garlic powder

Three hundred twenty-one-day-old male broiler chickens of Ross 308 strain with an average weight of 42 grams were used it this experiment. The experiment was designed in the form of a completely randomized design with 8 treatments replicated 4 times each (10 chicks/replicate). The treatments were: 1) control treatment (basal diet (BD). without feed additive), 2) BD + garlic powder at the rate of 0.3%, 3) BD + turmeric powder at the rate of 0.75% percentage, 4) BD + Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast extract at the rate of 0.5% recommended by Taligene Pars Company, 5) BD + Parsilact probiotic, 6) BD + garlic powder at the rate of 0.3% + turmeric powder at the rate of 75 0.0%, 7) BD + garlic powder at 0.3% + turmeric powder at 0.75% + Talizyme® yeast extract at 0.5%, 8) BD + garlic powder at 0.3% + powder Turmeric in the amount of 0.75% + Thalizyme® yeast extract 0.5% + Parsilact probiotic. The results showed that the feed consumption and weight gain were not affected by the experimental treatments, but the chicks fed with diets containing Preselect probiotic, garlic powder + turmeric powder, garlic powder + turmeric powder + SC yeast extract + Parsilact probiotic significantly improved feed conversion ratio in the growing, finisher and the entire of the experimental period, which was significantly different from the control. The relative weight of breast, thigh, back and wings were not affected by dietary treatments. Addition of probiotic reduced relative weight of liver compared to the control. The intestinal weight decreased in the diet with garlic powder + turmeric powder + SC yeast extract compared to the control. Diet with garlic powder + turmeric powder + SC yeast extract decreased the intestinal weight compared to the control. The lowest and highest relative weight of spleen were belonging to SC yeast extract and garlic powder + turmeric powder + SC yeast extract, respectively. The diet containing garlic powder + turmeric powder + SC yeast extract + Parsilact probiotic reduced Escherichia coli bacteria count compared to the control group. Diets containing garlic powder + turmeric powder increased lactobacillus bacteria population. Total immunoglobulin and immunoglobulin M titers (at day 21) was increased by dietary supplementation of garlic powder + turmeric powder + SC yeast extract. At day 35, the titer of immunoglobulin M increased in response to garlic powder + turmeric powder + SC yeast extract feed additive, but the immunoglobulin G titer was decreased. The highest villus height was obtained with the diet containing garlic powder + turmeric powder + SC yeast extract and the lowest with the garlic powder + turmeric powder diet.

In order to investigate the effect of feeding milk enriched with garlic powder on performance, digestibility of nutrients, diarrhea status and blood parameters in suckling lambs, twenty-four newborn lambs (birth weight 3.7±0.5) were randomly placed in three treatments and eight replications. The lambs of the control group were fed with milk without garlic powder and the other groups were fed with 1.5 and 3 grams of garlic powder per day, respectively, for 45 days. The results obtained from this research showed that consumption of garlic powder in suckling lambs led to improvement in daily weight gain, final weight and starter feed consumption (P<0.05). Also, treatments caused a significant increase in digestibility of nutrients (P<0.05). The use of garlic powder in experimental lambs improved stool consistency and significantly reduced the number of lambs with diarrhea and the average days of diarrhea (P<0.05). By adding garlic powder, the concentration of glucose and high-density lipoprotein increased (P<0.05). In addition, garlic powder caused a significant decrease in the level of triglyceride, cholesterol and low density lipoprotein in plasma (P<0.05). However, different levels of garlic powder did not make a significant difference on the concentration of urea, albumin, globulin and the ratio of albumin to globulin. According to the present results, it is possible to use garlic powder up to the level of at least 1.5 grams per day as a food additive to improve the performance and health of suckling lambs.

