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In this experiment, corn syrup was mixed with different feedstuffs and was evaluated in comparison to commercial sucrose fondant paste. Experimental treatments included a commercial fondant sucrose paste, Zarnam corn syrup paste, enriched Zarnam corn syrup paste (treatment 2 plus 0.5% vitamin and mineral supplement), Zarnam corn syrup vegetable paste, vegetable paste enriched with Zarnam corn syrup (Treatment 4 plus 0.5% vitamin and mineral supplement), and sucrose paste. Results showed that the commercial paste treatment had the highest population, and the enriched Zarnam syrup paste treatment had the lowest population (P<0.05). The larval population in all treatments containing Zarnam corn syrup, except the enriched Zarnam corn syrup paste, was similar to the commercial paste  (P<0.05). The highest pupal population was belonged to  commercial paste treatment, which was significantly higher than enriched Zarnam corn syrup paste and sucrose paste (P<0.05). The egg-laying rate of the queen in Zarnam enriched corn syrup plant paste, and sucrose paste treatments was statistically similar to commercial paste, while it was lower in other Zarnam corn syrup treatments (P<0.05). The lowest amount of pollen storage was related to the Zarnam syrup paste treatment, which was significantly lower than other treatments (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between other treatments. Based on the results of this research it can be concluded that it is possible to prepare an enriched herbal paste by combining Zarnam corn syrup with plant materials, mineral and vitamin supplements, with the same effects on production performance of bees as commercial fondant sucrose paste.

In the topic of honey authenticity, in addition to the plant origin and geographical area of honey production, honey adulteration affects its sucrose content in different ways. The origin of sucrose in adulterated honey can include sucrose additives, artificial feeding of bees with sucrose, or immature honey harvesting. In addition to the many natural factors that cause diversity in honey and its physicochemical properties, the many factors and methods of honey fraud have also caused that it is not possible to determine the quality of honey based only on a few factors such as sucrose. Considering the large number of these influencing factors, it is better to use statistical multivariate methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) to distinguish and evaluate the authenticity of honey. This method can reduce the amount of statistical data. Finally, the results obtained from PCA with variance analysis of variables and data can be used to identify data patterns, categorize and measure the authenticity of honey.

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of including sucrose, with or without calcium salts of fish oil on performance, carcase characteristics and meat fatty acids profile of fattening Holstein steers. Thirty sixth Holstein steers (269±57 kg body weight) were used in a completely randomized design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement during 128 days of experimental period. Dietary treatments were 1) control, 2) sucrose (SU) (5% DM), 3) calcium salts of fish oil (CF) (2.5% DM), 4) SU and CF. Average daily gain increased with added SU (P>0.01). An interaction between SU and Ca-FO was found on dry matter intake (DMI) (P<0.05) and dry matter content of longissimus dorsi muscle (LM) (P<0.05). Dietary inclusion of Ca-FO increased the concentration of vaccinec acid and CLA in longissimus dorsi (P=0.03). Total PUFA n-3 increased in longissimus dorsi and subsequently decreased n-6: n-3 ratio and increases intramuscular storage of EPA & DHA fatty acids (P=0.01). The results of this study showed addition SU and Ca-FO could have stimulatory effect on dry matter intake and avrage daily gain in fattening steers. Also Ca-FO increased concentration of n-3 fatty acids, vaccinec and CLA acids which means improving meat quality and nutritional valus.

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of inclusion of sucrose with or without calcium salts of fish oil on growth performance, ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites of fattening Holstein steers. Thirty sixth Holstein bull calves (269±57 kg body weight and 7 months of age) were used in a completely randomized design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement for 128 days. Dietary treatments were 1- control, 2- calcium salts of fish oil (Ca-FO) (2.5 % DM), 3- sucrose (SU)(5% DM), 4- SU and Ca-FO. Average daily gain increased with added SU (P<0.05). Diets containing Ca-FOreduced dry matter intake (DMI) and using SU and Ca-FO together increased DMI in this group (P<0.05). A tendency for higher organic matter digestibility obsereved in bulls fed Ca-FO (P>0.05). An increase in ruminal acetate concentration observed using Ca-FO in the diet, although Lower propionate and higher acetate concentrations were observed in rumen fluid of SU provided bulls (P<0.05). Addition of SU increased ruminal fluid pH (P<0.05). Feeding steers with Ca-FO increased plasma concentration of triglyceride and cholesterol (P<0.05). The results of this study showed that replacing corn grain with sucrose could have stimulatory effect on dry matter intake in Ca-FO containing diet, which have positive effects on average daily gain of fattening steers.

