هضم پذیری

The domestic rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus from the Leporidae family is a herbivorous mammal and their usual diet is plant sources. Rabbits can tolerate temperatures between 4 and 27 degrees; Of course, the recommended average temperature for them is between 16 and 22 degrees. The average pregnancy period for rabbits is 28 to 31 days. Different forages in rabbit diets affect its optimal growth performance. Rabbits need energy, fiber and protein in their diet. It is recommended to use fodder plants as well as tropical plants to feed rabbits, currently dry fodder such as alfalfa constitutes 40 to 80% of the rabbit's diet. Corn, wheat, barley, and alfalfa are plants with high energy levels, and therefore, the consumption of these plants in diets is very high. Due to the high price of alfalfa and barley, the cost of preparing feed increases, as a result of which the economic efficiency decreases. Tropical plants have a significant amount of protein, fat, minerals and carbohydrates that can affect growth and production. Among the tropical plants are Conocarpus erectus and myrtle. Cenocarpus erectus is a common ornamental plant in tropical and semi-tropical regions, which usually has a height of 1.5 to 4 meters. This plant contains bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, saponin, tannin, phenolic compounds, resin, terpenes, glycosides and antibacterial activity. Myrtle plant is a small shrub with evergreen leaves. Among the effective substances found in the plant, we can mention phenolic acids such as gallic acid, vanillic acid and ferulic acid, tannins, catechin and quercetin. Therefore, the purpose of this experiment was the effect of the use of myrtle and conocarpus plants in the diet of first-generation rabbits on digestibility, antioxidant capacity, blood parameters and microbial population of the digestive tract.

In this project, 12 breeding rabbits of New Zealand breed (10 females and 2 males) were tested, for this purpose, after 28 days of rabbit pregnancy period and 30 days of lactation period of born rabbits, the considered treatments were applied to the born rabbits (each treatment consisted of five repetitions). The treatments include: 1 control treatment, 2 treatments receiving 25% of myrtle plant and 3 treatments receiving 25% of conocarpus plant in the form of completely randomized design. The experiment was conducted on born rabbits for 30 days, and the average weight of the tested rabbits was 250 grams. At the end of the experiment, the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, insoluble fibers in neutral detergent, insoluble fibers in acidic and organic detergents, antioxidant activity of meat during storage in the refrigerator and in the freezer, microbial population of the digestive tract (population of Lactobacillus, E. coli and coliform bacteria) ) and blood parameters including cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase concentrations were measured.

The effect of the use of myrtle and conocarpus on the digestibility of tested rabbits, the test results showed that Myrtle and conocarpus plants result in decreasing of the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber (P<0.05). he results of the treatments on the microbial population showed that the populations of Lactobacillus, E. coli and coliforms in the cecum of rabbits were placed on Mord and Cenocarpus treatments (p > 0.05). The effect of myrtle and conocarpus plant on the antioxidant level of meat during storage in the refrigerator showed that the meat of rabbits fed with myrtle plant had a lower concentration of malondialdehyde and more antioxidant properties than the meat of rabbits fed with conocarpus plant (p< 0.05). The results of the experiment on the effect of treatments on blood parameters showed that the concentration of cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and glucose in the treatment using myrtle leaves and the treatment using conocarpus plant were significantly higher than the control treatment. decreased (p<0.05), but regarding the effect of treatments on liver enzymes, the test results showed that there was no significant difference in the concentration of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase between the treatments using myrtle and conocarpus compared to the control treatment (p> 0/05).

The results of the experiment showed that using myrtle plant and conocarpus plant as a substitute for part of alfalfa in the diet of newborn rabbits had an effect on digestibility, malondialdehyde concentration and blood parameters, and according to the positive effects of mord plant and conocarpus plant on the antioxidant concentration of rabbit meat. Whether during storage in the refrigerator or during the storage of rabbit meat in the freezer and blood biochemical parameters, and also considering the cheapness and availability of these plants in some areas, especially in Khuzestan, it can be concluded that the use of 25% of Sometimes myrtle and conocarpus have a positive effect as an effective antioxidant and a herbal supplement in the diet.

Sixteen male Markhoz kids (13.2±1.6 kg live body weight, 3 months old) were used to evaluate the effects of a commercial bacterial probiotic supplement on growth performance, nutrients digestibility, meat quality attributes and fatty acid profile of triceps brachii muscle and omental fat based on a completely randomized design with two treatments and eight replicates. The Primalak probiotic was fed daily in the amount of two grams to each kid in the respective treatment. Growth performance parameters, including average daily feed intake, average daily weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were not affected by bacterial probiotic feeding. Digestibility of diet’s chemical components showed no significant difference between treatments. Similarly, the quality attributes of triceps brachii muscle, including pH24, drip loss, water holding capacity, and chemical composition had similar values in both experimental treatments. Kids with access to bacterial probiotic had significantly lower saturated fatty acids, higher mono-unsaturated fatty acids and greater unsaturated to saturated fatty acids ratio in examined muscle (P<0.05). However, with the exception of lower C15:0 concentration in kids receiving bacterial probiotic (P<0.05), fatty acids profile in omental fat tissue did not change in response to probiotic consumption. It can be concluded that Primalak multi-strain probiotic with the mentioned dosage (2g/d/h) is not an effective additive to make significant changes in nutrients digestibility, Markhoz kid’s performance, meat quality attributes and fatty acids profile of different fat tissues.

