crude protein

During many years, with the breeding operations on native hens of Sepahan, growth rate, age of sexual maturity, egg production, egg weight and many other traits of their productive performance have been improved. Estimation of nutritional requirements, especially metabolisable energy and crude protein, is necessary to achieve high fertility and hatchability and produce day-old chicks with appropriate quality. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different dietary energy and protein on productive performance and egg quality characteristics of the improved indigenous hens in 42-53 weeks of age (during 3 periods of 28 days). Totally, 180 Sepahan hens were assigned to a 3 × 2 factorial arrangements in a completely randomized. Factor 1 was different levels of metabolizable energy (2400, 2550 and 2700 kcal/kg), and factor 2 was levels of crude protein (14 and 16%). Data were collected for feed intake, egg production, egg weight, feed to egg conversion ratio, shell strength, shell thickness, shell weight, percentage of shell weight to egg weight, yolk color index, percentage of yolk weight to egg weight and Hough unit. In addition, during the experimental period, during three stages after artificial insemination, the eggs of Isfahan native breeder hens were collected and after numbering and grading, they were grouped and separated according to the treatment and repetition of the device. Incubators were transferred. At the end of the incubation period, the number of hatched chicks from each replication was counted and group weighing was performed. The components studied at this stage of the experiment also included fertility efficiency, hatchability, day-old chick weight and percentage of chick weight to hatchable eggs. According to the results of the present experiment, in the whole experimental period, feed intake, egg weight and egg production were not affected by experimental treatments (P<0.05). Egg mass weight in chickens fed diets containing 2550 kcal was significantly higher than chickens fed diets containing 2400 kcal (P <0.05) and feed-to-egg conversion ratio in native hens, fed diets containing 2550 kcal was lower than 2400 kcal (P <0.05). The highest egg shell strength (3.4 kg/cm2) was in diets containing 2700 kcal energy and 14% crude protein and the lowest (3.02 kg/cm2) was in diets containing 2400 kcal energy and 14% crude protein (P<0.05). By increasing crude energy levels, the color of egg yolk also increased (P <0.05). Increasing the level of crude protein in the diet decreased Hough units of eggs (P <0.05). The highest rate of fertility and hatchability of hatchable eggs was obtained in treatments containing 2550 kcal of energy (P<0.05). Experimental treatments had no significant effect on the weight of day-old chicks (g) and the ratio of chicken weight to the weight of hatchable eggs. However, fertility (percentage) and hatchability rates of fertile eggs (percentage) were affected by different energy levels (P <0.05), so that the highest fertility rate was in treatments received 2550 kcal ME/kg of diets. Different levels of crude protein and energy and protein interactions had no significant effects on these traits. Embryo mortalities in the first and second weeks of the incubation period (percentage) were not affected by experimental treatments, but embryo mortalities in the third week and in the whole incubation period were affected by the interaction of energy levels and crude protein in the diet (P<0.05). In general, based on the results obtained under the conditions of this study, it seems that the diet containing 2550 kcal metabolisable energy and 14% protein is appropriate for feeding to Isfahan native breeder hens during the laying period.

