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The transition period between late pregnancy and early lactation (also called the periparturient period) certainly is the most interesting stage of the lactation cycle and is the last 3 weeks before parturition to 3 weeks after parturition. Most infectious diseases and metabolic disorders occur during this period. Milk fever, ketosis, retained fetal membranes, metritis, and displaced abomasum primarily impact cows during the periparturient period (Drackley, 1999). Any nutritional limitation during this period has an important impact on cow efficiency and consequently, milk production decreases. Dairy cows encounter substantial metabolic and physiological adaptations during the transition period. The immune system during the periparturient period is impaired. At this time, the most important factor causing immune-suppression in highly productive cows is metabolic stress resulting from hormonal and metabolic fluctuations, a negative energy balance, shortage of proteins, minerals and vitamins which are required to meet the demands of the fetus as well as the onset of lactation (Sordillo, 2016). In the world, Cu deficiency is one of the most common problems in cattle with clinical and subclinical signs (Hill and Shannon, 2019). Even marginal Cu deficiency (6 to 7 ppm dietary Cu) depresses blood neutrophil function in dairy cattle (Torre et al., 1996). One strategy for improving immune system of transition dairy cows is mineral and vitamin supplementation. It has been reported that many minerals are enzymatic cofactors (Filappi et al., 2005). Studies showed that minerals injection would be a suitable method to improve mineral utilization, and this may be a promising alternative to improve animal performance (Collet et al., 2017). Furthermore, during this period, dairy cows need antioxidants to combat reactive oxygen species (ROS) which produce during oxidative stress. Vitamin C was identified as antioxidant and could help immune system to overcome ROS production. Hence, this experiment was aimed to study the effect of vitamin C and copper injection on the health status of transition dairy cows.

The study was carried out in a commercial farm located in Kermanshah province of Iran. Cows were enrolled from June 22, until September 22. Temperature and humidity index (THI) was calculated. It was between 72-78. The experiment was performed with 40 multiparous (twenty; second parity and twenty; third and fourth parity) Holstein lactating dairy cows which divided into four groups (10 animals/ group) in a 2×2 factorial arrangement. All cows were offered a TMR diet. Experimental treatments consisted of control (injection of 7 ml of NaCl % 0.9), Cu (injection of 75 mg Cu per cow) Vitamin C (injection of 25 mg vitamin C solution/kg BW), and Vitamin C-Cu (simultaneous injection of 25 mg vitamin C solution/kg BW and 75 mg Cu/ cow). Solutions were injected on d 20 and 40 days before expected parturition, parturition day and day 20 of postpartum. Serum concentrations of total protein, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, Ca, P and Mg were determined using autoanalyzer by Pars Azmoon Kits. Serum concentrations of Beta hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were measured using autoanalyzer by Randow Kits. Serum concentration of Cu was determined by atomic absorbtion. Serum concentrations of vitamin C and superoxide dismutase was measured by Elisa reader. Incidence of metabolic disorders and infection disease were recorded. Data of serum variables were analyzed based on a randomized block design with a 2×2 (Vitamin C and Cu, with or without injection) factorial arrangement using Proc Mix of SAS software. The differences among treatments were evaluated using Tukey adjustment when the overall F-test was P ≤ 0.05. Trends were declared when 0.05 < P < 0.10. In addition, percentages of metabolic disorders were reported.