Eucalyptus leaves contain tannins and flavonoids (Asghari and Mazaheriani 2010). Tannins have beneficial and harmful effects depending on their concentration, animal physiological condition and diet composition (Dubai et al. 2011). By increasing the amount of tannins, the digestibility of proteins decreases and prevents the digestion of lignocellulosic materials that are dependent on extracellular enzymes (Babadi et al. 2018). In addition to the anti-nutritional effects of tannins at high concentrations, the positive effects of dense tannins at optimal concentrations include improved live weight gain, increased milk production, reduced NH3 and methane production in the rumen (Lim and Mortijaya 2007). Using methods that can reduce the amount of tannins, make tannins plants used more and more effectively in animal nutrition (Huang et al. 2018). In addition to chemical methods and other methods for de-tannins, there are also biological methods (Chaji et al. 2020; Mohammadabadi et al. 2020). The enzyme tanase, which leads to the breakdown of tannins, has wide applications in the food and chemical industries. In addition, tanase is used in the production of animal feed (Chavez-Gonzalez et al. 2012). Bacterial tanase can effectively break down and hydrolyze natural tannins and tannic acid (Kumar et al. 2015). Bacterial tanase can effectively break down and hydrolyze natural tannins and tannic acid (Kumar et al. 2015). Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter, as tannin degraders isolated from deer rumen, improved the fermentation parameters of eucalyptus leaves, so the use of these isolates will be useful to improve the nutritional value of tannin-containing plants (Mohammadabadi et al. 2021). Japanese rats with the bacterium Lactobacillus, which produces tannins; Was able to adapt to tannin-rich foods (Sasaki et al. 2005). Therefore, in tropical and subtropical regions, the processing of tannin-rich trees with tanase is very important in animal nutrition systems (Mohammadabadi et al. 2020).

The tannin-degrading bacteria used in the present experiment were isolated from the rumen of deer and goat Najdi, and their ability to produce tanase and de-tannins them has already been investigated in experiments (Chaji et al. 2020; Mohammadabadi et al. 2020; Mohammadabadi et al. 2021). The tannin degrading bacteria used in the present experiment included Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter isolated from deer rumen, Lactobacillus fermentum isolated from Najdi goat rumen and commercial Lactobacillus fermentum. For processing, eucalyptus leaves, after turning them into 3-4 cm pieces, were tested in 10 liters of distilled water containing 1 liter of Nutrient Broth solution containing bacteria (107 cfu / ml) and to anaerobize the environment, immediately were transferred in10 kg plastic bags, and were closed and kept at 37 ° C for 10 days. After leaving the bags, they were dried, ground and mixed with rations, were given to lambs (Mohammadabadi et al. 2021). Experimental treatments include 1- Eucalyptus leaves or diets containing it without processing (control), treatment 2-5- Eucalyptus leaves or diets containing it that were treated with any of the four tannin-degrading bacteria. Then, the nutritional value of eucalyptus leaves alone or in combination with diet of fattening lamb, was studied by two-step digestion and gas production experiments.

The effect of experimental treatments on gas production potential, gas production rate, truly degraded organic matter, and production of microbial biomass of eucalyptus leaves and diets containing it was significant (P <0.05). The gas production potential of all experimental treatments was higher than the control (P <0.05). The digestibility of DM, NDF and ADF of eucalyptus leaves, and diets containing it in all treatments was significantly higher than the control treatment (P <0.05). The effect of experimental treatments on NH3 concentration, pH, and protozoan population of ruminal fluid of eucalyptus leaves and diets containing leaves was significant (P <0.05). Increased gas production in the treated treatments and the reason for significant improvement or numerical of gas production parameters can be attributed to the role of tanase-producing bacteria used in the decomposition of eucalyptus leaf tannin (Yarahmadi et al. 2017). In fact, tannins reduce ruminal fermentation by inhibiting the activity of microorganisms or microbial enzymes (Goel and McCarthy 2012). Increase though numerically of actually decomposed or digested material, microbial efficiency and PF in some treatments indicate the effect of tanase-producing bacteria in the present experiment (Gatacho et al. 2008). Tannins inhibit the digestion of fibers and proteins, so reducing the level of tannins by isolates, increases the activity of proteolytic enzymes and improves the digestibility of feed by releasing nutrients from the tannin binding (Goel et al. 2005). Tannins also reduce the concentration of NH3 by binding to proteins and reducing the rate of protein degradability (Ben Salem et al. 2005). The decrease in protozoan population in the control treatment and its increase during treatment with tanase-causing bacteria is probably due to the polyphenolic structure of these foods (Goel et al. 2005).