The production of dairy goat breeds such as Saanen has become widespread in many countries and factors like the nutritional value of goat milk, high amounts of milk yield compared to body weight, and less methane gas production have played important role for the mentioned development. Previous studies have shown that reaching the insemination weight (35 kg) of replacement female goats is one of the most important points in the breeding of the dairy goat breeds. Subsequently, other studies have shown that improving growth and weight gain during suckling period reduces the time to reach the required weight and body size for insemination, the growth of mammary glands and increases milk production, and it is economically important. Protein is one of the factors which play important role in growth and body frame development of goats especially at life's early stages. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different levels of crude protein in milk replacer on performance of Saanen suckling kids. Sixteen Saanen female kids with 10 days of age and 4.678± 0.57 kg of BW were randomly assigned to two experimental treatments, including milk replacer with 22% crude protein (22CP; milk replacer contain 22% crude protein) and milk replacer with 28% crude protein (28CP; milk replacer contain 22% crude protein plus 10 gram of whey protein concentrate per liter of milk replacer). The experimental kids were weaned at 64 days of age and during this time milk replacer, starter, and alfalfa hay intake of kids was recorded daily, and the weight of the goats was measured weekly. The results showed that average daily weight gain of kids fed with 28CP treatment was significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared to the 22CP treatment during the first month, the second month and whole experimental period. Also, the kids body weight at the end of second month for 28CP treatment was significantly higher (P = 0.05) compared to the 22CP treatment (16.14 vs. 14.21 kg).  The amount of total dry matter intake (DMI) during the entire experimental period was higher (P < 0.05) for the 28CP treatment compared to the 22CP treatment (509.65 vs. 459.68 grams per day). There were no significant differences among the experimental treatments for the feed conversion ratio (FCR) during the first month, the second month and the entire experimental period. In fact, although the 28 CP treatment had a higher daily weight gain compared to the CP22 treatment, due to higher DMI, but it had a similar FCR compared to the CP22 treatment. Results showed that feeding milk replacer containing high levels of crude protein (28%) can results to the higher average daily gain and subsequently heavier weaning weight in Saanen goat kids.

Substances of microbial origin and medicinal plants, by improving the level of health and condition of the gastrointestinal tract, provide the basis for the optimal use of nutrients in diets, and by reducing the use of nutrients, while saving production, also prevent environmental pollution. Dietary protein sources are among the most expensive nutrients, reducing their use in poultry diets not only reduces the cost of nutrition, but also prevents environmental pollution by reducing the excretion of nutrients through animal feces. The present experiment was performed to investigate the possibility of reducing the level of crude protein in broiler diets using two probiotic additives and thyme. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of adding probiotc and thyme medicinal plant into normal and 5% lower level crude protein on growth performance, carcass traits and blood biochemical parameters of broilers.

In this experiment 192 Ross 308 broiler chicks were used in 2×2 factorial arrangements with 4 treatments, 4 replicates and 12 chicks in each replicate in a completely randomized design in grower (11 to 24 days) and finisher (25 to 42 days) periods.

In grower period adding probiotic in contrast with thyme significantly increased the amount of daily weight gain (p<0.05). In finisher and total periods, feed additives and diets crude protein level had no effect on performance of broilers. Using probiotic in low crude protein diets redced the carcass percentage of broilers (p<0.05). The level of 5% of crude protein reducing decreased the concentration of blood triglyceride and increased the blood concentration of LDL as compared with normal level of diet crude protein (p<0.05). Thyme powder in low crude protein diets decreased the amount of blood triglyceride (p<0.05). Thyme powder with low crude protein diets increased the amount of blood LDL whereas with normal crude protein diets the level of LDL was decreaased (p<0.05).

Generaly, in broilers reducing 5% of diets crude protein had no adverse effects on their performance and also using microbial and herbal feed additives had no significant effect  on broiler performance.

 One of the most important challenges in poultry industry is supplying of feedstuff. The international prices of this feedstuff have increased the costs of poultry production, and therefore, reduced marketing margins. Additionally, due to the high amount of wastes from the agricultural sector and food industry, proper management of these resources and identifying the nutritional value, makes it possible to produce cheap and suitable ingredients for poultry which are not competitive with human food. Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) are one of the largest fruit crop in Iran with annual production of 2.5 million metric tons. Grape pomace (GP) is a by-product of grape processing for ethanol, fruit juice and vinegar production and including stems, skins, seeds and peels and these residues are about 20-25% of the weight of the original grape. Considerable production of this by-product encourages animal nutritionists to study its nutritive value. It has shown that GP has about 8-13 % crude protein (CP), 6.2-8.4 % ether extract (EE) and 22.3-36.8 % crude fiber (CF) and 2642.19 kcal/kg apparent metabolizable energy (AME). Grape skins and seeds are rich sources of flavonoids. Studies have shown flavonoids have the capacity to act as powerful antioxidants by scavenging free radicals and terminating oxidative reactions. Also, phenolic component of grapes have shown inhibitory effect on bacteria. It was reported that inclusion of up to 10% GP in diets did not adversely affect broiler chickens’ performance and improved their antioxidant and immune responses.

