kid

 Suboptimal levels of kid survival are the largest contributor to reproductive wastage in goat flocks. This results in substantial loss of production, producer, and industry income, and is increasingly being perceived as poor animal welfare. Improving kid survival is therefore a priority for the industry. Nutrient provision during gestation not only affects maternal status and reproductive performance but also affects prenatal and postnatal offspring growth and health. Although trace minerals (TM) are needed by the body in small amounts, they are essential nutrients for several metabolic functions such as growth, development, reproduction, and immunity. Furthermore, newborn animals are dependent upon their dams for the transfer of these nutrients via the placenta and the mammary gland. The antibodies obtained from colostrum are the only defense mechanism against environmental factors in neonatal ruminants. Inadequate nutrition of the dam, immune system suppression, and stress factors may lead to the production of low-quality colostrum. Management and feeding of high-quality colostrum can reduce kid mortality, strengthen immunity, and increase animal life span. Nutrition affects the development of the mammary gland, the onset of lactogenesis, and colostrum production, either by affecting some of the hormones that control these processes or by contributing nutrients that are in demand at this stage of pregnancy. Selenium plays an important role in preventing impaired function of the immune response. Copper deficiency has been shown to result in lowered bactericidal activities of blood leukocytes in ruminant animals. Zinc sufficiency has also been linked to proper immune functions. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of TM injection in late pregnancy on colostrum quality and plasma metabolites of Lori does and their kids.
Thirty Lori mature does with an average body weight of 40 kg and an age of 2-3 years were used. One month before the expected kidding, animals were divided into two groups (n=15 does/group) and randomly assigned to experimental treatments. Experimental treatments were no injection of trace minerals (Control; C) and injection of 1 mL of TM at four and two weeks before expected kidding. Blood samples were taken through the jugular vein. Each mL of TM solution contained 2.5 mg of Cu, 1.25 mg of Se, 5 mg of Mn, and 5 mg of Zn. All does were kept in similar nutritional and managerial conditions from mating to one month before kidding.
Results showed that plasma concentrations of glucose and total cholesterol (TC) tended to be higher and lower in the TM group at day 7 before kidding, respectively (P=0.06). Experimental treatments did not affect plasma triglyceride (TG), Ca, and Mg concentrations, and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity of does at day 7 before kidding (P>0.05). Whereas, TM injection before mating decreased plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased total protein (TP), BRIX index (BI), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total antioxidant activity at day 7 before kidding (P<0.05). Colostrum of does received TM had a higher fat, protein, and BI content and a lower lactose content than the colostrum of the C group (P<0.05). Plasma concentrations of glucose and MDA were lower in kids born from does received TM than those born from the C group (P<0.05). Experimental treatments did not affect plasma concentrations of TC, Ca, and Mg concentrations in kids (P>0.05). Kids born from does received TM had higher plasma concentrations of TG, TP, BI and SOD, GPX, and total antioxidant activity than those of the C group (P<0.05).
According to the results of the present experiment, injection of a TM solution containing Cu, Zn, Se, and Mn four and two weeks before birth increased the concentrations of TP and BI as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPX) and antioxidant capacity and reduced MDA concentration in Lori goat plasma. This improved the quality of colostrum produced by these does. Kids born from does receiving trace minerals had higher plasma concentrations of TP, BI, and activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPX), higher total antioxidant capacity, and lower concentrations of MDA compared to the C group. Therefore, this strategy may have beneficial effects on the health, viability, and performance of kids before weaning.