The results of this experiment showed that the use of tanase-producing bacteria degraded leaf tannins and improved its quality, so their use can be a good way to reduce tannins and improve the nutritional value of eucalyptus leaves for livestock.ntroduction: Eucalyptus leaves contain tannins and flavonoids (Asghari and Mazaheriani 2010). Tannins have beneficial and harmful effects depending on their concentration, animal physiological condition and diet composition (Dubai et al. 2011). By increasing the amount of tannins, the digestibility of proteins decreases and prevents the digestion of lignocellulosic materials that are dependent on extracellular enzymes (Babadi et al. 2018). In addition to the anti-nutritional effects of tannins at high concentrations, the positive effects of dense tannins at optimal concentrations include improved live weight gain, increased milk production,

Pastures provide an important part of ruminant fodder needs, and farmers store some pasture plants to use in winter-feeding of livestock. Therefore, having enough information about the nutritional value of such plants can help to optimize their consumption in animal feeding. Completing the information on the good-quality plants adapted to different environments will help to use and develop these valuable resources in a better way. In addition, it may be possible to improve rumen fermentation by aromatic pasture plants. Adiantum capillus-veneris (Adiantum) and Salvia officinalis L. (Salvia) are valuable genetic resources in pastures that are also used in livestock feeding. Due to the presence of plant secondary metabolites, they may improve rumen fermentation. However, there is little information on the nutritional value of Adiantum. Some information is available on the chemical composition of Salvia species (especially the leaves) and the effect of its essential oil on the rumen, but data on the use of the whole plant as forage are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the nutritional value of Adiantum and Salvia compared to alfalfa, and the effect of including different levels of them in the diet on in vitro ruminal fermentation variables and digestibility.
The experimental pasture plants (Adiantum and Salvia) were obtained in July, after flowering, from the pasture of Safrin village located in the rural district of Rajaeedasht in western Alamut (Qazvin, Iran). In experiment I, the chemical composition of the fodders was determined by the standard methods, considering alfalfa as the control forage. In experiment II, the effect of different dietary levels of the fodders was assessed using in vitro gas production technique with five treatments including 1. A diet without the rangeland plants (control diet), 2. A diet containing 15% of Adiantum, 3. A diet containing 30% of Adiantum, 4. A diet containing 15% of Salvia, and 5. A diet containing 30% of Salvia (on a DM basis). The in vitro digestibility, fermentation variables, microbial biomass production (MBP), total antioxidant power (TAP), protozoa numbers, and methane production were determined. The gas test was performed in three replicates and two runs, and data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS.
According to the results of experiment I, Adiantum and Salvia had higher ash compared to alfalfa (P<0.05). The crude protein and digestibility of Adiantum were lower than Salvia and alfalfa (P<0.05). The lower digestibility of Adiantum could be due to its higher lignin and ash and the lower crude protein concentration. Therefore, when consuming Adiantum in diets of high-productive ruminants, it is necessary to pay more attention to the use of energy supplements. Compared to alfalfa, the in vitro fermentation of Adiantum and Salvia resulted in higher in vitro ruminal MBP and TAP and lower ammonia-N and protozoa population (P<0.05), due to the presence of plant secondary metabolites such as phenolics, tannins, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and terpenes. The results of experiment II showed that the inclusion of Adiantum and Salvia in the diet had no significant (P>0.05) effect on in vitro gas production, organic matter digestibility, and metabolizable energy. Dietary use of Salvia, however, enhanced truly degraded substrate (P<0.05). Sometimes, high amounts of secondary metabolites in plants may have negative effects on the rumen but the amounts of metabolites in the pasture plants used in this study were not so high as to hurt rumen microbes and digestion. Dietary inclusion of Adiantum and Salvia improved in vitro TAP and decreased protozoa population, methane production, and acetate to propionate ratio (P<0.05). The lowest methane production was observed for the diets containing Salvia. The positive effect of the rangeland plants on in vitro TAP was because both plants contain significant amounts of various secondary metabolites (such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and terpenes) that are known to be favorable and high-capacity antioxidants. These plant metabolites can remove free radicals, bind transition metals (such as free iron), remove active oxygen from the environment, induce antioxidant enzymes, and reduce and moderate the conditions of oxidative stress and destruction. The reduction of methane release using Adiantum and Salvia in the diet was probably related to the fact that plant secondary metabolites destruct the protozoa or interfere with their metabolic pathways. In addition, they may inhibit methanogenic and hydrogen-consuming bacteria or hydrogen-producing Gram-positive bacteria. The dietary addition of Adiantum and Salvia improved in vitro ruminal MBP and decreased the ammonia-N concentration (P<0.05) compared to the control diet. The result could be due to the reduction of the protozoa population, causing a decrease in nitrogen recycling in the rumen and a decrease in bacteria predation. The formation of phenolic-protein complexes can also be another possible reason for reducing protein breakdown and ammonia concentration. Moreover, as rumen protozoa are reduced, the bacteria will have fewer natural predators and their population (reflected in the higher MBP) will increase, improving the degradation of feed ingredients. The inclusion of Adiantum and Salvia in the diet did not affect in vitro pH, total volatile fatty acids, and partitioning factor (P>0.05).
It is possible to include whole plants of Adiantum and Salvia in the diet, up to 30% DM, without adverse effects on digestibility. It also improves diet efficiency by increasing in vitro ruminal MBP and TAP and reducing methane and ammonia production.