Two independent experiments were conducted to determine the nutritional value and metabolizable energy of GP and study its effect on performance of broiler chicken. In the first experiment, AOAC method (3) was used for determination of proximate analysis of GP. Forced feeding method was used for determination of GP metabolizable energy. In the second experiment, a total of 450, one day old broiler chicks (Ross -308 strain) were used in a completely randomized design with six treatments, five replicates and 15 birds per replicate. Experimental treatments were the levels of 0 (control, basal diet, based on corn and soybean meal), 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 % of GP included to basal diet. The diets were in mash form and formulated according to Ross -308 strain recommendations. Feed and water were provided ad libitum during the experiment. All broilers fed same diet in stater period (1-10 d of age) and turned to experimental diets from day 11. Feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of birds in each pen was recorded weekly and calculated for grower (11-24 d), finisher 1 (25–39 d), finisher 2 (40-49 d)  and total periods (11-49 d) for each bird. On day 49, one chick per replicate was slaughtered after 5 hours starvation and carcass characteristics were determined. At the end of experiment (49 d), blood samples were collected from one bird per replicate to determine blood biochemical characteristics.

 The results of this experiment showed that the GP contains about 7.13% CP, 4.92 % EE, 26.85 % CF and 5.86 % ash. Its gross energy and different terms of metabolizable energy such as AME, AMEn, TME and TMEn were 3371.75, 2223.58, 2221.04, 1527.63 and 1526.13 kcal/kg DM respectively. In biological part of experiment, and in total period, broiler BWG was decreased and FCR was increased when higher levels of GP (12 and 15%) were added to their diets in comparison with control. It was reported that GP contains high level of fiber and polymeric polyphenols as procyanidins could be bound and precipitated both dietary and endogenous proteins, and negatively affected poultry performance. Also, it was reported that GP tannins have adverse effects on nutrient utilization, and are toxic at high intake levels, due to their ability to bind proteins, minerals and carbohydrates. Relative weight of abdominal fat was decreased when high level of (15 %) GP used in broiler diet (P<0.05). The reduction in relative weight of thighs and abdominal fat, is probably due to reduced digestion and absorption of nutrients. It was indicated that polyphenols (specially condensed tannin) are able to inhibit a range of enzymes including α-amylase, α-glucosidase, lipase and trypsin activity, therefore the digestion of charbohydrate, lipid and protein were adversely affected. Blood serum concentration of triglyceride, cholesterol and HDL were decreased and LDL concentration was increased when GP levels were increased in broiler diets (P<0.05). The mechanism by which dietary GP supplements affect the concentrations of plasma lipids is not fully understood. However, it was showed that herbs and herbal products induce hypocholesterolemic effects by reducing the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis.

In conclusion, the results of the present experiment shows that the crude fiber content of grape pomace is high and its crude protein content is low. Due to the high level of fiber content of grape pomace, its metabolizable energy is relatively low (1527.63 kcal/kg DM). Inclusion of up to 9% grape pomace in broiler diets had no negative effect on feed conversion ratio. Although, broiler performance, was depressed by dietary inclusion in higher levels.

