نشخوارکنندگان

Dietary protein plays an important role in ruminant nutrition, because in addition to providing amino acids, it’s a nitrogen source for microbial protein synthesis. Providing protein, especially for high-producing livestock, is one of the most important concerns of livestock farmers. Soybean meal has been used for a long time as an excellent source of CP for ruminants, but with the increase in its price, has challenge due to the limitation of production and direct consumption by humans. Due to the ability of ruminants to use NPN (urea), nitrogen unit density and its low price, it has been used as an alternative in ruminant diets. Urea is converted into ammonia in the rumen, on the other hand, fiber-digesting bacteria in the rumen need ammonia to growth. Hydrolysis of common urea is faster than the growth of microbes and the digestion of structural carbohydrates in the rumen, so it will reduce the efficiency of nitrogen use and even nitrogen poisoning in livestock. Slow-release urea (SRU) is a type of urea that slows release of nitrogen in the rumen. Substitution of SRU instead of common urea in the diet of ruminants that have a limit with protein sources can reduce the competition between humans and animals. Also, it will not have the dangers of common urea for livestock. This article review the effects of using SRU instead of common urea and plant protein sources in ruminants diet on feed intake, digestibility, fermentation parameters, growth and production, blood parameters and carcass characteristics.

Trichostrongylid helminths play a significant role in economic loss in livestock and human health. Due to the need to knowledge of the latest status of helminth infection of domestic ruminants, for proper planning to prevention and control, this study was conducted to determine of Trichostrongylidae helminths .

A total of 334 intestines and abomasums purchased from slaughterhouse of Sanadaj, Kurdestan. The samples were placed in 10% formalin separately and examined in the Parasitology Laboratory of Sanandaj and Hamadan Medical School. All nematodes identified using the appropriate keys. The results were recorded in a form along with information such as livestock type, sex, farming location .

Totally, 178 sheep samples (53.29%), 93 goat samples (27.85%) and 63 cattle samples (18.86%) were studied. The prevalence of intestine infection was 18.31% and abomasum was 81.69% and the overall infection in this study was 20.95%. Only two samples (0.6%) of Trichostrongylus sp. were isolated, most of them were female. The most isolated species was T. longispiculis. The highest percentage of isolated worms was Ostertagia ostertagi (22.18%). Most cases of intestinal nematode were Nematodirus abnormalis (14.28%) and in abomasum O. circumcicta (18.57%.)

Although Trichostrongylus infection has decreased in recent years; a 0.6% prevalence were found in present study. However, infection with other Trichostronegilids in the studied animals has a relatively high prevalence. Due to the economic loss in livestock and the possible role of these parasites in transmitting to humans, appropriate control and treatment measures should be taken

In this study, nutritional and digestibility value of tomato pomace before (TP) and after oil extraction (DTP) were measured. Lycopene content of TP and its rumen disappearance rate was determined. In a completely randomized design, gas production content of TP and DTP was measured in vitro. Ruminal disappearance of dry matter and lycopene of TP were determined at 0, 2, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 hours of incubation using fistula cows. Ruminal degradability parameters including rapidly degraded fraction (a), slowly degraded fraction (b), fractional rate of degradation (c), potential of degradability (PD) and effective degradability (ED) were estimated. Results showed that lycopene content of TP was 168 mg/kg DM. DTP contained higher crude protein, NDF, and ADF than TP. De-oiled TP showed higher gas production, digestibility of organic matter and short-chain fatty acids and lower N-ammonia as compared to TP. The values for a, b, c, PD and ED for dry matter were 57.1, 0.07, 66.4 and 49.3% and for lycopene were 3.87, 42.1, 0.076, 45.9 and 34.1, respectively. In conclusion, ruminal degradability of lycopene was about 30% meaning that about than 70% of lycopene by-passes the rumen. Moreover, de-oiled tomato pomace has reasonable nutritive values to be used in ruminant nutrition.