 Wheat is one of the important ingredients for preparing poultry diets. However, wheat contains some anti-nutritional factors such as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) which enhance digesta viscosity and thus decrease nutrients digestion and absorption. These negative effects could damage performance and feed efficiency. Increase in digesta viscosity also imposes negative effects regarding intestinal epithelium. Vitamin A (vitA) is an important nutrient in maintaining the health of intestinal epithelium. Since wheat is deficient in vitA content and also wheat-based diets (WBD) can cause less vitA absorption from the intestinal lumen (by disturbing lipid digestion and absorption), it seems that supplementation of the WBD with vitA would be effective in mitigating some of the anti-nutritional effects of the WBD.

In this study, the effect of a WBD supplemented with different levels of vitA on performance and immune system of broiler chickens were investigated. Five dietary treatments were prepared as follow: 1) WBD supplemented with 1500 IU vitA/kg (control); 2) WBD supplemented with 4500 IU vitA/kg; 3) WBD supplemented with 7500 IU vitA/kg; 4) WBD supplemented with 10500 IU vitA/kg; and 5) WBD supplemented with 13500 IU vitA/kg. Two hundred Ross 308 male day-old broiler chicks in a completely randomized design with four replicates of ten chicks per each were used. Feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), and feed to gain ratio (FCR) were recorded periodically during the experiment. Sheep red blood cells (SRBC) antigen (2%) was injected to thigh muscle of two birds from each replicate on day 28. Seven and 14 days after injection, blood samples were collected and antibody titers against SRBC were measured. In order to evaluate cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) response, on day 41, eight chicks per treatment were randomly selected and phytohemagglutinin (PHA-P) was injected (100 µg) subcutaneously into toes web of each bird. 12 and 24 hours after injection, the thickness of the web was measured and CBH response was calculated. At the end of the experimental period (day 42), two chickens from each replicate were selected randomly and euthanized. Abdominal cavity was opened and digestive organs as well as the spleen, bursa of Fabricius, liver, and abdominal fat pad were excised and weighted. The small intestinal parts including duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were excised, weighted, and measured in length. Afterward, the whole carcass and carcass parts were weighted. The weight of each organ was then expressed compared to the live body weight. For the viscosity measurement, jejunal and ileal contents were collected and centrifuged (500 ×g, 15 min). The supernatants were then used for the viscosity measurement. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured as an indicator of lipid peroxidation. For measurement of total tract apparent digestibility (TTAD) of nutrients, chromium oxide (Cr2O3) was used in diets as an external marker. On day 21, samples of excreta were collected every 6 hour (four samples during 24 hours) and pooled. Feed and excreta samples were then analyzed for crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE). Chromic oxide concentration in feed and excreta samples was measured and TTAD of CP and EE were then calculated. The collected data were analyzed using the general linear model (GLM) procedure of the SAS software.