In this experiment, the effect of garlic (GP) and tomato (TP) powders on performance, blood parameters, sex differentiation and hatchability of Ross-308 broiler breeders were examined and compared with In-Ovo injection of garlic or tomato hydroalcoholic extracts. In first experiment, 375 hens and 25 roosters (47 wk.) were randomly allocated to 5 treatments and 5 replicates, for 4 weeks. Treatments included: 1) basal diet (control), 2 and 3) basal diet+ 2 and 4 percent of GP, and 4 and 5) basal diet + 2 and 4 percent of TP, respectively. In second experiment, 200 hens and 20 roosters were randomly allocated to 2 treatments including 1) basal diet and 2) basal diet + 4% of TP (selected treatment of the Exp. 1) in 5 replications from 52-56 wk. During incubation period, experimental treatments included: 1) control group, 2) eggs from hens fed 4% TP, 3) In-Ovo injection of physiological serum and 4 and 5) In-Ovo injection of 0.1 and 0.3 ml of garlic and tomato hydroalcoholic extracts. The results of first experiment, adding garlic and tomato powders was not significant on egg qualitative traits and blood parameters (P>0.05). All In-Ovo injection treatments increased fertility percentage (P<0.05). The second experiment results showed that treatments had no significant effect on the percent of males and females (P>0.05). In general, addition of 4 percent tomato powder to broiler breeders in comparison to In-Ovo injection of hydroalcoholic extracts of garlic and tomato, did not increase male 1-d-old chicks’ percentage of hatched chicks.

Coccidiosis is a serious problem in the poultry industry, and medication is required continuously. There are several approaches to the control of coccidiosis. Several drugs have been used in the control of coccidiosis. The ionophore antibiotics such as lasalocid, maduramicin, monensin, narasin, and salinomycin are extensively used in poultry feed for the prevention or treatment of coccidiosis induced by Eimeria species. Unfortunately, the toxic effects of ionophores cause concern because of their narrow safety margin. Ionophores’ toxicity could be probably due to oxidative damage. Therefore, it can be prevented by the supplementation of antioxidants in the diet. It has been reported that 60 or 120 mg/kg of salinomycin caused some pathological changes in the liver, heart, kidney, and muscles, such as degeneration or necrosis of these tissues. However, administration of salinomycin with vitamin E or selenium showed that vitamin E decreases the pathological changes.  The present study aimed to investigate the effects of salinomycin administration in combination with some natural antioxidants on reducing salinomycin toxicity in laying chickens.
A total number of 400 day-old hy-line w36 chicks were used in a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications for 35 days. Treatments were included: 1) control diet, 2) negative control diet containing 0.05% salinomycin sodium, 3) negative control + garlic powder (15 g/kg of diet), 4) negative control + selenium (450 mg/kg of diet) + vitamin E (2 g/kg of diet), and 5) negative control + zinc-methionine (160 mg/kg of diet). Body weight gain, feed intake, and body weight uniformity were measured weekly. Blood samples were taken to evaluate the levels of antioxidant enzymes, liver enzymes, electrolytes, and malondialdehyde levels at the end of the experimental period.
The results showed that the salinomycin diet (T2) decreased body weight and feed intake compared with the control diet in the total experimental period (P<0.05). But the addition of supplemental Zn-methionine to the diet (T5) led to improved body weight and feed intake (P<0.05). Significant differences were observed among various treatments for the relative weight of visceral organs (liver, heart, kidney, gizzard, proventriculus, intestine, and bursa of Fabricius), but there were no significant differences for spleen and lungs. Also, salinomycin increased the activity of liver enzymes including alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) in the negative control group and control group, and decreased the level of serum antioxidant enzymes compared to the control group (P<0.05), but the addition of vitamin E + selenium to the diet, eliminated the negative effects of salinomycin on these parameters (P<0.05). Vitamin E plays important roles in various biochemical and physiological processes, including antioxidation. The protective effect of vitamin E against the alterations induced by salinomycin on these estimated parameters in this study could be attributed to the role of vitamin E as a fat-soluble antioxidant, which protects the biological membranes from oxidative damage and decreases osmotic fragility of erythrocytes. Selenium also exerts its protective effect against oxidative damage by a decline in free radicals and increasing the synthesis of glutathione peroxidase, which catalyze the breakdown of toxic hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxides. Salinomycin decreased serum chlorine and increased serum potassium compared to the control group (P<0.05), and only the use of vitamin E + selenium adjusted these changes (P<0.05). The T2 group reduced the serum level of chlorine and increased the serum level of potassium (P<0.05). But there is no significant effect on the level of blood calcium. Although all treatments with antioxidants changed the levels of these electrolytes. The changes in electrolyte balance can result in metabolic alkalosis and acidosis. However, the T4 group only reduced the serum levels of potassium and calcium and increased the serum level of chlorine significantly, compared to the T2 group (P<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the serum sodium and creatinine levels among various treatments.
Salinomycin administration in the diet of laying chicken induces undesirable effects on some estimated parameters probably due to oxidative damage. But, the supplementation of pullet diets with vitamin E and selenium can reduce the possible side effects of salinomycin.