 There is a shortage of animal feed and water resources in many countries around the world. Numerous agricultural by-products are produced annually in all countries, thus their proper use is often a useful means of overcoming this problem. Large proportions of these materials are important feeds for ruminant animals and can be used as a potentially significant source of energy. However, the use of these materials as ruminant feed is limited because of their complex structure, low protein and high lignin content. Different physical and chemical methods have been used to increase the nutritive value of such by-products. Although these methods have advantages, they are costly, relatively ineffective and environmentally unfriendly and require the application of technology. Recently, biological processing of lignocellulosic biomass has been considered as an alternative approach. Three groups of organisms are able to biodegrade lignin namely, white rot fungi, some soil microbes and termites. In recent years, increased attention has been given to the role of bacteria in lignin degradation in agricultural by-products. Insects that utilize wood as a food source are beetles, cockroaches and termites. Termites are especially well known for their ability to break down the lignin barrier and digest carbohydrate polymers. Researcher has isolated 3 bacterial species from the Anacanthotermes vagans termite gut, including Bacillus sp., Enterobacter sp., and Ochrobacterium sp. These bacteria could grow on different media containing lignin and lignocellulosic materials prepared from water extracted wheat straw and sawdust as a sole source of carbon and energy. In another study three bacteria include Bacillus licheniformis, Ochrobactrum intermedium and Microbacterium paludicola were isolated by culturing the gut contents of the termite Microcerotermes diversus on different media containing lignin and lignocellulose as a sole source of carbon and energy. Isolates could partially change the chemical composition of the wheat straw and date leaves, while nutrient digestibility increased. However, Zeuzera pyrina L. is also another insect which degrade lignocellulose. Larval tunnels in the wood and girdling burrows under the bark are visible at the ends of broken stems. Numerous partly broken branches with dead brown foliage hanging in tree crowns are characteristic of heavy infestations. In our knowledge, little work has been done on the isolation of lignin and lignocellulose-degrading bacteria from gut of Zeuzera pyrina. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to isolate and identify symbiotic lignocellulosic degrading bacteria from the Zeuzera pyrina L. gut, and to investigate their effects on the nutritive value of wheat straw and sugarcane tops as ruminant feed.

 This experiment was conducted in animal house and laboratories of Lorestan University. Two Lori cows (about five years old) with permanent rumen fistula were used as rumen liquor donor in present study. A two-week diet adaptation period was followed by collection of the rumen contents from each cow before the morning feeding. The aim of the present study was investigate nutritive value of wheat straw (WS) and sugarcane tops (ST) treated with bacteria isolated from gut of Zeuzera pyrina. For this purpose, first, based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis, 3 bacteria including Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus sciuri and Brevibacterium sp., with lignin and lignocellulose-degrading potential were isolated from gut of this insect. Thereafter, each of WS or ST were processed with these isolated individually or with mix of them (totally 4 treatment group for each substrate) in liquid medium. Chemical composition, in vitro gas production (IVGP) and fermentation parameters of these two processed by-product were determined compared to control treatment.

 Results showed that highest amount of dry matter (DM) loss, crude protein, in vitro DM digestibility and metabolizable energy was observed in both substrates (i.e., WS and ST) treated with bacterial mixture of Zeuzera pyrina compared to control. Highest volume of IVGP and potential of GP (b) were observed after processing by bacterial mixture of Zeuzera pyrina compared to control treatment (P>0.05). Highest volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, acetate, acetate to propionate ratio and ammonia-N concentration were observed in substrates inoculated with bacterial mixture in comparison with control treatment (P<0.05).

 In this experiment, we isolated three bacteria including Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus sciuri and Brevibacterium sp., with lignin and lignocellulose-degrading potential from the gut of Zeuzera pyrina. Processing WS and ST with these individual bacteria, especially media containing their mixture improved their nutritive value as ruminant feed via increasing DM digestibility and VFA production.

 According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Iran is the largest pistachio (Pistachio vera) producer in the world. Nevertheless, pistachio byproducts (PBs) contain a high level of phenolic compounds and tannins, which can affect their utilization by animals. Tannins (hydrolysable and condensed tannin) are polyphenolic polymers of relatively high molecular weight with the capacity to form complexes mainly with proteins due to the presence of a large number of phenolic hydroxyl groups. They are considered as anti-nutritional compounds due to their adverse effects on intake and animal performance. However, tannins have been recognized to modulate rumen fermentation favourably such as reducing protein degradation in the rumen, prevention of bloat, inhibition of methanogenesis and increasing conjugated linoleic acid concentrations in ruminant-derived foods. The inclusion of tannins in diets has been shown to improve body weight and wool growth, milk yields and reproductive performance. Pistachio byproducts (PBs) contain a high level of phenolic compounds and tannins, which can affect their utilization by animals.The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of PBs extract on nutrients apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance and ruminal fermentation characteristics in ruminants.