 In starter period, supplementing the WBD with 10500 or 13500 IU vitA/kg, significantly reduced FI compared to groups consuming 1500 or 4500 IU vitA/kg of diet. This could be attributed to vitA reservoir in yolk sac at the life beginning which increases the probability of vitA toxicity with higher levels of vitA in early growth period. No significant difference was found for FI among treatment groups during grower period (22-42 days of age) as well as entire period (1-42 days of age) of the experiment. VitA at different levels used in this study, had no significant effect on BWG and FCR during starter, grower, and the entire period of the experiment. The highest production index was seen in the group receiving the diet supplemented with 7500 IU vitA/kg. Furthermore, the lowest relative feed cost per kg of live weight or carcass weight were seen in groups receiving diet supplemented with 7500 and 4500 IU vitA/kg, respectively. Feeding WBD containing 13500 IU vitA/kg caused a significant increase in anti-SRBC titer on 7 days after injection, compared to control group. According to this result, it seems that high level of dietary vitA (13500 IU/kg) would be effective in stimulating antibody-mediated immunity in broiler chickens. Improvement in humoral immune responses of broiler chickens by supplemental vitA has been reported in other studies. No significant difference was seen regarding CBH response on 12 and 24 hours after PHA injection, among treatment groups. There was no significant difference among treatment groups as for spleen and bursa of Fabricius weights. VitA at levels of 4500 and 7500 IU/kg of diet, caused a significant decrease in serum MDA concentration. Decrease in serum MDA concentration by increasing dietary vitA level indicates anti-oxidative effects of this vitamin. Supplementation of the WBD with vitA at levels used in this study had no significant effect on the length and weight of duodenum and jejunum. However, vitA at 4500 and 7500 IU/kg of diet, decreased ileum relative weight. Digesta viscosity in the jejunum was decreased by dietary vitA at levels higher than 7500 IU/kg. In addition, abdominal fat pad weight was decreased by supplemental vitA at 4500 IU/kg of diet, comparing to the control. Supplementing the WBD with different levels of vitA had no significant effect on the TTAD of CP and EE.

 The results of this study showed that supplementation of the WBD with vitA at 7500 IU/kg, would not affect performance but could stimulate humoral immune response (antibody production) and anti-oxidative defense of the broiler chickens. Also, vitA supplementation at the level of 7500 IU/kg of the diet improved production index and decreased feed cost per kg of live weight. Furthermore, it has been evidenced that higher levels of supplemental vitA (more than 1500 IU/kg as the requirements) could be effective in decreasing abdominal fat pad in broiler chickens.

The current experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of conocarpuson digestibility, microbial rumen fermentation, and blood parameters in the Arabi sheep. At the first experiment, the most proper diet among diets containing 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% conocarpusfoliage, instead of corn silage, were selected by in vitro methods. The result indicated, diet containing 15% conocarpus had the greatest potential of gas production and digestibility of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber (p < /em><0.05). Then, diet containing 15% conocarpusfoliage was used in the feeding of Arabi sheep with average weight of 25±5 kg and 12±1 months age. These diets containing 55% forage to 45% concentrate were used in the completely randomized design for a period of 35 days. Digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, organic matter and neutral detergent fiber and acid in the experimental diets was not different (p < /em>>0.05). Also, blood triglyceride and aspartate and alanine aminotransferase did not influence by treatments (p < /em>>0.05). The potential of gas production and digestibility of straw in sheep fed with control and experimental diets had not significant difference (p < /em>>0.05). Dry matter intake, blood urea, glucose and LDL in treatment containing conocarpus were less than the control treatment, but blood cholesterol and HDL increased (p < /em><0.05). Ammonia nitrogen and pH of rumen in diet containing conocarpus was less than control (p < /em><0.05). The result of this study showed, due to the lack of a negative effect on digestibility and fermentation and the other parameters in this experiment, maybe conocarpus foliage can be used by 15% as replacement with some forage in Arabi sheep diet.