The aim was to evaluate effects of in vitro fermentation of different forages co-incubated with different types of non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) on gas production, digestibility, microbial biomass, medium pH and ammonia concentration. A completely randomized design with factorial arrangement (9 treatments and 3 replicates) were used wherein wheat straw, alfalfa hay and corn silage constituted main forage sources and starch, sucrose and pectin were components of NFC. 0.2 g of each forage samples incubated with 0.3 g of each NFC component for 24 h and gas production, apparent and true digestibility, microbial biomass, pH and ammonia concentration measured. Forage and NFC sources, alone but not in combination, had a significant effect on gas production, digestibility as well as ammonia concentration (p

This study was conducted to examine the effect of dietary inclusion of sucrose with or without crushed sunflower seeds on ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites and performance in early lactating dairy cows. Eight Holstein dairy cows in a replicated 4×4 Latin square design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments were assigned to following experimental diets; 1) low sugar diet without added sunflower seeds and sucrose, 2) low sugar diet supplemented with sunflower seeds (8 percent of dry matter), 3) high sugar diet supplemented with sucrose (4 percentage of dry matter), and 4) high sugar diet supplemented with sucrose and sunflower seeds. Sucrose and sunflower seeds were substituted with corn grain in the diets. Dry matter intake, milk production yield and milk concentrations of protein, lactose and solid non-fat were not affected by the treatments. Dietary inclusion of sucrose increased milk fat (P<0.01) and milk corrected fat (P<0.05). Although, there were no differences between treatments for the ruminal concentration of ammonia nitrogen, total volatile fatty acids, propionate, butyrate, isovalerate, and valerate concentrations, feeding sucrose to dairy cows increased rumen concentration of acetate (P<0.01), rumen pH (P<0.01) and acetate to propionate ratio (P<0.1). Feeding dairy cows with diet containing eight percent of sunflower seeds increased plasma concentration of triglyceride (P<0.05) and cholesterol (P<0.01) in comparison with the diets without oil seeds. The current study showed that replacing corn grain with sucrose increased milk fat yield and milk corrected fat and modified ruminal fermentation pattern in dairy cows.

In this experiment the effect of adding different kinds of non-fiber carbohydrates (sucrose, starch, or equal mixture of them) on the amount of produced gas and fermentation characteristics of some feedstuffs were studied. Gas production was recorded for non-supplemented and supplemented (70 mg/g DM) pure cellulose, alfalfa hay and sugar beet pulp. The feedstuffs that were used in in vitro experiment includes: alfalfa hay, wheat bran and unmolassed sugar beet pulp. Non-supplemented or NFC supplemented (70 mg/g DM) samples incubated for 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h at 39°C. The results of gas production study showed that (except for 2 h), supplementation of all kinds of non-fiber carbohydrates increased the amount of produced gas significantly (P<0.05). Sucrose supplementation increased the gas production rate of alfalfa hay significantly (P<0.05). In the case of sugar beet pulp, the adding of starch decreased the gas production rate significantly (P<0.05). Also, when the alfalfa hay or sugar beet pulp were used as a basal forage, adding of sucrose, starch or sucrose+ starch increased gas production from fermentable fraction significantly (P<0.05). The source of NFC used in the medium containing alfalfa hay caused a significant decrease in DM disappearance (P<0.01). Fractional rate constant of dry matter disappearance of unmolassed sugar beet pulp and wheat bran was significantly decreased by supplemental non-fiber carbohydrate, except when sucrose was added to wheat bran (P<0.01). The indigestible fraction of dry matter of alfalfa hay was significantly increased when it was supplemented with non-fiber carbohydrate (P<0.05).

To examine the effects of different sources of Rumen-Degradable Carbohydrates on rumen fermentation, nitrogen metabolism and performance of Holstein dairy cows, four lactating Holstein cows fitted with rumen cannulae in a 4×4 Latin Square with four diets and four 28 day periods each, were employed. Experimental diets contained different levels of pure sucrose and corn starch in which sucrose was replaced at 0, 25, 50 and 75 g /kg DM for corn starch at 75, 50, 25 and 0 g/kg DM in a total mixed ration (TMR) respectively. Replacing corn starch with sucrose did not affect ruminal pH. The addition of sucrose to TMR compared with starch, reduced (P?0.05) ruminal NH3 - N concentration but did not significantly affect peptide – N concentration. The addition of sucrose to diets did not significantly affect either total volatile fatty acids or the acetate to any propionate ratio. No differences in molar proportion of most of the individual volatile fatty acids were found among diets, except for the molar proportion of butyrate that was increased (P?0.05) with the inclusion of sucrose. In this experiment, diets with high levels of sucrose as compared with diets containing corn starch tended (P?0.051) to decrease total branched chain volatile fatty acids. Dry matter intake, milk yield, body weight changes and digestibility of DM, OM, CP and NDF were not affected by inclusion of sucrose in the diets but increased milk fat and total solid percentages (P?0.05). Increasing levels of sucrose in the diets tended (P?0.063) to increase milk protein percentage (3.28 vs. 3.05) and reduced (P?0.05) milk urea nitrogen concentration which shows improving nitrogen metabolism in the rumen and as a result more efficient utilization of the rapidly available nitrogen components in the diets.