PBs were completely dried under sun and were ground to pass a 1 mm sieve by cyclic mill. PBs were soaked in water at 1 to 5 ratio in ambient temperature for 12 h  and then were smoothed with the 4 layer cotton cloth. The extract was concentrated in an oven at a temperature below 40◦C. Four mature Baluchi male sheep (36.82 kg body weight, standard deviation 1) were fitted with ruminal cannula and were placed in individual metabolic cages with free access to fresh drinking water. The basal diet comprised 0.415 kg/d alfalfa, 0,165 kg/d barley straw and 0.250 kg/d concentrate feed (as-DM basis) that met their energy and crude protein (CP) requirements for maintenance according to the NRC (2007), and was offered in one meals. The concentrated PBs extract was infused in rumen at the levels that were administered to supply 0 (CON 1), 2, 4, or 6 % total tannin in the daily DM intake. All animals simultaneously received the same PBs extract dosage. Every period comprised 14 d of adaptation and 7 d of total urine and feces collection. Subsequent to highest PBs extract dosage, infusion was ceased and after 14 d of adaptation, urine and feces were collected again for 7 d (CON 2). Also in the end of every period rumen sampling was taken and animals were weighted.

 Feed intake of animals were not affected by ruminal infusion of the different levels of PBs extract due to the restricted feeding level, but duration of feed intake was significantly increase when the concentration of PBs extract was increased. It seems, the intraruminal PBs extract application might not have interfered with diet palatability. The ruminal PBs extract infusion had no significant effect on body weight gain, DM and CP apparent digestibility but OM, NDF and ADF apparent digestibility were significantly reduced. Besides, the pronounced ability of tannins to form complexes with feed proteins; they may impair microbial degradation of other polymers such as cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and starch. The increasing of PBs extract concentration significantly increased rumen pH and acetate/propionate ratio and decreased rumen ammonia nitrogen, propionate, valerate and isovalerate. Lower ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration may have resulted from a greater concentration of tannins that bound to proteins and decreased proteolysis resulting in a reduction of ammonia nitrogen release in rumen. Depression in VFA concentrations might be related to lower microbial activity of rumen in the presence of tannins. Iso-acids are derived from amino acids catabolism by cellulolytic bacteria in the rumen, that reductions their concentrations can indicate the protection of protein from bacterial deamination. Higher ruminal pH may have resulted from lower ammonia nitrogen and VFA concentrations in the rumen. The urine nitrogen excretion was reduced by increasing of PBs extract concentration, while the feces nitrogen excretion and retained nitrogen were increased. Infusion of incremental PBs extract dosages greatly shifted partitioning in nitrogen from urine to feces and could contribute to lower ammonia emissions from manure in ruminant production. The decrease in urinary nitrogen excretion can be attributed to the protein-binding property of PBs extract and the consequently lower ruminal protein degradation and ammonia nitrogen release. Besides of the tannin level, the effects of tannins differ greatly by the type and source of tannin as well as the composition of the animals’ diet.

 Generally results of this experiment indicated that while the ruminal PBs extract infusion at the level that was administered to supply 4 % total tannin in the daily DM intake preserved CP apparent digestibility, it improved nitrogen balance and rumen fermentation characteristic of sheep.

Primarily the purpose of this study was to determine the chemical composition and the in vitro fermentation parameters of banana peel (BP) in comparison with wheat straw and alfalfa hay. Then, substitutional effects of BP with levels of 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 g/kg in dry matter (DM) In Vitro Fermentation Parameters were investigated. Results showed that BP had higher crude protein (CP) content compared to wheat straw, but it was lower than alfalfa (P<0.05). However, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and lignin content of BP were lower compared to other experimental feeds (P<0.05). Greater ether extract and non-fibre carbohydrate contents were observed in BP compared to other experimental feeds (P<0.05). Potential of GP (b coefficient) and ruminal organic matter disappearance of BP were greater than wheat straw, but they were lower compared to alfalfa (P<0.05). Alfalfa and BP had similar total GP (TGP) and DM disappearance (P>0.05). Microbial protein production (MPP) increased with BP incubation compared other feeds (P<0.05). Two-stage DM and ADF digestibility were lower in BP than alfalfa (P<0.05), while their NDF digestibility was not significant (P>0.05). A linear reduction in ammonia-N concentration and a linear increase in MPP and partitioning factor were observed as BP dietary level was elevated (P<0.05). Other fermentation parameters and ruminal DM and OM digestibility were similar among experimental diets (P>0.05). In conclusion, results of present study indicated that banana peel has a better nutritive value in comparison with wheat straw and is comparable to alfalfa. In addition, it can be used in dry nutrition up to 20 % DM without any negative effects on in vitro fermentation parameters.