Oak kernel contains high starch, so it can be used as an energy source in the concentrate of ruminant diet. Also, oak kernel containing active biological compounds, such as tannin, gallic acid, galloyl or hexahydroxy decanol derivatives (Saffarzadeh et al. 1999). Tannins form complexes with a large number of nutrients and bacterial cell membranes, enzymes, and decrease digestion in the rumen (Rajablo 2009). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect experimental diets including 0, 15.80, 31.58, and 47.37% oak kernel on degradability parameters, fermentative and in vitro digestibility in Holstein cow and river Khuzestani buffalo. Oak kernel used by 15.8, 31.58 and 47.37 % in diet (balanced on the base of NRC, 2001) of cow and buffalo. Gas production and fermentation parameters of experimental diets were determined by Menke and Steingass (1988). Rumen fluid was collected from animals before the morning feeding. About 200 mg sample (1.0 mm screen) incubated in 100 ml vials with 35 ml buffered rumen fluid under continuous CO2 reflux for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, in a water bath maintained at 39°C. Cumulative gas production data were fitted to the exponential equation Y=b (1−e−ct), where b is the gas production (mL) from the fermentable fraction, c is the rate constant of gas production (mL/h), t is the incubation time (h) and Y is the volume of gas produced at time t. Partitioning factor, microbial biomass and truly digested organic matter was calculated by Makkar and Becker (1997). For determination of partitioning factor at the end of each incubation period, the content of vials was transferred into an Erlenmeyer flask, mixed with 20 mL neutral detergent fiber solution, boiled for 1 hour, filtered, dried (in oven at 60 °C for 48 h) and ashed. Digestibility of dry matter and NDF of experimental diets were determined using Tilly and Terry method (Tilly and Terry 1963). Rumen fluid was collected from animals and was mixed with McDougall buffer in a ratio 1:4. After gasifying with CO2, tubes were incubated at 39 ˚C. After 48 h of fermentation, 6 mL of 20% HCl solution and 5 mL pepsin solution were added and the incubated for 48 h simulating post-ruminal degradation. After incubation, the residual substrates of each tube were filtered and used to determine digestibility of DM and NDF.
Dry matter degradability was measured by in situ technique using cow and buffalo fitted with rumen fistula (400±12 Kg, BW). Five g of each milled sample (2.0 mm screen) were transferred into a polyester bag (10×20 cm, 52 μm pore size) and incubated in the rumen for 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 24, 4 8, 72 and 96 hours (n= 4). The degradability of DM were calculated using the equation P = a + b (1- e -ct). The obtained data were analyzed in a split plot design using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of SAS software, version 9.2. The Duncan multiple range test was used to compare means at P< 0.05. Dry matter digestibility and NDF were the highest in treatment including 31.58% oak kernel in cow and buffalo (P<0.05). Regardless of the type of treatment, dry matter digestibility was not significant in cow and buffalo (P>0.05), but NDF digestibility in buffalo was more than cows (P<0.05). The highest potential of gas production was for diets containing oak kernel (P<0.05). The value of PF, microbial biomass, microbial biomass efficiency and organic matter digested was not significant between diets containing different amounts of oak kernel (P>0.05). Slowly degradable fraction (b), potential of degradability (PD) and effective degradability (ED) were the highest in the diet containing 31.58% oak kernel (P<0.05). Fraction of rapidly degradable (a), slowly degradable fraction (b), constant degradable rate (c), potential of degradability (PD) and effective degradability (ED) was not different in cow and buffalo (P>0.05). Researchers reported that tannins cause inhibition of microbial enzymes and decrease in fermentation (Danesh Mesgaran 2009). Tannins can reduce microorganism adhesion to nutrients; inhibit microbial activity which has negative effects on fermentation and methane production (Frutos 2004). According to the result, it can be concluded, 31.58% oak kernel by improving in vitro fermentative condition of rumen can be used in diet of cow and Khuzestan buffalo, but it requires more studies.

 

Trace minerals, as metabolic modifier agents, increase nutrients utilization efficiency in domestic animals. Selenium has important metabolic and antioxidant functions in animal cells. However, there is not enough information regarding selenium requirements of Iranian local sheep. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate the effects of feeding selenium-methionine (Se-Met) supplement on growth performance, nutrients digestibility, ruminal fermentation status and some blood metabolites of fattening male lambs.

Fifteen Kermani male lambs with average body weight of 32.2 ± 1.09 kg were assigned to 3 treatments with 5 replicates each, as a completely randomized design for 10 weeks including 2 weeks of adaptation and 8 weeks of data collection. The experimental treatments were (1) basal diet without supplemental Se, (2) basal diet plus 0.5 mg/kg diet of Se-Met, and (3) basal diet supplemented with 1 mg/kg of Se-Met. Daily feed intake and body weight were measured. The nutrients digestibility was determined via total feces collection method at the end of study. Sampling from the rumen fluid was done on the last day of the final week of the experiment just two hours after morning feeding using the esophagus-tube connected to vacuum pump for pH and ammonia nitrogen determination. Blood samples were also drawn from jugular vein at the end of experiment and serum was used for metabolite analysis. The statistical analysis of data was done by using SAS software.

Based on the results, average daily feed intake and gain were not affected by the experimental treatments (P>0.05). However, lambs fed 0.5 mg Se-Met tended to have improved feed conversion efficiency compared with those on the control diet (P=0.07). Feeding male lambs with 1 mg/kg of Se-Met supplement increased dry matter and organic matter digestibility compared to the control lambs (P<0.05). Despite the higher values for fat as well as neutral and acid detergent insoluble fiber digestibility, their difference with that of the control was not statistically significant. Moreover, NH3-N concentration and pH of ruminal fluid were not affected by the experimental treatments (P>0.05). Feeding 1 mg/kg of Se-Met increased serum glucose concentration (P=0.03), however, serum total protein, triglyceride and urea concentrations were not different among experimental groups (P>0.05).