Cereal grains are the major source of energy for commercial poultry nutrition and incorporate about 60-70% of the diet volume. Corn is mainly used in the production of poultry feed mixtures, but the amount of corn production in Iran is not sufficient and more than 50% of corn requirement for poultry production is provided via import, therefore, for economic reasons its content in poultry diets might reduce. Barley can be the preferred grain for cultivation in many areas in Iran due to its resistance to drought region. Hull-less barley (HLB) differs from conventional barley in that the hulls firmly attached to the kernel and consequently is detached after thrashing, leading to a higher level of valuable nutrients and increased nutrient density. Reported that the HLB has a higher AME and protein content than hulled barley because of diluting effect of the fibrous hulls. The high protein content in HLB compared to corn grain and its considerable AMEn make it a potentially good ingredient for poultry diet formulation. However, since the high content of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) probably decrease nutrient digestibility and performance due to the lack of an appropriate enzyme in the digestive tract of chickens, some concern has been expressed in relation to the inclusion levels of HLB in broiler diets. This experiment was carried out to study the influence of enzyme supplementation on the apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn), apparent digestibility of dry matter (DMD), and crude protein (ACD) of two varieties of HLB by using the total excreta collection method in broiler chickens. Sixty-four male broiler chicks "Ross-308", 16d of age, assigned to 16 metabolic cages in a completely randomized design (CRD) experiment with a factorial arrangement (2×2), 4 treatments with 4 replicates/treatment and 4 birds/replicate. The factors included two varieties of HLB (HMB-83-7 and native of Tabas, Iran) and two levels of enzyme cocktail (was a blend of 3500 U/g β-glucanase, 1600 U/g xylanase, 25 U/g cellulase and 1000 U/g phytase activity obtained from Phileo-Lesaffre-Animal-Care, Co. "Marcq-en- Baroeul-France") supplementation (0 and 0.5 g/kg of diet). The experimental diets were made so that the HLB barley was the sole source of energy and nitrogen supply. The digestion trial included a 4-day preliminary period in 16–19d of age, followed by 4 days of total excreta collection. The feed was provided ad libitum during the preliminary and the collection period. During the collection period (20-23d of age) total feed intake was measured, and excreta from each cage were collected twice a day, pooled, and kept frozen at -18oC until subsequent analyses. The excreta samples were freeze-dried to determine DM content. The dried excreta and diet samples were ground through 20 mesh screens, and nutrient content was determined according to AOAC (2000). The gross energy of the dried excreta and diet samples was measured. The apparent digestibility of crude protein (CPD) and dry matter (DMD) of HLB was calculated. The apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn), of HLB was calculated. The average DMD, CPD and AMEn of HLB were obtained 64.39±2.80%, 59.50±7.66% and 3034±212 kcal/kg as-fed basis, respectively. The DMD, CPD and AMEn of HLB in Tabas native variety were 67.45, 67.41% and 3189 kcal/kg as-fed basis respectively, which were significantly more than HMB-83-7 variety (Vs 64.67, 55.1% and 2961 kcal/kg for DMD, CPD and AMEn). Dietary enzyme supplementation increased the hull-less barley DMD (64.39% Vs 67.73%, 5.18% improvement compared to basal content), as well as increasing the CPD (50.59% Vs 63.03%, 5.93% improvement compared to base value) and AMEn (3034 Vs 3107 kcal/kg, 2.41% improvement compared to base value), so that the differences were significant (P <0.05). The effectiveness of dietary enzyme supplementation on the improvement of nutritional value of different HLB varieties that used in this experiment was varied. The Tabas native HLB variety was more effected than HMB-83-7 variety by dietary enzyme supplementation. Hull-less barley contains considerably higher levels of anti-nutritional factors consisting mainly of soluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs), especially ß-glucans compared to corn and wheat. Water-soluble β-glucan with gel-forming characteristics increases the gastrointestinal (GI) tract contains viscosity, decreases digestive enzymes contact with substrates, increases the thickness of the unstirred water layer in the GI tract mucosa and hence depresses nutrient digestibility. Many researchers have studied the beneficial effects of the addition of exogenous enzymes to the rich non-starch polysaccharide diets. The positive nutritional effects achieved by the dietary supplementation of exogenous enzymes are proposed to be caused by several mechanisms. Mainly, it has been shown that the antinutritive effects of viscous cereals such as barley, wheat, rye, oats, and triticale are associated with raised intestinal viscosity caused by soluble β-glucans and arabinoxylans present in those cereals. These problems are overcome by dietary supplementation of β-glucanases and xylanases. It is assumed that the ability of β- glucanases and xylanases to degrade plant cell walls leads to release of nutrients from grain endosperm. According to the results of this experiment; the hull-less barley AMEn, DMD and CPD value affected by variety. The dietary exogenous enzyme supplementation improved the hull-less barley DMD, CPD and AMEn value.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of dietary crude protein (CP) and threonine(Thr) on nutrient digestibility and blood parameters in Nicholas turkeys.A total of 160 male turkeys (Nicholas 300) with 4wk of age were randomly assigned to 10 treatments with 4 replicates in 2×5 factorial arrangement. Experimental treatments including two different CP levels (26 and 23.4%) and Thr in 5 levels (0.75, 0.85, 0.95, 1.05 and 1.15% of diet). Results showed that reducing the level of CP in the diet reduced fecal digestibility of dry matter and organic matter(P<0.05), However,there was no significant effect on illeum digestibility.Level of 1.05% of threonine improved illeum digestibility of crude protein and fecal digestibility of dry matter and organic matter (P<0.05). There was an interaction between levels of CP and threonine for the nutrient illeum digestibility(P<0.05). Reducing of levels of CP significantly decreased albumin and uric acid concentration (P<0.05), However, diet CP concentration did not have significant effect (P>0.05) on other blood parameters.Levels of 0.95 and 1.15% of Thr significantly increased serum total protein and globulin levels compared to other Thr concentrations (P<0.05). Levels of 1.05 and 1.15% of Thr decreased albumin concentration and albumin/globulin ratio(P<0.05), Although Thr had not significant effect on glucose,uric acid,cholesterol, triglyceride,HDL,VLDL and LDL concentration(P>0.05).The findings of this study showed that reducing the level of CP, decreased nutrients digestibility and serum uric acid and increased levels of Thr in the diet improved fecal nutrients digestibility and increased serum protein and globulin levels in commercial turkeys