In ruminant animals, the microbial population of the digestive tract can be controlled by several factors such as growth promoters, probiotics, periobacters, enzymes, essential oils, oligosaccharides and plant additives. Before weaning, dairy calves are susceptible to many pathogens and nutritional problems. For several years antibiotics have been used to overcome these
problems also to obtain economic benefits in terms of improved calves performance and reduced medication costs. However, the use of antibiotics in animal husbandry is in question because of antibiotic resistance of microorganisms. Research shows an association between the use of subtherapeutic dose of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistance organisms. Probiotics are live microbial feed supplements which beneficially affect the host animal by improving its microbial balance. Most of probiotic studies that were reported in the literatures used single or two strains probitics rather that multi strains bacteria, Prebiotics are non-digestible carbohydrates which are not metabolized in the small intestine and fermented in large intestine. reported that dietary chitosan oligosaccharides supplementation was effective in increasing the ileal digestibilities of nutrients and feed efficiency in broilers. Also reported that broilers fed diet supplemented with oligochitosan prebiotic had higher serum IgG, IgM and IgA concentration compared with broiler fed control diet. Dietary supplementation with Chinese herbal ultra-fine 3 powder as a prebiotic enhances cellular and humoral immunity in early weaned piglets. In this study, the effect of adding supplements to milk on functional parameters, blood metabolites, microbial population and inactivation of immunoglobulins to calves were investigated.

Sixteen newly-born Holstein male calves were used in four completely randomized treatments for 60 days.Treatments included: 1- control group (no additive milk) 2- probiotic group (milk + 2 gr probiotic) 3- prebiotic group (milk + 4 gr perbiotic) 4- synbiotic group (milk + 2 gr probiotic and 4 gr perbiotic). Calves were weighed at 3, 30 and 63 days of age after feeding the milk at the morning meal, and the feed intake was measured and recorded daily from  taken from the feces for microbial culture. Blood samples were taken at nine o'clock in the morning (two hours after the morning meal) on weekdays. To measure the concentration of metabolites, plasma samples were melting at room temperature to determine the serum levels of serum cholesterol, glucose, albumin, triglyceride and total protein plasma from a biosorbent kit and an autoanalyzer (model A15, France) with two replications measured. IgG concentrations were measured by  immunoturbidimetry method using the COBAS INTEGRA kit at a wavelength of 800- 400 nm on the fourth day of the course, the total activity was measured for 24 hours by direct observation (28 and 51). The duration of rumination and eating was considered as the duration of maturation, and the activity of rumination and eating every five minutes was recorded for 24 hours. The duration of rumination and eating from the product of the number of each observation was obtained at intervals of five minutes.

 In calves fed with a diet containing probiotic supplementThe lowest feed intake and the best feed conversion ratio were observed in all periods compared to other treatments.Glucose and Triglyceride, total cholesterol concentration, total plasma protein and plasma aliquin concentrations were not affected by probiotic and peri-biotic supplements in diets and no significant  differences were found between diets. Probiotic supplementation significantly reduced the concentration of triglycerides in the blood plasma of calves fed with supplement supplements (P <0.05). The highest concentration of triglyceride was in the control group, with a significant difference (P <0.05) with other groups. The lowest concentration of betahydroxybutyrate was in the control group, with a significant difference (P <0.05) with other groups. In the calf Fed with probioticThe total amount of bacteria increased slightly after feeding, but there was no significant difference between different age groups in the complementary recipient groups. The highest IgG levels were in the group that consumed probiotics and there was a significant difference between the control group and the synbiotic group (P <0.05), but it was only numerically higher than the prebiotic group and this trend All ages 3, 7 and 30 continued.