It can be concluded that dietary supplementation of 0.5 mg Se-Met/kg of diet improves feed conversion efficiency and 1 mg Se-Met increases dry matter and organic matter digestibility as well as blood glucose of fattening lambs without any adverse effects on ruminal pH and ammonia nitrogen concentration

The aim of present experiment was to find the appropriate amount of post-harvested bean by-products (bean residues) in diet of finishing lambs, when was replaced with corn silage or wheat straw in the diet. In this experiment, to determine the nutritional value of bean residues, its chemical composition was measured by standard methods. Then, nine experimental rations were selected as treatment, in which 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 percent residues of beans were replaced with wheat straw or corn silage. The method of gas production and two-stage digestion was used to determine digestibility and fermentation of these diets. The protein and fat concentrations of bean residues, wheat straw and corn silage used in the present experiment were 6.9, 3.6 and 7.4, and 0.9, 1.8 and 0.3 percent, respectively. Replacing 75 and 100 percent residues of beans with wheat straw and all replacement levels with corn silage, resulted in a significant increase in gas production. The rate of gas production during the replacement of 75% and 100% of the bean residues with corn silage or 25 and 50% with wheat straws were increased compared to the control. The microbial biomass production efficiency was the highest and significantly different with control diet (65 vs. 60.5%, respectively) when replacement of 100% bean residues with wheat straw was done. The replacement of bean residues did not affect the digestibility of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber. Therefore, the 75 and 100% replacement of the bean residues with wheat straw or 25 and 50% with corn silage showed the best result and could be recommended for use in lambs finishing feeding.

This research was conducted to investigate the effect of processing sesame straw with low steam pressure, sulfuric acid and enzyme mixture on digestibility and ruminal fermentation, protozoa population, rumination and some blood parameters of Arabi sheep. Twelve sheep were fed with control diet (without sesame straw), diet containing sesame straw processed with 2.4 % sulfuric acid and low steam pressure at 130 °C for 120 minutes and 3 gr/kg DM enzyme, diet containing sesame straw processed by sulfuric acid and enzyme and diet containing sesame straw processed with water. The dry matter and organic matter intake, daily gain, feed conversion, apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, NDF and ADF did not differ between treatments.The processing did not affect ammonia nitrogen, pH, and rumen protozoa species of sheep. Chewing, rumination and resting times were different between treatments and the greatest rumination time (491.67 minutes per day) was for processing with acid and enzyme (P

This study was conducted to compare the nutritive value of molasses and vinasses by in vitro gas production technique using rumen fluid collected from three fistulated mature male sheep. The experiment used the completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 6 replications. Rumen fluid was collected from three fistulated mature male sheep.The experimental diets included: diet 1) basal diet 20% molasses 0% vinasses (control), diet 2) basal diet 15% molasses % vinasses, diet 3) basal diet 10% molasses 10% vinasses, diet 4) basal diet 5% molasses 15% vinasses, and diet 5) basal diet 0% molasses 20% vinasses. Potential of gas production, rate of gas production, metabolizable energy, digestibilityof organic matter and short-chain fatty acids from molasses were more than those from vinasses (P

Introduction Siris is a tropical legume. It has common names such as silk tree. Compositional studies indicated carbohydrates as major components and potassium was found in the highest amount and copper in the lowest. Siris leaf has high content of N (16 to 23 percent crude protein) and Ca, a low content of tannins and phenolic compounds. Levels of total tannins in the leaf of siris is 4%. The amino acids profile indicated that arginine and lysine are present in large amounts in seeds while glutamic acid and aspartic acid are higher in pods. Siris is an economically important plant for industrial and medicinal uses. This experiment was conducted to investigate the different levels (0, 50 and 100 %) of siris leave or silk tree instead of alfalfa on degradability parameters, fermentative and in vitro digestibility in cows and buffalo Khouzestan.
Materials and methods The leave of siris were collected from shushtar and milled. Levels of 0, 50 and 100% leave replaced alfalfa in the diet. Rumen fluid was collected from fistulated cow and buffalo before the morning feeding. About 500 ± 10 mg experimental samples (1.0 mm screen) incubated with 35 ml buffered rumen fluid under continuous CO2 reflux in 100 ml vials for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, in a water bath maintained at 39°C. Cumulative gas production data were fitted to the exponential equation Y=B (1−e−Ct). Partitioning factor, microbial biomass, actually degradable organic matter was calculated. Digestibility of dry matter and NDF of the samples were determined using an in vitro procedure. Dry matter and crude protein degradability were measured by in situ technique using fistulated animals (fed 60% forage% concentrate). Samples put in the polyester bags and incubated in the rumen for 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. After the specific incubation periods, the bags immediately were hand-rinsed under cold tap water until clear, and dried in a forced-air oven (60 °C, 48 hour). Disappearance of DM and CP of samples from bags with incubation time were calculated using the equation of, P = a b (1- e -ct), P= fraction degraded in the time t, a= soluble fraction, b= potentially degradable fraction, c= degradation rate and t= incubation time. The effective degradability was calculated using the equation of ED = a (bc/(c). Data were subjected to analysis as a split plot design using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of SAS.
Results and Discussion Dry matter digestibility of the diet containing 50% siris leave in Buffalo was 85.70 % and in cows, 82/94 %. Regardless of the type of treatment digestibility of dry matter and NDF was not significant between cow and buffalo. Regardless of the type of animal, the potential of gas production in the diets containing 0, 50 and 100 % siris leave was 175.05, 108.44 and 103.14 ml, respectively. The effect of diets containing leave on pf, microbial biomass, microbial biomass efficiency and organic matter digested was not significant. The efficiency of the microbial biomass in Buffalo (0.7281%) was higher than the cow (0.6308%). Slowly degradable fraction (b), constant degradable rate (c), potential of degradability (PD) and effective degradability (ED) of dry matter at 50 % leaf was the highest. Fraction a rapidly degradable (a) and effective degradability (ED) protein at 50 and 100 % the leave was the highest amount in compared to the control diet. In agreement with results, the researchers reported tropical legumes because of high quantity of protein and carbohydrate and lower fiber can be used as a suitable substrate for rumen microbial growth. Also legumes ability to provide required nitrogen, energy and vitamins for microorganisms. But presence of anti-nutritional factors such as tannin, saponin and oxalate in siris might be reduce fibrolytic enzyme activity and consequently fiber digestibility and fermentation.
According to the results it ccan be concluded siris leaves or silk tree improved fermentation condition in the rumen, therefore can be used instead of alfalfa in the diet of cow and buffalo in vitro.