Results showed that the interaction effect of vitamin C and Cu had no significant effect on serum concentration of vitamin C and superoxide dismutase activity. Cows received vitamin C had the greatest serum vitamin C concentration on d 20 prepartum, parturition day, d 10, 20 and 30 postpartum (P<0.05). Content of serum Cu were affected by the interaction of vitamin C and Cu on d 10 and d 20 postpartum (P<0.05). Copper injection increased serum Cu concentration and superoxide dismutase activity on d 20 prepartum, parturition day, d 10, 20 and 30 postpartum (P<0.05) in cows received Cu without vitamin C. Serum concentrations of P, Mg, glucose, BHBA, NEFA, triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol were not influenced by the interaction effect of vitamin C and Cu. Serum triglyceride concentration tended to decrease (P=0.06) in cows received vitamin C and on parturition day. Copper injection tended to increase (P=0.06) serum triglyceride concentration on d 20 postpartum. Serum protein concentration tended to decrease (P=0.07) in cows received vitamin C and in compared to other treatments on parturition day. Copper or vitamin C injections had no effect on serum concentrations of Ca, P, Mg, glucose, BHB and NEFA of experimental cows. Serum calcium concentration tended to increase (P=0.07) in cows received simultaneous injection of vitamin C and Cu in compared to the others on parturition day. Simultaneous injection of vitamin C and Cu tended to increase total cholesterol concentration (P=0.06) on d 10 and 30 of postpartum. Copper injection tended to increase total cholesterol concentration on d 20 prepartum, parturition day and d 10 postpartum (P=0.06). Control groups had the highest incidence rate of retained placenta and clinical mastitis.

It is concluded that vitamin C and Cu injection reduced incidence rate of retained placenta and clinical mastitis due to improving immunity system performance of transition dairy cows.

 The provision of nutrients during the late gestation not only affects maternal status and reproductive performance, but also affects prenatal and postnatal litter growth and offspring’s health. Although trace elements are needed by the body in small amounts, they are essential nutrients for several metabolic functions such as growth, development, reproduction, and immunity. Copper (Cu) is often one of the most limiting trace elements for the fetus and neonate for normal development and copper play a major etiologic role in decrease of fetal growth and development. Deficiency of copper impairs fetal growth and causes serious consequences and can cause death. When intakes of Cu are deficient, maternal transfer of Cu to the fetus is insufficient for normal development, and abnormalities to the central nervous system, skeleton, and metabolism result. In ruminants, newborn animals are dependent on their dams for transferring nutrients via the placenta and mammary glands. To our knowledge, little information is available on the effects of maternal supplementation of copper via intra-ruminal administration of slow-release bolus at the late gestation on the copper status of ewes and their lambs. Because the slow-release ruminal bolus cannot be used in the newborn lambs until weaning, this study aimed to determine the effects of maternal supplementation of copper via intra-ruminal administration of slow-release boluses at the late gestation (8 weeks prepartum) on performance and some blood metabolites of ewes and their lambs until weaning.

To evaluate the performance and changes in some blood parameters of lambs born from ewes receiving slow-release boluses of copper, 80 Lori-Bakhtiari ewes (The fourth pregnancy with a body condition score 3 to 3.5) were divided into two groups of 40 heads each in a completely randomized design. Treatments were 1) control ewes and 2) ewes received slow-release boluses of copper, 60 days prepartum. After parturition, birth weight, sex, and the birth status of lambs (singlet or twin) were recorded. Lambs were weighed at birth and weaning at age 90 days. On the first day, days 10 and 60 postpartum, blood samples were taken from the ewes, while the blood samples of their lambs were taken at age 10 and 60 days. Serum samples were used to determine copper and ceruloplasmin concentrations in the ewes and their lambs, while iron, zinc, hematocrit, red blood and white cells, and hemoglobin were only determined in the born lambs.

The serum concentration of copper in the ewes were within the normal physiological range of 0.55 to 0.95 mg/l. Serum copper and ceruloplasmin concentrations of ewes at the first day of experiment were lower compared to days 10 and 60 postpartum (P<0.05), but similar between days 60 and 10 postpartum (P>0.05). Lambs born from ewes receiving slow-release bolus of copper had higher weaning weight, average daily weight gain, copper and ceruloplasmin concentrations, hematocrit percentage, red and white blood cell counts, and hemoglobin concentration compared to those born from control ewes (P<0.05). The serum concentration of ceruloplasmin was higher in lambs born from ewes receiving two boluses than those born from ewes receiving only one bolus (P<0.05). Ceruloplasmin concentration is also a reliable indicator of copper deficiency as it carries between 60-95 percent of serum copper, and changes in serum copper concentration usually parallel the ceruloplasmin concentration in the blood. Lambs born from ewes in the control group had lower serum copper concentrations, and 3 lambs in this group showed the symptoms of paralysis, especially in their hind legs, imbalances, dog sitting, and lost appetite. Adequate maternal intake of Cu is essential for development of the central nervous system (CNS) of the embryonic lamb. Consequences of Cu deficiency during intrauterine life may include gross brain lesions, with affected lambs born dead or dying shortly after birth. 