In general, the results showed that supplementation with probiotic additive could improve the livestock's economic indices

In the present study one slow-release urea component was produced, and its effects was assessed on in vitro gas production, fermentation parameters, nutrients disappearance and enzyme activity. Four experimental treatments used were 1) control treatment, and supplementing control treatment with 2) urea, 3) slow-released urea and 4) optigen. Results showed that in most examined incubation times highest and lowest ammonia-N concentration was observed in treatment supplemented with urea and control treatment, respectively (P<0.05). However, in all incubation times there was no differences between slow-release urea and optigen treatments (P>0.05). After 96 h incubation, dietary treatments had no effect on total gas production, b and c coefficient and pH of rumen (P>0.05). Highest and lowest in vitro dry matter and organic matter disappearance, estimation of metabolisable energy, short chain fatty acids, microbial protein synthesis and activity of carboxy methyl cellulase were observed in control and urea-treated group (P>0.05). Highest filter paper degrading activity was observed for diet supplemented with slow-release urea, while urea-treated group resulted in lowest activity (P<0.05). Highest rumen protease activity was observed in diet treated with urea, while its lowest amount was related to control treatment (P<0.05). Totally, utilization of slow-release urea compared to urea improved rumen dry matter and organic matter digestion, microbial protein production and most of rumen fibrolytic enzymes activity in vitro.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of supplementation of probiotic and peri-biotic supplements in dairy cows on quantitative and qualitative yield of milk, feed intake, digestibility of nutrients, and blood metabolites. Forty Holstein dairy cows with daily milk production of 37 ± 5 kg and initial weight of 700 ± 40 kg were divided into four groups in a completely randomized design. The experimental treatments consisted of: 1- control group (basal diet), 2- probiotic group (basal diet + 4 gr probiotic per head per day), 3- prebiotic group (basal diet + 14 gr perbiotypes per Ross per day), 4- Synbiotic group (basal diet + 4 gr probiotic + 14 gr perbiotic per head per day). The amount of feed consumed per cow was recorded throughout the entire period. Milk samples were collected twice a week for determining the milk composition. The milk composition, (fat, protein, lactose and fatty solids) was measured. Total feces were collected to determine digestibility in the last 7 days of experiment. In the last day of experiment, blood samples were taken at 4 hours after morning feeding by venogecte tubes. Rumen fluid were collected at 4 hours after morning feeding and immediately determined by pH. The results of the experiment showed that the amount of daily milk production and fat content increased and there was a significant difference with the control group (basal diet without additive) (p<0.05). The results of the average dry matter consumption indicated that there was no significant difference between different diets.The highest digestibility coefficient of dry matter, fat and organic matter belonged to the group that consumed probiotics and had a significant difference with other groups (p<0.05). Concentration of plasma glucose increased with increasing probiotic content, which caused a significant reduction in the control group compared to other diets (p<0.05). With the use of probiotic, the pH of ruminal fluid in experimental animals did not change and there was no significant difference with other treatments (p<0.05). In general, it can be concluded that probiotic supplements used in this study can improve the yield of dairy cows, but have no significant effect on the digestibility of nutrients.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding probiotic and peribiotic supplements on milk yield, feed intake, fecal consistency and digestibility of Holstein calves. Treatments included: 1- control group (no additive milk) 2- probiotic group (milk + 2 gr probiotic) 3- prebiotic group (milk + 4 gr peribiotic) 4- synbiotic group (milk + 2 gr probiotic and 4gr perbiotic). Calves were weighed at the age of 3, 30 and 63 days after milking and feed intake weight was measured and recorded for every calves from the age of 10 days to the end of the period. For diarrhea, feces were observed weekly and feces score and fluidity were examined. At the end of the experiment (7 final days), the total stools of livestock were separately collected and weighed 20% sample was taken to investigate digestibility of nutrients. The chemical composition of fecal specimens and experimental diets including dry matter, fat, organic matter and protein were determined according to the AOAC method. The results of the experiment showed that the highest mean weight in the age of 30 and 63 days was related to the calves that used probiotics and had a significant difference with other groups. The lowest mean weight at the age of 63 was related to the synbiotic diet. The worst conversion ratio was in the control group and had a significant difference with the group that consumed probiotics. The best feed conversion ratio was probiotic diet and had a significant difference with other groups (P <0.05). The highest digestibility of dry matter and organic matter belonged to the group that consumed probiotics and had a significant difference with other groups. The lowest fecal consistency was in the group that consumed probiotics and had a significant difference with other groups (P <0.05). The lowest stool consistency was related to the group that used probiotics and had a significant difference with other groups (P <0.05). In general, the results showed that the use of probiotic had a significant effect on the performance, health and digestibility of Holstein calves.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that have functional roles in post-transcriptional modification. They regulate gene expression by an RNA interfering pathway through cleavage or inhibition of the translation of target mRNA. Numerous miRNAs have been described for their important functions in developmental processes in numerous animals, but there is limited information about sheep and goat miRNAs. Sheep and goat are ideal model organisms for biological and comparative genomics studies in ruminants. Identification of miRNAs is crucial to understanding their biological mechanism. Computational identification approaches can supplement experimental approaches to quickly identify ncRNAs in novel genomes, chiefly miRNAs that are transcribed under particular conditions in specific cell types. Currently, machine learning approaches have been employed to predict novel miRNAs. In this study, we present a new SVM-based classifier. It demonstrated high accuracy, balanced sensitivity and specificity for the miRNA datasets, thus representing an ideal tool for miRNA identification from transcriptome sequencing data. In this research, we generated an optimized feature subset including 20 features using a support vector machine, and we developed a c # program to compute the features in the training sequences. In this study, an intelligent SVM model with RBF kernel and the SMO learning algorithm was the best classifier for predicting microRNA genes in sheep and goat. Sensitivity and specificity of this model were 88% and 85% respectively. Then, expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis was performed for finding sheep and goat mature miRNAs. Chromosome 1 was scanned for finding miRNA potential region. In sheep 23 miRNA genes and, in goat 15 miRNAs had been discovered by homology searching. Our finding demonstrate that the Sheep and goat miRNA sequences can be supplied useful information for investigating biological roles of miRNAs in ruminants.