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of adding of Silybum Marianum plant (20، 40 and 60 mg/kg) on digestibility and microbial fermentation of Suaeda Fruticosa forage and protozoa species in the one-humped camel. Fermentation and gas production and estimated parameters were measured by gas production technique and in vitro digestibility was measured by two-stage digestion using two fistulated camels. To investigate the protozoa، samples were removed from the culture and after staining with methylene blue solution، protozoa enumeration and morphology were conducted in different environments. Protozoa analysis was conducted using factorial experiment and completely randomized design. The obtained results showed that the addition of Silybum Marianum to level 60 mg had significant effect on gas production potential of Suaeda forage (P<0. 05). Partationing factors، microbial biomass، efficiency of microbial biomass، organic matter actually degradable and cell wall degradability was significantly decreased in treatments containing Silybum Marianum in compared with control (P<0. 05). Ammonia nitrogen concentrations was significantly increased in treatments containing Silybum Marianum (P<0. 05). Adding Silybum Marianum increases the digestibility of dry matter and neutral detergent insoluble fibers in comparison to control. Protozoa populations significantly decreased by treatments containing Silybum Marianum (P<0. 05). According to the result، two species observed in this experiment were Diplodinium Cameli and Epidinium ecudatum. Therefore، using Silybum Marianum plant caused to improve the nutritional value of Suaeda forage in the one-humped camel.

The objective of this study was to investigate the suitable method for preparing sugarcane top (SCT) silage and evaluation the nutritive value of prepared silage by using in vitro methods in ruminant. The treatments were mixture of urea+molasses (1, 3 % DM, respectively) on two levels 0 and 1+3, sulfuric acid on three levels 0, 0.9 and 1.8 % DM that arranged in a 2×3 factorial design. The sugar cane top were mixed (DM basis) by additives and ensiled in polyethylene bags. Content of CPof SCT ensiled with urea+molasses and sulfuric acid increased (P<0.05). All additives significantly decreased pH of silage (P<0.05). The acid caused to increase NDF (P<0.05) and dry matter digestibility (P>0.05). Adding of sulphuric acid increased gas production linearly (P<0.05). All additives used in this experiment improved nutritive value of SCT silage, and made possible of long preservation. However, if pH decreases to lower than 4, silage quality remains the same as initial forage for a longer keeping time.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of emulsifiers such as lecithin and bile salts on broilers performances fed diet containing vegetable fats. 192 male Ross broiler chickens were randomly allocated in a factorial experiment design of 3 × 2، consisting two sources of fat (four percent fatty acids or soy bean oil) and three emulsifiers (none، one percent lecithin and 0. 05 percent bile salts) in completely randomized design with four replicates and eight birds per each. Total weight gain and feed conversion ratio was not affected by fat sources while soya oil addition to diets increased feed intake (P<0. 05). Emulsifiers’ addition to diet improved weight gain feed conversion ratio (P 0. 05). The length and width of villi in jejunum، and crypt depths in duodenum were not affected by fat sources، while، crypt depth in jejunum and width of villi in ileum of birds fed on diets containing fatty acid were higher than other birds (P<0. 05). Addition of emulsifiers to diets increased dietary metabolisable energy (P<0. 05). In conclusion، addition lecithin or bile salts to diets containing soybean oil or its fatty acids، improved body weight gain and feed conversion ratio in broiler chicks by increasing in absorption area of intestine and dietary metabolisable energy.