Degradation in rumen often results in wastage of dietary proteins, particularly in productive ruminants. For this purpose, protection of proteins is essential for productive animals, where the protein requirement of these animals cannot be met from microbial protein synthesis. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of green tea waste extract on ruminal degradability and intestinal digestibility of soybean meal dry matter and crude protein. For extraction from green tea waste, a solvent was prepared with a ratio of 10 ml of methanol, 10 ml of ethanol and 80 ml of distilled water per 100 ml. The soybean meal treated at 0 (control), 5, 10, 15 and 20 percent of dry matter with this extract. Ruminal degradability of dry matter and crude protein determined using two Taleshi bulls by nylon bag method in 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours. Intestinal digestibility measured In vitro. Treatment decreased the amount of dry matter (DM) degradability of soybean meal in all incubation times (P<0.05). Crude protein (CP) degradability of processing treatments by 5% and 10% extract were not different significantly in comparison to control group (P>0.05) but 15% and 20% extract significantly reduced CP degradability related to control (P<0.05). Rapidly degraded fraction (a) of DM degradability of soybean meal in treatments processing with 15% and 20% extract, significantly decreased related to control (P < 0.05). Fraction of CP degradability significantly reduced by processing in all treated group related to control (P<0.05). Slowly degraded fraction (b) and potential degradability (a+b) of DM in 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% extract treatments significantly decreased related to control (P<0.05). b fraction of CP degradability in control, 5% and 10% extract treatments had no significant difference, but 15% and 20% level of extract significantly decreased this fraction related to control (P<0.05). Constant rate of degradability of DM and CP were not different between treatments. Effective degradability of DM and CP (in 2%, 5% and 8% out flow rates) significantly reduced by treatment (P<0.05). Intestinal digestibility of DM was significantly higher in soybean meal treated with 5 and 10% extract than other treatments, but 20% extract significantly reduced it (P<0.05). In addition, intestinal digestibility of CP was significantly higher in soybean meal treated with 5% and 10% extract than other treatments, but 20% extract significantly reduced it (P<0.05). Soybean meal treatment by green tea waste extract can decrease its ruminal degradability. According to results from DM and CP intestinal digestibility, 5% and 10% levels of green tea waste extract improved soybean meal intestinal absorption and can use for protein protection against ruminal degradability.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary levels of crude protein, methionine and betaine on performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. A total of 640 one-day-old broiler chicks from Ross 308 strain were used. Each pen (1.5 ×1.5m) was assumed as experimental unit and was included 20 male and female chicks. The experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design as a 2×2×2 factorial arrangement. The chicks were reared on the basis of regular brooding procedures until 7 days of age and then were fed with diets containing 2 levels of crude protein (high and medium), 2 levels of methionine (high and medium) and 2 levels of betaine (0 and 0.08%) from 7 to 42 days of age. All experimental diets were prepared isocaloric. Average daily feed intake, average daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio was measured weekly. At day 42 of age, one male bird from each pen was selected and slaughtered for carcass analysis. Results of this experiment showed that none of treatments had a significant effect on feed intake in 7 to 42 days of age (P> 0.05). Betaine fed groups showed more daily feed consumption in compare to other groups but this effect was only significant during 14-21 days of age (P