This study was done to investigate the effect of different levels of garlic powder on performance, relative weight of carcass components and blood metabolites of Japanese quail. One hundred 21-day male Japanese quails were randomly assigned to 5 treatments, 4 replicates and 5 birds in each replicate. The experimental treatment included: control diet without garlic powder, diets supplemented by 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% garlic powder. Quails fed for 21 days. Quails access to water and feed freely. Results showed that feed intake, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio of quails were not affected by different levels of garlic powder. The effect of adding garlic powder to the diet on carcass efficiency, ventricular fat, total cholesterol and low-density-lipoproteins was significant (p <0.05). The birds fed diets containing 1% garlic powder had the highest carcass efficiency and the difference with birds fed diets without herbal medicine supplementation was significant (P <0.05). As increased garlic powder level in the diet, the blood total cholesterol and lipoproteins linearly decreased. According to the results obtained from this experiment, dietary supplementation by 1% garlic powder has a positive effect on carcass efficiency and decline undesirable blood metabolites.

To investigate the effect of adding garlic and tomato pomace powder to the diet of Ross 308 broiler breeders on production performance, body weight, egg quality traits, and hatchability characteristics, a total of 375 chickens were randomly assigned to five iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets, including four diets containing 0.2 and 0.4% of garlic and tomato pomace dried powder and a control diet with five replicates (15 hens and one rooster per pen). Chicken’s body weight through the trial period (47 to 56 weeks of age), daily egg production (%), average egg weight, and hatching traits were recorded daily. The chickens’ body weight was significantly affected in the first five weeks of the experiment (46 to 51 weeks of age) and during the second five-week period (52 to 56 weeks of age). Adding 0.4% tomato pomace to the diet significantly increased the chickens’ weight (P<0.05). For hatching traits, there were no significant differences between treatments (P>0.05). During the first five weeks of the experiment, the feed conversion ratio decreased in the control and the 0.4% garlic powder treatments compared with the other dietary groups. Also, in the second five weeks of the experiment, control, and garlic powder treatments had a lower feed conversion ratio compared with diets containing tomato powder (P<0.05). Based on the results of the present experiment, it can be concluded that adding garlic powder compared to tomato powder caused better results.

