indexes are among the factors affecting the yield of various agricultural and livestock products. Given the leading climate change, examining the impact of meteorological limit indices on livestock production can now be an important challenge for producers. Therefore, the purpose of this meteorological analysis is on the trend of Iran's beekeeping industry in the years 1960 to 2018.

Spearman correlation coefficient was used to study the time series statistics of beehives in Iran and meteorological indices of temperature and precipitation. Standard meteorological indexes are obtained on the basis of daily information and statistics recorded at meteorological stations. R software and related packages were used to estimate the indexes. After quantitative and qualitative study of meteorological statistics, related time series were prepared. Finally, heat and humidity indices were compared with the population of bee colonies by standard methods.

The results showed that the number of bee colonies was affected by meteorological indexes so that the highest correlation coefficient between the number of bee colonies with warm nights (TN90p) was 0.84, (TN10p) cold nights and cold days (TX10p) was 81, respectively. 0-, hot days (TX90p) equal to 0.79, heat duration (WSDI) equal to 0.75, number of days with very heavy rain (R20mm) equal to 0.66, annual amount of rain on wet days (PRCPTOT) equal to 0.61 is significant at the level of 0.05. The results of Petite homogeneity test showed a jump point or sudden change in 1990 for the beehive population at a significance level of 0.05. This jump point occurred upwards. Also, the population trend of the incremental bee hive has a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.98. An average of nearly 2 million hives increased statistically in the second half. The highest agreement (0.84) was with the increase in the number of hot nights during these 60 years. The meteorological index of hot nights (TN90p) has increased from 10 to 20 days and is equivalent to 100%.

Overall, the results showed that the number of bee colonies is affected by meteorological limit indices. Also, the results of various studies on the effect of Global Warming on insects, including bees, have shown that with small fluctuations in ambient temperature, there will be many changes in their behavior and life. In such a way that the rate of reproductive activity, pollination, diversity and distribution and susceptibility to pathogens and their pests are affected and in the long run, can lead to many changes in the bee population. Therefore, in order to strengthen, institutionalize, and support this sector, while recognizing the environmental tensions that are growing in the future, help beekeepers by raising their awareness.

Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite that can cause mainly gastrointestinal diseases in humans and animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in ruminants in Kurdistan province.The present study was applied and random For this purpose, a total of 239 fecal samples from 75 sheep, 43 goats and 121 cows At different ages of less than 1 year, 1 to 3 years and 3 years and older in both sexes, for staining and observation of oocysts. To examine the presence of parasites, all samples were stained by Zill Nielsen method and examined microscopically. After analyzing the collected data, the findings showed that the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in ruminants in Kurdistan province is 15.06% of the tested samples. Also, the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in Kurdistan province did not show a significant difference compared to age, sex and geographical extent..(P < 0/05)The results show that the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in ruminants in Kurdistan province is consistent with other studies in this regard. To reduce this prevalence, anti-parasitic health and prevention programs can be used.

Bactrian camels are known as one of the resistant species to harsh environmental conditions. The camel’s body temperature may vary from 34 to 41 °C throughout the day. They can survive if they lose body water greater than 25% of total body weight, while, in non-desert mammals, losses of greater than 15% are deadly. Since, Iran is located in one of the most arid regions of the world and water resources shortage, also special capabilities of camels, this species can be a valuable source of protein in the country. The study of genetic diversity is one of the most widely studies in domestic animals and microsatellites are widely used in this field. Microsatellite sequences contain useful information and are widely used to assess genetic diversity within and between populations, as well as to investigate the evolution process between species. The main aim of the present study was to identify the total microsatellites in the genome of Iranian Bactrian camels using whole genome sequencing data and compare them with other mammalians.

This study was carried out to identify genome wide microsatellites on six Bactrian camels from Ardabil province. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein using 4 ml vacutainer tubes and stored at -20C˚ until use. Illumina HiSeq 2000 technology (Illumina, USA) was used for whole genome sequencing of samples. Sequencing was performed using the paired-end method with 100 bp at both ends of the reads. The quality control of raw sequence reads was performed using FastQC software. The SLIDINGWINDOW (4:20) algorithm of Trimmomatic v0.36 program was used to quality filter of raw reads. After filtration of reads with low quality, reads shorter than 40 bp were discarded. The de novo assembly of trimmed reads from Bactrian camels was done using CLC Genomics Workbench 11 software (CLC Bio, Aarhus, Denmark). The parameters used in this study for de novo assembly of trimmed reads were: 3 for mismatch cost, 3 for deletion and insertion cost, 0.5 for length fraction, and 0.8 for similarity fraction. Assembled genomes were searched for identifying the microsatellites using MISA with motif size ranging from mono-nucleotide to octo-nucleotide. The minimum repeat numbers were defined as 12 for mono-, 6 for di-, 5 for tri- and tetra, 4 for penta- and hexa-, and 3 for hepta- and octo-nucleotide repeat SSRs. Microsatellite motifs that interrupted by 100 nucleotides were considered as compound microsatellites. Also, several mammalians assembled genomes were downloaded and searched for microsatellite loci, including Arabian dromedary camel, Bactrian camel, alpaca, horse, cattle, sheep, and human.