The aim of present study was to evaluation of Hach method for determining of crude protein contents of some animal feeds. Twenty one samples of animal feeds and digesta, including a variety of forages, concentrate feeds and mixtures and digesta ruminal samples and 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1, 0.175 and 0.2 mg ammonium chloride were chosen and their nitrogen and protein contents were measured using Kjeldahl, as the reference method and the Hach Methods and compared with each other. There was no significant difference between the methods in terms of crude protein content estimation of different feed samples and different amounts of ammonium chloride. The regression between the crude protein contents measured by the two methods was linear and showed a significant correlation (r=0.99). Modifing the digestion method of the original Hach method accelerate the method and it makes possible to analysis more samples without any negative effects on the obtained results. According with the reslt of this experiment the protein content of some analyzing samples in animal nutrition laboratories can be accurately measured through the Hach method.

This study was carried out toinvestigate the effect ofmannan-oligosaccharide prebioticonperformance,egg quality, immune response, intestine ileum microflora and nutrient digestibility in laying hens fed various levels of crude protein. A total of 150 Hy-Line W-36 layinghens were assigned to a 2×3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Experimental diets consisted of 3 levels of crude protein (recommended level for strain, 90 and 95% of recommended level) and 2 levels of mannan-oligosaccharides (0 and 0.1% of diet). Reduction of crude protein to 10% of basal diet resulted in decrease of egg weight, egg production, egg mass and feed conversion ratio (P

Due to the growing human population, the supply of animal protein for them is considered as an important goal. About 70-60% of the costs of livestock raising is associated with nutrition and one of the most important measures to reduce the cost of feed, is the applying of new materials in the livestock rations. Albizia is a native tree in tropical Africa and Asia, northern Australia and tropical America and also in many tropical and subtropical areas of the world. It could be also used in the diet to reduce the cost of livestock ration, but because of some anti-nutrients substances such as tannins and saponins, may be restricted its use in feed. Many studies have shown that it can be used as a protein and mineral supplement in animal feeds. The aim of the present study was the comparison of the nutritional value of the Albizia with alfalfa hay as sole feed source, in the Najdi goats.
Whole plant of Albizia containing seeds, pods and leaves were collected from ranges of Mollasani-Khuzestan region, and air-dried under shadow. In this experiment, six Najdi goats with an average weight of 31 ± 2.2 kg and 19±2 months old in a completely randomized design was assigned to two experimental diets. The experimental diets only were whole plant of Albizia or alfalfa. The diets was fed 28 days, include 21 days adaptation and 7 days sampling period, for measuring the nutrients digestibility. Chemical composition of experimental samples including: crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, dry matter and Tannin was measured according to standard methods. Feed intake, nutrient digestibility, protozoa population and ruminal fermentation (pH and Ammonia nitrogen) and blood parameters (glucose, blood urea nitrogen and cholesterol) were measured according to standard biochemical kits.
According to results detecting of the chemical composition, compared with alfalfa, Albizia contained more protein and ether extract and lower ADF than alfalfa forage. The dry matter intake of the goats which were fed by Albizia were significantly higher than they fed alfalfa (respectively, 1682 and 1326 grams per day), but the digestibility of nutrients were not significantly differed among them. The nutrients intake of diet containing Albizia was higher than alfalfa, due to more DM intake and difference in chemical composition of Albizia than alfalfa hay. As the consumption DM of Albizia and percentage of its NDF and crude protein was higher in comparison with alfalfa hay, so the intake of these nutrients was higher. In this experiment, in spite of presence the tannins in the branches of the Albizia, the nutrients digestibility, did not decreased. In the literatures, usually the tannin mentioned as a reduction factor of nutrients digestibility. But if the diet or its ingredients had high percentage of protein, the negative effect of tannins on the digestibility of nutrients due to its binding with proteins reduced, so perhaps due to the high protein of Albizia, its tannin had no negative impact on nutrients digestibility, in present study. The concentration of ammonia nitrogen and pH of the rumen fluid in diets containing Albizia was significantly lower than hay. Perhaps the reason reduction the concentration of ammonia nitrogen in Albizia diet was due to the tannins in that diet. The researchers reported that tannin sources, reduces the protein degradation and concentration of ammonia nitrogen in the rumen. Glucose and cholesterol concentration were not affected by the treatments, but feeding Albizia decreased the concentration of blood urea nitrogen.
The feeding of Albizia significantly reduced the rumen protozoa population of the goats. Perhaps it was due to the present of tannin and saponin in the Albizia. The negative effect of saponin and tannin on rumen protozoan has been proved.
Therefore, the results of this study were shown that in compared to alfalfa hay, the presence of tannin and saponin of Albizia in diet of goats, had no adverse effect on intake and digestion of nutrients, also has beneficial effects on rumen fermentation as decreasing ruminal ammonia-N concentration, So Albizia can be used as part of the diet of goats, even as replacement for alfalfa hay. Although conducting a performance study to ensure is also recommended.