Overall, serum copper concentrations of ewes were in the normal range, but lambs born from ewes received slow-release copper bolus had greater weaning weight, average daily weight gain, serum copper and ceruloplasmin concentrations, hematocrit percentage, hemoglobin concentration, and red blood cell count compared to those born from control ewes. In conclusion, the results of the present study showed that lambs were benefited from copper supplementation of their dams via intra-ruminal administration of slow-release boluse of copper in the late gestation.

In order to study the effect of Cu supplement on performance of Mahabadi kids, fourteen castrated Mahabadi male kids with average weight of 21±2 Kg were used in this experiment as a completely random design with 2 treatments and 7 replications (7 kids in each treatments). Treatments included control (without Cu supplement) and Cu treatment (100 mg Cu supplement/d). The kids were fed two times daily (h 6:00 and 18) during 90 days by a diet contained 70% concentrate and 30% forage. Cu supplement was fed as top dress in Cu treatment. Daily feed intake and Body weight were recorded daily and every 2 weeks respectively. Determination of Blood parameters were done by bleeding in day 90 of trial and nutrient digestibility were done by feacal sampling during days 85-90. At the end of trial the kids were slaughtered and carcass parameters and carcass tissue components were determined. The results showed the use of copper supplement at high levels in diets of Mahabadi kids hadn’t significant effect on average daily gain (P> 0.05). Apparent nutrient digestibility and blood metabolite concentration including triglycerides, cholesterol and glucose were not affected by Cu supplement (P> 0.05). Based on the current experiment results, the use of Cu supplement in the ration of castrated Mahabadi male kids (100 mg Cu supplement/d) had no negative effect on performance and carcass characteristics of Mahabadi male kids and they were capable to endure this level in the ration.

The aim of this trail was to evaluate the effects of the use of Mn, Zn and Cu from different sources (inorganic, organic and hydroxy) in the diet on egg and eggshell quality of aged laying hens. A total of 240 Hy-Line w36 Leghorn, from 55 to 65 weeks of age, were used. The experiment carried out in a completely randomized design, with four treatments, four replicates, each containing 15 hens. The experimental treatments included: 1. The control diet, consisted of sulphate source of Mn, Zn and Cu, 2. The diet consisted of Mn, Zn or Cu-Methionine chelate, 3. The diet consisted of Mn, Zn or Cu Hydroxy, and 4. The diet consisted of Mn, Zn and Cu Hydroxy, only 70% level relative to treatment 3. In the most of experimental weeks, the Mn, Zn and Cu hydroxy and chelate forms increased egg weight and improved significantly feed conversion ratio in the 62, 64 and 65 weeks of age, compared with the sulphate group of these elements (P<0.05). But there was no difference between 70% hydroxy and sulphate groups. Also, there were no differences in feed intake, eggshell thickness, strength and weight, yolk index, Haugh unit, yolk color and shape index of egg and blood alkaline phosphatase, cereluplasmin, Zn, Cu and Ca levels among the treatments. The chelate source only increased blood Mn level significantly (P<0.05). There was the significant increase in eggshell and yolk Mn and yolk Zn levels and also significant decrease in the levels of Mn, Zn, Fe and Cu of excreta using hydroxy and chelate forms compared with the sulphate and 70% hydroxy forms (P<0.05). These results indicated that the Mn, Zn and Cu hydroxy and chelate forms in the diet improved the performance of aged laying hens.