Use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in broiler diets has been banned in the European Union and in many countries. Therefore, researches have focused on the development of alternative strategies. Various products and natural materials such as probiotics, prebiotics, organic acids, and plant extracts have been tested as effective alternatives to AGPs. L-Carnitine (β-hydroxy-γ-trimethyl amino butyrate) is a water soluble quaternary amine and exists naturally in microorganisms, plants, and animals (Dikel et al., 2010). L-Carnitine is synthesized exclusively in the liver of animals and plays a key role in energy metabolism of cells, mainly by transferring long-chain acyl groups from cytoplasm to mitochondrial matrix for β- oxidation (Dikel et al., 2010). It has been reported that the addition of L-carnitine to broiler breeder diet in early stages of growth improved their performance (Golzar-adabi et al. 2005). Inclusion of L-Carnitine to young animal diet improves use of fatty acids and their energy efficiency; therefore, it improves growth and feed conversion ratio (Zhang et al. 2010). In the folklore of many cultures, garlic (Allium sativum L.) has been widely used as a therapeutic agent. Garlic has rich organosulfur compounds and metabolites (allicin, diallyl sulfide, and diallyl trisulfide) (Kim et al., 2009). Allicin and its related compounds in garlic inhibit the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme, which plays a key role in the formation of liver cholesterol; then, allicin decreases cholesterol levels (Anthony et al. 2005). Duration of L-Carnitine and garlic supplementation in broiler chicken diet may have different effects on broiler chicken performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the duration of supplementation of L-Carnitine and garlic powder on broiler chicken performance, serum biochemistry, carcass parameters, and meat quality. In order to consider the effects of L-carnitine and garlic powder on broiler chicken performance, blood metabolites and carcass characteristics, a total of 480 Arian one-day-old broiler chicks were allocated to 2×5 factorial arrangements in a completely randomized design with 5 dietary treatments, 4 replicates, and 12 birds in each replicate. Dietary treatments were 1) basal diet with no additive (BD), 2) BD plus 0.02% flavomycin antibiotic (positive control), 3) diet containing 1.5% garlic powder, 4) BD plus 0.025% L-Carnitine, and 5) diet containing 0.025% L-Carnitine plus 1.5% garlic powder in two periods (short term: first 3 weeks and long term: 6 weeks period). The birds were kept under conventional conditions for vaccination, temperature, ventilation, and lighting based on Arian catalogue recommendations. The birds fed experimental diets from 1 to 42 days of age and standard management practices of commercial broiler production were applied. The broiler diets were formulated based on standardized ileal digestible amino acids and other requirements were obtained from Arian catalogue recommendations. During the experiment, body weight and feed intake were recorded and finally feed conversion ratio and European production efficiency factor were calculated. From 2 birds of each pen, blood samples were collected at the end of experiment, then cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol were detected. At 42 d, 2 broiler chickens per replicate were selected and sacrificed. Carcass, spleen, bursa of Fabricius, abdominal fat, thigh, and breast percentages were expressed as their percentages to live body weight. Thigh and breast meat pH and color were measured by pH meter (330i/SET WTW model) and electric colorimeter (1002 model- RGB Lutron), respectively. The lactate concentration of the breast meat was estimated by a spectrophotometer and calculated using the following formula (Zhang et al., 2009): Lactate concentration = 𝑂𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑂𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 ×22 Results showed that supplementation length and dietary treatments did not affect broiler chickens body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, meat pH, serum triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol, and breast meat lactate concentrations (P>0.05). Dietary treatments and supplementation period significantly influenced breast, bursa, and abdominal fat percentage (P<0.05). L-Carnitine positively facilitates consumption of short and medium chain fatty acids by the mitochondria (Tan et al. 2008). Therefore, the diet containing L-Carnitine stimulates the oxidation of fatty acids to produce adenosine triphosphate and use of energy. In addition, positive effect of garlic powder on performance of broiler chicks can be attributed to the antioxidant and some growth-promoting effects of this herbal plant (Anthony 2005). Conclusion It was concluded that application of the dietary supplements (0.025% L-Carnitine plus 1.5% garlic powder) in a short or long period, are not advisable for broiler chicken diets, since they make the rations more expensive.

The current research was designed to evaluate the effect of dietary addition of garlic powder, Cornerian cherry fruit powder (CH) and a mixture essential oil of castor and cashew nut shell (EO) on performance, egg quality and some blood parameters in commercial laying hens. One hundred and twenty-eight 58-wk-old LSL laying hens were used in 4 treatments with 4 replicates and 8 birds per each in a completely randomized design. The experimental diets included: 1) Basal diet; 2) Basal diet +1% garlic powder; 3) Basal diet+1% CH and 4) Basal diet+0.15 percent EO. The experimental diets were fed from 59 to 63 weeks of age. The productive performance was recorded from 61 to 63 weeks of age and blood and egg yolk parameters measured at the end of the experimental period. There were no significant differences in laying hen performance among all treatments. Albumen height and Haugh unit was increased in CH compared to the control group (p<0.05). The blood cholesterol, HDL, triglyceride and aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase enzymes did not show any significant difference among treatments. The garlic and CH powders significantly decreased egg yolk cholesterol concentration (p<0.05), however it was not significantly affected by the EO. Finally, it was concluded that addition of CH and garlic powder in the diet of laying hens could improve the egg quality and reduce yolk cholesterol concentrations.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different levels of garlic powder (GP) in the starter diet on performance, weight and age of weaning, some of blood metabolites, fecal score, structural growth and nutrients digestibility in new-born Holstein calves. Thirty male and femal dairy calves (40.9 ± 1.9 Kg of BW) were randomly assigned in a completely randomized design to the following three groups 1) basal diet without GP (control), 2) basal diet supplemented with 0.5% GP, and 3) basal diet supplemented with 1% GP for a period of 70 d. All calves recived colostrum until d 3 and then were offered 4 kg whole milk/d from d 4 to weaning. Results showed that dry matter intake (DMI) was higher in the calves fed rations containing 0.5 and 1% GP and the calves fed 0.5% GP had the highest gain, average daily gain (ADG) and weight of weaning (P