In order to study the impact of different levels of dietary metabolizable energy and crude protein on performance and nitrogen and energy metabolism of Japanese quail during growth period, 360 day-old Japanese quails were used in a 3×3 factorial experiment with three levels of metabolizable energy (2750, 2850 and 2950 Kcal/kg) and three levels of crude protein (24, 26 and 28 percent) in a completely randomized design with four replicates and 10 birds in each replicate. The feed intake and body weight gain were measured weekly and feed conversion ratio was calculated. The nitrogen intake, excretion and retention as gram per bird per day, percent of nitrogen intake and gram nitrogen per kilocalorie per metabolizable energy consumed and dietary apparent metabolizable energy content were measured during 26 to 28 days of age period. The results of this study showed that birds fed diet containing 2850 kcal/kg metabolizable energy and 26 percent crude protein had significantly (P

This study was conducted to determine the metabolizable and net energy for lactation of Iranian sainfoin using chemical composition and gas production data obtained by experiments being carried out in different animal nutrition laboratories mainly Animal Science Research Institute (ASRI) (from 1987 to 2011) in IRAN. Linear fitted equations as well as logarithmic, inverse, quadratic, cubic, power, S and exponential fitted equations for components such as crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and NFE were estimated. The obtained equations for crude protein were very significant (P

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different levels of metabolizable energy (2750, 2900 and 3050 kcal/kg) and crude protein (13, 15 and 17%) in the diet on the performance and egg quality of native laying hens of Mazandaran province at the first stage of production. For this purpose, two hundreds seventy 24-week-old native hens were randomly assigned to a 3×3 factorial design experiment. Egg production and feed intake were affected by different levels of energy (P0.05). Moreover, different levels of crude protein had significant effect on egg production (P

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of crud protein (CP) level on dry matter intake in prepartum period, productive performance and health of fresh cows. Twenty multiparous Holstein cows were assigned randomly to one of two dietary treatments. Dietary treatments were treatment 1, 13% CP of DM (control), and treatment 2, 16% CP of DM. Diets were similar in lactation net energy and rumen degradable protein and CP levels increased with RUP supplements. All cows had 50 days of far-off, and 10 days of close-up periods. Prepartum dry matter intake in treatment 2 was significantly greater than in control treatment (P>0.05). Milk production, fat corrected milk, and milk fat and lactose yields in treatment 2 were significantly higher than in control treatment (P>0.05). Changes in body condition score (BCS) were not significantly affected by treatments. Although blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was significantly higher in treatment 2, but β- hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and phosphorus concentrations were significantly decreased in treatment 2 compared to control treatment. The incidence of metabolic disorders, such as hypophosphatemia, and hypomagnesemia were significantly greater in treatment 2 compared to control treatment. Overall, results of this study showed that increasing crude protein through RUP sources in a shortened close-up period increased prepartum DMI, milk production after calving, and reduced incidence of ketosis in Holstein fresh cows.