Transition period is the period between 3 weeks before and 3 weeks after parturition which is one of the most critical physiological stage in dairy cows. Decreasing dry matter intake (DMI) and negative energy balance (NEB) potentially weakens immunity system and increases higher incidence of metabolic and infectious diseases such mastitis. High temperature in summer results in heat stress which subsequently reduce DMI and changes metabolic reaction in lactating dairy cows. Consumption of some vitamins and minerals could reduce negative effects of transition period and heat stress such as vitamin C and copper. The aim of this experiment was to study the effect of injection of vitamin C and copper to transition dairy cows on milk production and composition and body condition score (BCS), DMI in calving day and blood cells in summer season.

In this experiment twenty multiparous (second parity, with 603.18 ± 51 kg average body weight) and twenty multiparous (third and fourth parity, 669.05 ± 53 kg average body weight) Holstein cows were used in a completely randomized block design with 2*2 factorial arrangement. Experiment extended from 40 d before expected calving till 90 d after calving. Experimental treatments consisted of control (injection of 7 ml of NaCl % 0.9), Vitamin C (injection of 25 mg vitamin C solution/kg body weight), Copper (injection of 75 mg copper solution/day) and Vitamin C-Copper (simultaneous injection of 25 mg vitamin C solution/ kg body weight and 75 mg copper solution/day). Solutions were injected on 20 and 40 d before expected calving, calving day and 20 d after calving. Maximum temperature-humidity index during the experiment was between 68.27 to 78.20. Body condition score (BCS) changes, DMI in calving day, milk production and composition and blood cells were evaluated.

Results showed that BCS, DMI in calving day, milk production and composition on d 7, 30, 60 and 90 after calving and cell blood count except of neutrophil count were not influenced by simultaneous injection of vitamin C and copper solutions. Blood neutrophil count on d 20 before expected calving did not affected by injection of vitamin C while as vitamin C injection enhanced blood neutrophil count on calving day, 10, 20 and 30 d after calving (P<0.05). Copper solution injection in compare to lack of injection tended to less changes on BCS form calving day till 30 d after calving (P=0.06). Red blood cell counts on calving day in cows receiving copper solution injection were greater in compare to lack of injection (P<0.05).

Although, individual injection of vitamin C and copper to transition dairy cows resulted in some changes in blood cell counts but simultaneous injection of vitamin C and copper to heat loaded transition dairy cows had no considerable effect on milk composition and production of the first 90 d calving.

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of various levels of organic and inorganic trace minerals (zinc, copper and manganese) on performance, carcass and tibia characteristics and blood parameters of broiler chickens. 224 one-day old Ross 308 male broilers in a completely randomized design were raised until 42 days. 4 experimental treatments were: T1) Inorganic form of Zn, Cu and Mn to 110, 16 and 120 mg, T2) Organic form of Zn, Cu and Mn to 110, 16 and 120 mg, T3) Inorganic form of Zn, Cu and Mn to 55, 8 and 60 mg, T4) Organic form of Zn, Cu and Mn to 55, 8 and 60 mg. Results indicated that organic zinc, copper and manganese supplementation improved (P< 0.05) body weight gain and feed conversion ratio compare to inorganic form of the trace minerals. Moisture content and pH of the litter were not affected by the treatments. However, the incidence and severity of FPD were lower in broilers received organic trace minerals (T2 and T4). Highest Zn and Manganez content in tibia was found for treatments 2 and 4. Moreover, highest blood alkaline phosphatase enzyme and lowest blood cholesterol were also obtained for treatments 2 and 4. . The results showed that organic trace minerals, as alternative to inorganic forms, are useful to improve performance and health of broilers.