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of garlic and fenugreek powder on performance and immune response in laying hens. The aim of this experiment was to compare the effects of garlic and fenugreek powder on performance, egg quality and hematological parameters and antibody titer against Newcastle disease of commercial laying hens. The experiment was performed for 12 weeks (from 49 to 61 weeks of age) on 288 laying hens (Bovans strain), in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments, and 4 replicate for each treatment (12 birds/replicate). The results showed that garlic and fenugreek powder had no any effect on feed intake, egg mass, egg production percent, egg weight and feed conversion ratio (p>0.05). The highest percentage of production was resulted by using 1% of garlic powder with 1% fenugreek powder. Dietary garlic and fenugreek powder had no significant effects on egg specific gravity, eggshell weight and eggshell thickness. The effect of garlic and fenugreek powder was significant on Haugh unit. Did not have any significant effects on hematological parameters and antibody titers against Newcastle disease of laying hens. The effect of garlic and fenugreek powder was significant in red blood cells. The lowest percentage of heterophile/lymphocyte, the highest percentage of lymphocyte were resulted by using 1% of garlic powder (p>0.05). The overall results showed that using garlic and fenugreek powder until 1 percent improved the egg quality traits but it did not effect performance, blood parameters and immune response of laying hens.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the AME content of garlic powder and to investigate its effect as well as vitamin E and Loxidan (as a commercial antioxidant) supplemented in the diet, on growth performance, carcass analysis and meat oxidative stability. In the first experiment, the AME was determined in Leghorn roosters fed diets containing 5, 10, 15 and 20% of garlic powder, whose value appeared to be 2370, 2300, 2090 and 2065 kcal/kg, respectively. In the second experiment, a 2×2×2 factorial arrangement including two levels of garlic powder (0 and 2 percent), two levels of vitamin E (0 and 200 mg/kg), and two levels of Loxidan (0 and 200 mg/kg) were employed in four replicates and twelve broiler chicks in each. According to results, growth performance, the ratio of eviscerated carcass, breast, thigh and abdominal fat to live weight were not affected by garlic powder, vitamin E and antioxidant as they were applied individually. However, applying garlic powder along with Loxidan resulted in better daily weight gain (P

In order to evaluate effect of dietary garlic powder or fresh ground garlic on performance and immune response of broiler chickens, 240 male one-day-old broiler chicks (ROSS 308) were used in a completely randomized design with six treatments of four replicates each. Six is ocaloric and is onitrogenous dietary treatments were prepared as follow: 1) basal diet (control), 2) basal diet 10 ppm avilamycin, 3) basal diet 0.25% garlic powder, 4) basal diet 0.25% fresh ground garlic; 5) basal diet 0.5% garlic powder and 6) basal diet 0.5% fresh ground garlic. Feed consumption and weight gain were recorded weekly and feed efficiency was calculated. On d 42, two birds from each replicate were euthanized by cervical dislocation. Digestive organs, spleen and bursa of Fabricius were weighed separately. Differentiate leucocytes counts as well as PCV measurement was also done using two blood smears from each replicate on d 40. For evaluation of cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) response, phytohemagglutininwas injected into toe webon d 40.No significant difference were observed on feed consumption, weight gain, and feed to gain ratio, among treatment groups (p>0.05). Supplementation of the diet with 0.25% fresh ground garlic significantly reduced heterophils to lymphocytes ratio in contrast to control group (p