The assembled genome size for the Bactrian camels were ranged from 1.90 for sample one to 1.97 for sample three. Also, the N50 length for the assembled contigs of Iranian Bactrian camels were ranged from 19.1 kb for sample one to 51.5 kb for sample five. The contig N50 length is one of the qualitative measurement parameters of genome assembly and a larger size means better assembly.The total microsatellites loci identified for Iranian Bactrian camels ranged from 136028 for sample two to 539555 for sample three. The results show that the genome of samples one, two, three, four, five and six contained 3.13 Mb, 2.35 Mb, 9.26 Mb, 7.1 Mb, 8.99 Mb and 8.86 Mb microsatellites, respectively. It should be noted that the difference in the microsatellites of SSRs in the Iranian Bactrian camel genomes is due to their different qualities in assembly. In mammals examined in this study, humans with 25.7 Mb and horses with 7.81 Mb had the highest and lowest total size of microsatellites, respectively. The results revealed that the number of microsatellites decreases with increasing in them, repeats, so that, one and two repeats sequences are the most frequent motifs. More than 74% of the identified microsatellites belong to the ten microsatellites with the highest number in all seven species. The motif T is the most frequent motif in the samples one and six Iranian Bactrian camels, Iranian dromedary camels, Bactrian camel, cattle, sheep, horses and humans. In samples two, three, four, five, the non-Iranian dromedary camel and alpaca motif A is the most abundant motif. The finding of this study will be applied as a valuable resource for further studies on camel breeding, especially on Iranian Bactrian camels. A large number of camel’s SSR markers developed in this study established a valuable resource for the investigation of genetic diversity and may improve the development of breeding programs in Iranian Bactrian camels in the future.

The population of Vanessa cardui has increased in some years due to rising rainfall and vegetation, and is abundantly seen in gardens and farms in the flowers, that cause problems for beekeepers and farmers. Late in winter of 2018 and spring 2019, the population of V. cardui increased in some area and made problems for beekeepers due to over population and feeding of mature butterflies from the nectar of the plants, were as a rival against honeybees.Thistle butterflies are dependent on tropical and temperate habitats to complete their life cycle. The growth and length of each generation in tropical and semi-tropical areas is 33 to 44 days and in the temperate and cold areas is 60 days or more. Mature butterflies are alive after emerging from pupa, for 10 to 24 days but in general, durability of them in the generation of egg to death is about one year. Each female butterfly lay about 500 eggs. They are able to create several generations during migration. V. cardui has a wild dispersion in the world and distributed in the Asia, Europe, Africa, America and Australia but not reported in southern Australia and Antarctica. Therefore, thistle butterfly is a cosmopolitan butterfly. Thistle butterfly was reported also from most provinces of Iran. In the spring of 1992, over population of thistle butterfly and more than that in spring 2019, caused damage to the beekeepers. Of course, in 1992, the major population of V. cardui were in south of the country and rarely in the north and temperate regions. But, in 2019, they migrated to the northern areas of the country and cause worried for farmers and beekeepers. V. cardui has long migration. Two immigration paths of this species have well studied between North Africa and Europe, and also between South and North America. Colorful butterflies during this migration are traveled over 15000 kilometers. Immigration of V. cardui from North Africa to northeast Spain is going to be with the help of wind, and atmospheric phenomena plays an important role in their migration. V. cardui feed on more than 100 plants such as goats-rue, clover, bugloss, salvia, self-heal, thyme, stonecrop, centaury, syrian thistle, cotton thistle and yarrow.  When these butterfly are found abundantly, they are acting as a rival against honeybees and other pollinator insects in the use of nectar on the flowers of the plants. Generally, reduction of available nectar for honeybees, Increase the need to feed the colonies and consequently enhance cost of beekeeping. During this period, the pollen used by honeybees in this area is not invasion by butterfly. Despite the high rainfall in winter 2018 and early spring 2019, there was no acceptable production in honeybee colonies of most region in Alborz Mountains. So, beekeepers for sustainability of their colonies will continue to feed the colonies in the spring to compensate the deficiencies of the nectar because of invasion of V. cardui in the region. This situation had less intensity in the western parts of the country and Zagros Mountains, so honey production was more in apiaries of Zagros Mountains. It seems that, deploying honeybee colonies on far-flung routes of butterfly migration will reduce their negative impacts.

Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale is a gram-negative, rod shaped bacterium of the Flavobacteriaceae family which is associated with respiratory disease and decreasing performance in poultry especially in chicken and turkey farms. This study was carried out to examine the seroprevalence of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale infection (ORT) within commercial turkey farms in Iran for the first time. A total of 420 serum samples collected from 21 meat-type turkey farms in different regions were examined for outer membrane protein of bacteria by IDEXX Elisa kit (Westbrook, ME, USA). Results showed that 13 of 21 (65%) of farms and 267 of 420 (63.6 %) sera were positive based on arithmetic mean titers (AMT) and interpretation of IDEXX Elisa kit. There was a positive correlation among ORT titers and the average of farms’ weight, feed conversion rate and mortality rate (P < 0.05). Our study indicates that despite commercial turkey production is developing industry in Iran, the seroprevalence of ORT is somehow high in Iranian meat-type turkey farms and consequently this respiratory pathogen can easily spread through premises especially in multi-age farms from elders to newly housed poults.

In 2007, three Ardela Alba egretta carcasses were examined in department of parasitology, faculty of veterinary medicine at Azad University, Shahre-kord branch. In three cases, large numbers of nodules up to several millimeters in diameter were found in subcutaneous tissue. These cysts were placed into lactophenol solution for several hours. Then, these nodules were widened on a slide and examined under light microscope. Microscopic examination of samples were confirmed the Laminosiptes cysticola infectus in Ardela Alba egretta.