An experiment was conducted in order to assess the effects of different levels of dietary canola meal (CM; 0, 10 and 20 %) and copper (0, 125 and 250 mg/kg) on performance, susceptibility to ascites syndrome and some blood metabolites of broiler chickens. During a six week period of experiment, a total of 495 male broilers (Ross 308) were used in completely randomized design with a 3×3 factorial arrangement with 5 replicates (11 birds per replicate). Feed intake was not significantly affected by treatments during starter, grower and whole periods of the experiment (P>0.05). Body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were significantly impaired (P<0.05) during the starter period when 20% CM was added to the diets. Body weight gain (P<0.01) and feed conversion ratio (P<0.05) were significantly improved by copper supplementation during the growing and the entire periods of the study. Replacing soybean meal by CM significantly increased (P<0.05) the proportions of liver, heart and right ventricular weight:total ventricular weight ratio (RV/TV) at 42 d of age. However, concentrations of haemoglobin, packed cell volume and total erythrocyte count were not affected by the treatments (P>0.05). At 42 d, the concentrations of plasma total protein and enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase and lactate dehydrogenase) were similar among the treatments (P>0.05), but concentration of plasma albumin was significantly reduced, when 20% CM was added to the diets. In conclusion, the results of this study did not show any adverse effect for added CM up to 20% on the performance, susceptibility to ascites and plasma enzyme activities. Also, copper supplementation significantly improved growth performance of broiler chickens

The aim of this study was determined levels of copper concentration in the blood serum of sheep and the amount of copper, molybdenum, iron and sulfur in plants and the amount of copper, molybdenum and iron in soils of pastures of Yasuj city. The blood samples of 50 sheep were collected from 5 different herd of the Yasuj from 2011 to 2012 in each season (200 samples totally). The results showed that the mean serum copper in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively, 1.21, 1.91, 1.72 and 1.27 micrograms per/ml liter. Average copper, molybdenum and iron in the soil sampled, respectively, 24.2, 0.735 and 21065 mg/kg in spring, 25.5, 0.85 and 23891 mg/kg in summer, 17.4, 1.973 and 17555 mg/kg in fall and 28.8, 1.225 and 24350 mg/kg in winter. Average amount of copper, molybdenum and iron in plants were 5.5, 0.265 and 777 mg/kg in spring, 5, 0.085, 1327 mg/kg in summer, 5.6, 0.155 and 1365 mg/kg in fall and 6.5, 0.765 and 1141 mg/kg in winter respectively. The sulfur concentration of pastures was 480 mg/kg. The results of this study showed that there was not copper deficiency in the region.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of various levels of cichorium intybus and copper on performance and egg yolk cholesterol. Total of 324 layer hens (Hy-Line W-36) were used in a randomized complete blocks with nine treatments، three replications of 12 birds in each from 38 to 50 weeks of age. Experimental diets include control، four levels of copper (150، 200، 250 and 300 mg/kg) and four levels of cichorium intybus (15، 20، 25 and 30 percent of diet). Different levels of cichorium intybus and copper significantly decreased serum and yolk cholesterol than control. The level of 300 mg/kg copper significantly reduced serum and yolk cholesterol but significantly decreased egg weight، egg production and increased feed conversion ratio compared to control. Levels of 25 and 30 percent of cichorium intybus significantly decreased egg production than control treatment. Yolk color improved by different levels of cichorium intybus than control and copper levels. In conclusion، the best result for lower yolk cholesterol were achieved by those laying hens fed a diet with 150 mg/kg copper of diet or 15 percent of cichorium intybus.

Twenty five lambs were used in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments to evaluate of the effects of supplementing organic zinc, with or without copper, on performance and blood parameters. The treatments consisted of: 1) basal diet without supplemental Zn and Cu; 2) basal diet + 20 ppm Zn as Zn-proteinate; 3) basal diet + 40 ppm Zn as Zn-proteinate; 4) basal diet + 20 ppm Zn as Zn-proteinate + 10 ppm Cu as Cu-proteinate; and 5) basal diet + 40 ppm Zn as Zn proteinate + 10 ppm Cu as Cu-proteinate. Plasma Zn, Cu, Fe, Ca and P and serum total alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was determined on days 28 and 65. Serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and Cu- Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were determined on day 28. Supplementation with Cu and Zn did not alter plasma Ca and P but plasma Zn in groups supplemented with Zn treatments was increased compared to control (P < 0.05). Copper supplementation significantly affected plasma Cu levels (P<0.05). There was a significant difference between treatments for plasma Fe (P 0.05). Alkaline phosphatase activity was higher in supplemented groups with Cu and Zn compared to control (P<0.05). The SOD activity increased with supplementation of Cu and Zn (P 0.05), but TAC did not differ between treatments. Average final BW, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio were greater in Zn supplemented treatments without Cu compared to other treatments (P<0.05). The results showed that adding of 20 ppm Zn to the basal diet containing 22.47 ppm Zn and 8.6 ppm Cu increased performance of Mehraban male lambs.

This trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of different dietary factors that affect egg cholesterol concentration in laying hens of 56 to 70 weeks of age. Three hundred and ninety six Hy-Line W36 laying hens were subjected to 11 experimental treatments, each treatment consisting of 4 replicates, each replicate of 9 hens. Dietary treatments included the control, made up of corn plus soy meal with an AME content of 2750 kcal/kg; vs. experimental treatments comprised of control diet supplemented with 2 and 4% canola oil, 2 and 4% tallow, 1 and 2% garlic powder, 0.1 and 0.2 % probiotic and finally 125, vs. 250 mg/kg of copper in the form of cupric sulphate. All experimental groups received AME plus other nutrients on an equal basis. Egg production and weight were assessed on a daily basis. During the laying period from 58 to 70 weeks of age, egg production rate, egg, feed intake, FCR, albumin quality and weight, shell thickness and fractional shell weight were found out as not differing among treatments. Yolk weights were significantly higher when 1%, and 2% garlic powder as well as 125, 250 mg/kg of Cu were added to the diets (P<0.05). Adding 125 and 250 mg/kg of copper to the laying hen's diets reduced egg cholesterol concentration by 23.4 and 26.5 percent respectively (P<0.01). Egg yolk cholesterol concentration decreased significantly in birds fed 1 and 2 percent of garlic powder (14.47 and 16.2% as compared to control group) (P<0.01). Probiotic treatment increased the serum cholesterol level significantly. In conclusion, it was found out that an inclusion of 125 mg/kg of cu plus 1% of garlic powder in the laying hen's diets can decrease yolk cholesterol concentration without bringing about any adverse impacts on the hen's production performance.

Three hundred eighteen young Holstein bulls (initial BW = 375 ± 17.5 kg) were randomly allotted to one of six treatments in a completely randomized design for 56 d the treatments of which consisted of 1) the basal diet (control); 2) basal diet plus 30 mg of Cu/kg of DM as CuSO4; 3) basal diet plus 150 mg of Zn/kg of DM as ZnSO4; 4) basal diet plus chlortetracycline (200 mg/animal/d; CTC); 5) basal diet + Cu + CTC; and 6) basal diet + Zn + CTC within the same dose. Effects of treatments on blood metabolites and Back fat thickness, Rump fat thickness, Longissimus muscle area and Hip height were evaluated. Serum urea nitrogen (P < 0.001) and plasma total protein (P < 0.001) were different among treatments. Copper supplementation improved ultrasound index, however, zinc supplementation negatively affected (P < 0.001). As a result, the control of Cu and Zn levels, as replacers for CTC, in the diet of young bulls can increase Longissimus muscle area and can decrease fat thickness.

In this research, the impact of copper on Cyprinus carpio was assessed in laboratory conditions. At first, L50-96h amount of copper was calculated on finger-length and mature fish, resulting in determination of 0.27 and 2.3 mg/lit. Then, probable microscopic damages of gonad, liver and muscle tissues of Cyprinus carpio, exposed to copper with concentration ranges of 2_6 mg/lit, were assessed. The cross sections were studied microscopically from histhopathological point of view.  The achieved results showed that when the liver was exposed to copper, fat degeneration, bleeding and hemorrhage would happen, as well as necrosis, invasion of lymphocytes and liver capsule inflation at higher concentration. Degeneration of the ovary and penetration of inflated cells in testis as well as homocydrin residue inside the testis and the increase of coagulated tissues were observed. No damage was observed in the muscles. In addition, the amount of copper bioaccumulation in liver, gonad and muscle tissues was determined with atomic absorption method at three sub lethal concentrations of copper (0.1, 0.5, 1 mg/lit). Analytical results show minimum concentration of copper accumulation in muscles and maximum concentration of copper in the liver of Cyprinus carpio.