Carnitine has several roles in lipid oxidation, immunomodulation function and enhancing antibody responses. L-carnitine has been found to exhibit immunomodulatory effects. It enhances serum primary antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and subsequent humoral immunity using 100 mg L-carnitine/ kg diet compared with control group in Leghorn chickens (Deng et al., 2006). It was reported that only the immediate effects of dietary carnitine on immunocompetence is known while comparing long and short-term effects on early life on the immune system of broiler chickens is unknown. The organic allyl sulfur components in garlic (mainly allicin) were implicated to mediate its biological activity. The biological activities of these compounds may be related to their SH modification and antioxidant properties (Prasad et al., 1996). AGE treatment prevented the reduction of the antibody production response in thymectomized mice and improved the thymectomy-induced deterioration of learning behaviors in passive avoidance performance and in a spatial memory task (Zhang et al., 1998).
Four hundred Arian one-day-old broiler chicks were used. This experiment was conducted in order to consider the effects of L-Carnitine and garlic powder on broiler chicken performance, blood metabolites and carcass characteristics in a 2×5 factorial arrangement in randomized complete design with 5 dietary treatments, 4 replicates and 12 birds in each and two periods: short (first 3 weeks) and long time (total production period). Dietary treatments were 1) Basal diet (BD: no supplementation), 2) ration having 0.02% flavomycin (positive control), 3) ration having 1.5% garlic powder, 4) ration having 0.025% L-Carnitine and 5) ration having 0.025% L-Carnitine plus 1.5% garlic powder. The birds were kept under conventional conditions for vaccination, temperature, ventilation, and lighting based on Ross catalogue recommendations. Standard management practices of commercial broiler production were applied. They were fed experimental diets from 15 to 42 d of age. The broiler diets were formulated based on standardized ileal digestible amino acids and other requirements were obtained from Ross catalogue recommendations. Humoral immunity of broilers against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were detected by intramuscularly injection of SRBC (2.5% suspension in PBS, 1 ml/bird) to two birds from each replicate at 8 and 23 days of age in the first and second experiment respectively, followed by a booster injection at 6 days after the first injection. Blood samples were collected at 6 days after the first and second injection and total Ig, IgG and IgM were detected (Cheema et al., 2000). The toe web swelling reaction to PHA-P was measured in 2 broilers from each pen (marked with a black color) at days 12 and 26 of first and second experiment respectively. One-fifth milliliter of a PHA-P solution (1 mg/mL in PBS) was injected subcutaneously into 2 sites on the left toe web of the broilers. As a sham control, 0.2 mL of PBS was injected into 2 sites on the right toe web. The thickness of each injection site was measured using a pressure-sensitive micrometer before injection and at 4, 12, 24, and 48 h after injection (Wang et al., 2000). At the age of 42d, 5 broilers from each treatment with average body weight of each treatment were selected and blood samples were collected and white blood cell concentration like heterophile, lymphocyte percentage and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio were calculated.
Results showed that supplementation time and dietary treatments did not have significant effects on humoral immunity against SRBC and cell mediated immunity response against PHA injection (P > 0.05). Supplementation time and addition of L-carnitine and garlic powder decreased heterophil and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio and increased lymphocyte percentage (P It was concluded that application of the dietary supplements (0.025% L-Carnitine plus 1.5% garlic powder) at the levels like this experiment did not improved humoral and sell mediated immunity whereas they increased immunity of broiler chickens and defensing mechanism.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of synbiotic and two levels of dried garlic powder on performance during 1-49 and ileum morphology and microbial population at 49d of age in broiler chicks. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments, 4 replicates of 10 chicks per replicate. The dietary treatments consisted of 1) control diet without additives, 2) control diet plus 200 mg virginamycin/kg diet, 3) control diets containing 500 mg synbiotic/kg diet, 4, 5) control diet containing 0.2 and 0.4 percent garlic powder, respectively. Body weight and feed intake were measured weekly and used to calculate of the performance parameters. The results showed that at 21 to 49d and whole experiment period, birds fed antibiotic and 0.2 percent garlic powder had better daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio. The length and width of the villus in the birds fed 0.2% garlic powder was higher than the control group. The greatest and least number of lactobacillus and coliform was observed in synbiotic and antibiotic treatment, respectively.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary garlic powder on performance, blood and egg parameters of Japanese quail, in 8-week old with 3 treatments (diets) and 4 replicates with 20 quail per each replicate for 9 weeks. Treatments including: control (basal diet without garlic powder), treatment 2 (2.5 percent of garlic powder) and treatment 3 (5 percent of garlic powder). Initial and final body weight, feed intake, egg production, eggshell thickness and egg weight were not affected by treatments (p>0.05). Yolk cholesterol, blood triglycerides and Uric acid were affected significantly and was significantly lower in treatment 3 than control diet (p<0.05). HDL in treatment of 3 was significantly higher than the other treatments (p>0.05). The results of this study demonstrated that adding 5% garlic powder to the laying quail diets resulted in improve blood parameters and cholesterol-reducing effect in egg yolk without adverse effects on performance and egg traits.