In this research, effects of adding Methafix (containing malate and fumarate as organic acids) with or without Monensin in diet of fattening Farahani lamb's on performance, and plasma concentration of some metabolites and minerals were investigated. Twenty-four male lambs (4-6 months old, 35.9 ±7.4 kg) were randomly assigned to; 1) control diet (control), 2) control with 24 mg of Monensin/kg of DM (Monensin), 3) control with 4 g of Methafix/kg DM (Metafix) and 4) control with 24 mg of Monensin 4 g of Methafix/kg DM (Monensin㇫婾). Lambs’ performance and blood glucose, urea, total protein, calcium, phosphorous, sodium and potassium metabolites were determined in two biweekly periods at the beginning (first) and end (second) of fattening period. Except for feed efficiency, parameters of performance were not affected by treatments (P>0.05). Blood urea, total protein, sodium and potassium were not affected by treatments (P>0.05). Metafix increased blood concentration of calcium in comparison to control and Monensin (P

Introduction Using agro-industrial by-products in ruminants feeding could help in semi arid climate condition throughout the year. Raisin by-product is produced in huge magnitude in Malayer city, Hamedan province. Local different raisin by-products which produced during machinery cleaning and sorting of sun dried treated grapevine cluster (Vitisvinifera L. cv. Sultana), are as:1) some outer layer of flesh and skin and pedicle of berries; 2) rejected raisins mostly un-ripped berries with their pedicles and 3) peduncles and rachises with their lateral branches of clusters. They may have suitable nutritive value in ruminants. However, their nutrient profile and availability and anti nutrient factors such as lignin and tannin should be considered. Alfalfa hay is usually the important forage used in dairy cow’s diet. However, it has lower fiber digestibility and higher ruminal crude protein degradability. Increasing alfalfa hay fiber digestibility and decreasing ruminal crude protein degradability can help its feeding value. Raisin by-product may help to achieve those in the case of alfalfa hay. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional value of raisin by-product in ruminant feeding compared with late flower alfalfa hay and consideration of its effect on in vitro fermentation of alfalfa hay.
Material and methods Based on completely randomized block design, two original samples (two blocks) for each of alfalfa hay and raisin by-product from local availabilities were collected. In first experiment, chemical and phenolic (total phenol and tannin) composition analysis was measured by two replicates for each block according to AOAC methods. In second experiment, in situ ruminal degradation kinetics of alfalfa hay and raisin by-product was measured using two fistulated Mehraban rams. For ruminal incubation times of 0, 3, 6, 16, 36, and 72 h respectively 2, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 filled nylon bags used which randomly assigned in animals. In situ trial was conducted in two runs. Nylon bag residuals from incubation time for each feed block within each run were pooled. In third experiment, gas production kinetics of alfalfa hay, raisin by product and their combination batches as 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75 in dry matter basis were measured at incubation times of 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 72 in two runs and with three vials per time of incubation. Orskov and Mcdonal model used to calculate the in situ and gas production parameters. Potential nutrient supply using 24 h cumulative and chemical compositions were measured. Data was analyzed based on completely randomized block design using proc mixed SAS (9.2) which the effect of treatment was as fixed and the effects of block and run were considered as random. The LSD used to compare means differences and level of significant was P≤0.05.
Results and discussion Chemical composition results showed that total phenol and tannin and organic matter content in raisin by-product were significantly higher and dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and ash were lower than alfalfa hay (P