The results of assessing of Individual and Mixed amounts of Transmission of Heavy Metals (Cu, Cd) and (LAS) detergent to Rutilus frisii kutum food chain show that the heavy metal(Cadmium) has transmitted to the food chain from the amount of permissible limit added to Scenedesmus obliquus culture medium. The amount of culture medium is 0.0127 ppm, ranged from 0.0041 in the polluted Scenedesmus obliquus to 0.0015 in Daphnia magna, while this amount is not significant in Rutilus frisii kutum fed on polluted Daphnia magna. This amount in Rutilus frisii kutum fed on polluted Scenedesmus obliquus was 0.002 ppm and the amounts of transmission in food chain were calculated as 32%,8% and 16%. Copper heavy metal transmission from the amount of permissible limit added to Scenedesmus obliquus culture medium with amount of 0.15 ppm was 0.07 in polluted Scenedesmus obliquus, 0.02 in Daphnia magna and insignificant amount in Rutilus frisii kutum. In Rutilus frisii kutum fed on polluted Scenedesmus obliquus, the amount of 0.02 was achieved and transmission to food chain was 46%, 13% and 13%. The transmission amount of (LAS+Cd) from the amounts of pollutants permissible limits added to Scenedesmus obliquus culture medium with the amount of 2.153 and 0.0127 ppm were 0.007 in polluted Scenedesmus obliquus and 0.003 in Daphnia magna, while this amount in Rutilus frisii kutum fed on Daphnia magna reached to 0.001 ppm and in Rutilus frisii kutum fed on polluted Scenedesmus obliquus reached to 0.003 ppm and the amounts of transmission to the food chain were 58%,25%,8% and 25%. Moreover, the achieved results from the transmission of (LAS+Cu) mixture showed that from the amounts of pollutants permissible limit added to Scenedesmus obliquus culture medium with amount of 2.153 and 0.15 ppm were 0.09 ppm in polluted Scenedesmus obliquus. The amounts of transmission in food chain ranged as: 60%,33%,6% and 45%. The results showed that the percentage of Cu and Cd transmission in to food chain is of a significant amount individually or mixed with LAS.

In this survey, the individual and mixed effects of heavy metals such as copper and cadmium and detergent (LAS) on 1g white fish Fry (Rutilus Frisii Kutum) were studied with 6 treatments and one blank in 3 replications using OECD method (1964) in the laboratory and concentration limits were determined with logarithmic method for Cadmium (0.1-0.5), copper (1-5) and LAS (10-19) mlg/l. Finally ,The achieved results were calculated with Probit analysis (Finny, 1971) and Correlation coefficient was regarded for Cadmium 0.93, copper 0.92, and LAS 0.98 and in mixture of Cadmium and LAS 0.93 and mixture of copper and LAS 0.98. The amounts of Lc10, Lc50 and Lc90 and permissible limits of above – mentioned pollutants were calculated too. Copper effect on white fish fry caused Lc10=1.83 , Lc50=4.02 , Lc90=8.79 ;Cadmium effect caused Lc10=0.11, Lc50=0.21 , Lc90=0.34; LAS caused Lc10=5.91 , Lc50=11.62 , Lc90=22.71 ; mixture of LAS and Cadmium caused Lc10=0.017 , Lc50=0.047 , Lc90=0.12 ; mixture of LAS and copper caused Lc10=0.02 , Lc50=0.09 , Lc90=0.37. Hierarchically, the amounts of pollutants permissible limits for Cadmium effect on white fish fry were 0.021 , for copper 0.4 , for LAS 1.16 and mixture of Cadmium and LAS 0.004 and mixture of LAS and copper 0.009.