This experiment was conducted in order to investigate the effect of black pepper, garlic and turmeric powders on performance and antibody titer against Newcastle virus of broiler chickens using 448 Cobb 500 one day broiler chickens including male and female with 8 treatments in a factorial arrangement (2×2×2). Experimental treatments consisted of T1 (as control), T2 (black pepper powder), T3 (turmeric powder), T4 (garlic powder), T5 (black pepper and turmeric powders), T6 (black pepper and garlic powders), T7 (turmeric and garlic powders), T8 (black pepper, garlic and turmeric powders). Each treatment had 4 replicates and 14 chickens per replicat. In this experiment, two blood samples were collected from each replicate at 28 day-old birds. One week later the same pieces of chickens were bled when they were 35 days old and the sample was sent to the laboratory in order to measure antibody titer against Newcastle virus. As the mean of Newcastle antibody titer before and after vaccination was compared, a significant difference between treatments was appeared when they feed additives separately. However no significant difference was revealed between treatments when the additives were added simultaneously. At the end of trial, two broiler̛s were slaughtered and spleen of chickens from each treatment were weighed. So, the results showed that there was a meaningful difference among treatments in spleen's relative weight when feeding additives individually. But in the case of feeding with all three additives simultaneously, there was a significant difference between treatment 8 and control group. Evaluation of the results for feeding intake during whole period indicated a meaningful difference between treatment 5 and treatment 7. No significant difference was observed between treatments for weight gain and conversion ratio during whole period of the experiment. So, the use of additives simultaneously can positively affect on both the relative weight of spleen and feed intake, but for Newcastle titer, the additives can improve Newcastle titer only before vaccination. Also consuming black pepper powder and turmeric powder separately after and before vaccination, influenced positively on Newcastle titer, but garlic powder had no effect in this case.

Two hundred and forty male day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments including: a corn-soybean meal basal diet (control); basal diet + 0.25% garlic powder; basal diet + 0.25% fresh ground garlic; basal diet + 0.5% garlic powder; basal diet + 0.5% fresh ground garlic. Feed intake (FI), body weight gains (BWG), and feed conversion ratios (FCR) were recorded periodically. On day 42, two chickens form each replicate were randomly selected, and after blood sample collection via brachial vein, euthanized and visceral organs, abdominal fat pad, heart, right ventricle, and total ventricles were weighed. Blood samples were used for measurement of nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations. Inclusion of garlic powder or fresh ground garlic into diet at the levels used in this experiment had no significant effect on FI, BWG, FCR, and carcass yield (p>0.05). However, Inclusion of 0.5% garlic powder into diet caused a significant increase in relative weight of bursa of Fabricius (p<0.05). Both levels of dietary fresh ground garlic (0.25% and 0.5%) caused a significant increase in serum MDA concentrations compared to control group (p<0.05). Dietary garlic powder at 0.25% inclusion rate caused a significant increase in serum NO concentration compared to control group (p<0.05). Overall, it is concluded that dietary garlic powder at the level of 0.25% would be advisable due to its desirable effects on NO concentrations.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of garlic powder on fermentation characteristic and rumen microbes of Arabian sheep.At first step the best level of garlic was determined. Then Animals were fed for 35 days with control diet and supplemented with garlic (2% per kg DM). Apparent digestibility, rumen fermentation parameters, number of protozoa and blood metabolites (glucose, urea and cholesterol) was determined. The results of the first phase, to determine the optimal level showed that dry matter digestibility were not affected by the presence of garlic in the diet, but numerically it was the highest in the diets containing 2% garlic powder (P>0.05). Also, NDF digestibility was the highest amount in this diet (P>0.05).