economic

The agricultural sector is one of the most important sectors of the Iranian economy. Lack of some important inputs such as water and environmental pollution are the main problems of this sector in increasing production. Therefore, increasing production and sustainability is one of the important goals of the country in the agricultural sector. Increasing efficiency is one of the best ways to increase production, profitability and sustainability of production in enterprises. In this study, considering the role of dairy industrial units in milk production and food security, the efficiency and ranking of resilience and efficiency criteria of dairy industrial farms in Kerman have been calculated.

Efficiency was calculated using data envelopment analysis (DEA) method and collecting 30 questionnaires from dairy industrial farms in 2020. In order to rank the criteria of resilience and efficiency, a hierarchical analysis process (AHP) was used. For this purpose, 15 paired comparison questionnaires were completed using the opinion of experts.

The results of ranking the criteria showed that the economic criteria with a weight of 0.5 are the most important for experts. The criteria of resilience with a weight of 0.205, the environmental criteria with a weight of 0.148 and the social criteria with a weight of 0.147 have the second to fourth ranks, respectively. The maximum profit among the economic sub-criteria has the highest priority in the opinion of experts. Labor expenditure among the social sub-criteria is the most important in the opinion of experts. The amount of water consumption among the environmental sub-criteria has been ranked highest by experts. Productivity is the most important sub-criteria of resilience in the opinion of experts. According to the results, maximizing profit, minimizing the cost of livestock rations and productivity are among the 11 sub-criteria considered to be the highest priority for experts. The results of efficiency calculation showed that there are no units in the range of 0 to 20. Three units were in the range of 20 to 40, 9 units in the range of 40 to 60, five units in the range of 60 to 80 and 13 units in the range of 80 to 100.

Based on the obtained results, by increasing efficiency, milk production and profitability of industrial dairy farms in Kerman can be increased. For this purpose, efficient units can be used as a model for inefficient units and increase the efficiency of units by changing management and how to use resources.

Climatic variables are among the factors influencing the performance of various crop and livestock products. Considering the advanced climate change, the impact of climate indicators on livestock production can present serious challenge for producers. Crop yields prediction is one of the most important issues in the food security debate to increase the economic efficiency of livestock production. In this research, the relationship between climatic elements and indicators with honey bee function in Shahindej was investigated. The length of the statistical period was 12 years from 2007 to 2018. First, elements and climatic indices that were highly correlated with product yield were identified. Then, by default, the honey yield prediction model was presented. The validity of the model is based on the linearity of the relationship between independent and dependent variables, then the normal distribution of the error values and the independence of the error values. In the end, the normal distribution of the dependent variable was tested. Output of the model results showed that product performance with temperature was significant. The accuracy of the honey performance model with a RMSE was 11%. Therefore, it can be said with great accuracy that the effect of climate change on a half-degree increase in temperature will reduce honey performance by about 40 tons per year. The results of the study of the trend of cold and cold climate indicators presented by the World Meteorological Organization's Climate Change Detection Panel, Indicates that the region under study is experiencing a warming process. Therefore, changes in bee function were mainly influenced by climatic factors.

In this study, production, reproduction, population, management and economic parameters resulted from recording of 12 industrial dairy farms in Chaharmahal-va-Bakhtiari province with herd size 20 to 250 and a total of 1240 head of Holstein cows in a cycle of production, during 2010 to 2012 were used for cost-benefit analysis and determination of the economical and biological efficiency values. Revenue was derived from milk, live weight, breeding animals and cull animals. Costs were included to feed, management and labor, health and veterinary, fuel and energy, interest rate and fixed. The results showed that the annually average profits per cow were ranged from 15206843 to 25921834 Rials (507 to 864 US$), revenue to cost ratio were 1.18 to 1.27 and biological efficiency ranged from 57.43 to 65.38 and all of them increased by milk production level. In general, the sale of milk yield, animal live weight and stock animal accounted the highest proportion of total revenue, respectively and the proportion of milk yield from total revenue increase by increasing milk level. The cost of feeding, interest rate, management and labor, health and veterinary, fixed and energy had the highest percent of total cost, respectively and the proportion of feeding cost increased with level of milk yield. The estimated cost- benefit analysis and efficiencies obtained in this study could be used to assist researchers, macro policy makers, determination of dairy cattle strategy and farmers in making decisions that will improve sustainability and also farm profitability.

Four hundred and ninety five smallholder dairy farms in 52 villages of different cities in Chaharmohal and Bakhtiari province including 1321 lactating cows and totalling 2811 total mature cows (lactating and dry)were employed during winter 2009 to summer 2010 to estimate the economic opportunities as per cow in smallholder dairy farms. A questionnaire survey was employed to collect data from the previous years information, already recorded information, direct recordings during visiting of the farm as well as interview with the small holder farmer. A number of 5 economic opportunities were evaluated using revenue and expense for each farm. An economic opportunity is considered as the level the amount of additional revenue that could be obtained if farmers could improve various productivity indexes to meet the reasonable targets. The overall means of indexes were: 6.99% for average calf mortality, 30.07 months for average age at first calving, 15.77 months for average calf production interval, 335.93 days for average lactation period and 13.30 kg for average daily milk produce per cow the reasonable targets for which were 3.85%, 29 months, 15 months, 376 days and 18 kg, respectively. The sum of economic opportunities per cow per year were estimated as 10523 thousand Rails comprised of 5769 thousand Rails (57.22% total) for average daily milk produce per cow, 1630 thousand Rails (23.06% total) for average lactation length, 1586 thousand Rails (12.68% total) for average age at first calving, 169 thousand Rails (5.46% total) for average calf production interval and 180 thousand Rails (1.58% total) for average calf mortality, respectively. Considerable variations were observed for quintuplet economic opportunities, percent of total and sum of economic opportunities in different cities, seasons and for different breeds. Thus, increasing the average daily milk produce per cow and average lactation duration as well as decreasing average age at first calving along with average calf production interval could considerably affect profit and productivity.