In this study, about 1000 kg of wet Rose Flower pulp were obtained from Ghamsar – Kashan in Iran and dried in air for 10 days. The DM, CP, Ash, EE, total extractable phenols, total tannin, Ca and P of Rose flower extraction pulp (RFEP) were 96.0, 12.5, 6.5, 1.8, 2.7, 1.3, 1.1 and 0.1 percent, respectively. Four adult Chaal sheep in a changeover design used for determination of digestibility, dry matter intake and nitrogen balance. The sheep fed by four diets with different ratio of RFEP: alfalfa (0.0:100, 15:85, 30:70 and 45:55). Digestibility of DM and OM were not affected by experimental diets. Inclusion of 30 percent or more RFEP, decreased CP digestibility (P< 0.05). Dry matter intake was not affected by inclusion of different levels of RFEP in diets. The nitrogen balance of diets including zero, 15, 30 and 45 precent RFEP were 3.1, 2.6, 1.4 and 1.1 gram per day, respectively (P< 0.05). The DM and CP effective degradability of RFEP were 68.5 and 67.8, respectively. It seems that Rose flower extraction pulp can be used as a part of roughage in the ruminant’s diet.

This study was carried out to compare nutritive value of raw and processed aspen and grape vine wood. Chemical processing of the woods was done with NaOH 5%. For this purpose 4 fistulated holstein steers with 500±50 Kg live weight was chosen in a completely randomized block design with 4 treatments (raw aspen، processed aspen، raw grape vine and processed grape vine) and 4 animals as replicates. Data was statistically analyzed using ANOVA model and mean treatment values were subjected to duncan multiple test. All steers were fed a diet containing chopped alfalfa hay and ground barley at maintenance +10% of maintenance requirement level. Diets were fed to steers twice a day in equal portions. The disappearance rate of DM was measured in hours 4، 8، 12، 24، 48، 72. Results of this study indicated that disappearance of DM for raw aspen was 2. 964، 4. 548، 3. 648، 6. 249، 8. 284، 9. 678، 8. 393، 6. 291 percent، for processed aspen was 21. 68، 23. 31، 24. 95، 36. 58، 47. 11، 54. 31، 57. 07، 57. 88 percent، for raw grape vine was 8. 685، 9. 488، 10. 50، 13. 32، 15. 43، 14. 18، 14. 01، 8. 466 percent، and for processed grape vine was 24. 82، 27. 15، 29. 69، 39. 14، 45. 31، 49. 15، 52. 32، 52. 89 percent respectively. Degradability values of raw aspen، processed aspen، raw grape vine and processed grape vine for the factor a (soluble fraction) was 1. 51، 15. 68، 5. 75، 20. 55، for the factor b (insoluble fraction) was 6. 71، 45. 45، 7. 35، 33. 11 and for the factor a+b (degradable fraction) was 8. 21، 61. 12، 13. 10، 53. 66 percent، respectively. Effective degradability of out flow rate for %3 was 5. 8، 36. 1، 11. 5، 37. 1، respectively. The result of chemical composition analysis showed that processing with NaOH had considerable decrease in amount of cellulose، hemicellulose، lignin، NDF and ADF. It may be concluded that chemical processing of the woods with NaOH 5% has positive effect on nutritive values of the woods.