The purpose of this project is to investigate the characteristics of birth weight, three-month weight, weight gain from birth to three months, maturity weight and milk production of female goats during the years 2018 to 2022 in Kerman province, related to native goats (BB) and their hybrids with the Saanen breed, respectively,with 50 (S1 B), 75 (S2B) and 87.5 (S3B) percent of the Saanen breed gene. A number of 9 herds selected in Kerman province. The total number of female goats were 2089, of which 1909 were fertile and 2584 goats were born. Data storage, editing, and preparation were performed using Excel 2013 software. After editing and preparing the recorded information, the effect of fixed factors on variables and data analysis was performed using the Spss software. Birth weight, milk weight, and daily weight gain from birth to milk intake in crossbred kids were higher than in purebred kids. Crossbred goats had a higher milk production weight than native goats. In native goats, a fertility rate of 85% was obtained, while in those inseminated with Saanen breed, the fertility rate was 92%. The weaning rate in those inseminated with Saanen breed was higher than in native goats (137% vs. 111%). Also, the reproductive ability in those inseminated with Saanen breed was higher.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of replacement alfalfa hay with different levels of pistachio by product (PB). In the first experiment, the effects of replacement alfalfa hay with levels of 0, 25, 50 and 75% of PB on rumen fermentation parameters after 24h of incubation were investigated with four treatments and three replications. Second experiment was designed to evaluate effect of diets contained of different levels of PB on dry matter intake (DMI), crude protein intake (CPI), average daily gain (ADG) of twenty twin bearing goat and their kids. Goats with a mean weight of 33.4 ± 2.69 kg feed over an 84-days period experimental diets with a ratio of 80% hay and 20% concentrate. Data from both experiments were analyzed in a completely randomized design. At 50 and 75% of PB replacement level, chemical composition and phenolic compound of experiment diet respectively were decreased and increased in comparison with control and diet contains25%ofPB (P<0.001). Gas production and estimated parameters after 24h of incubation were decreased linearly by replacement levels of 50 and 75% of PB (P<0.001). Partitioning factor (PF) was significantly increased at 50 and 75% of PB replacement level in comparison to other groups (P<0.001). DMI, CPI, ADG of goats and their kids were decreased linearly by replacement levels of 50 and 75% of PB (P<0.001).In general, replacement of alfalfa hay with levels of 25% of PB had no adverse effects on rumen fermentation parameters of goats and daily gain of their kids, however, levels more than 25% had adverse effects on the mentioned parameters.

In this research, effects of Zilpaterol hydrochloride as a beta-2 agonist were investigated on color traits, chemical compounds (protein, fat, ash and dry matter contents) and some of consumer palatability ratings (cooking loss, tenderness, flavor, meat off flavor and general acceptability) of longissimus muscle (LM) in Mahabadi castrated male kids. In this study 16 kids with 23± 1.84 kg live body weight and 6 months old were used for 93 days as feedlot period. Goats were fed diet including 15.2% crude protein and 2.3 Mcal/kgDM ME. On day 60, kids fed 0.2 mg/kg live body weight of Zilpaterol hydrochloride during 30 finishing period with 3 days withdrawal from feedlot period. All of goats were slaughtered in industrial slaughterhouse and the carcass was chilled on 4°C for 24h. After chilling muscle, the color attributes was determined. A sample from area 11th to 13th ribs of LM was prepared and immediately vacuum sealed and freighted at -18 °C. Zilpatrol hydrochloride increased protein (P

Considering that about 70 to 75 percent (in developed countries about 50-60 percent) of the total production costs related to livestock feed, use of agricultural byproducts and conversion, been considered has long. The olive cake is a by-product that can be used as an energy source in sheep and goats and also has high humidity which by drying the olive cake its moisture content is low and keeping it is possible. A little comparison of performance and digestibility has done of the same energy and protein feeds between sheep and goats. The aim of this study, was the replacement of barley with olive cake in the diet of fattening lambs and kids and the investigate effect of it on performance and digestibility between the two species.
This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 3×2 factorial arrangement with three diets containing 0,10,20 percent olive cake and both species (fattening lambs and kids). Five lambs and five kids were given to each treatment with the age of about three months. Animals were individually located in separate cages for 84 days (15 days adaptation period). The protein and energy content of diets were equal.
The feed intake in lambs decreased with increasing the levels of olive cake while in kids increased (P According to the results mentioned and low-cost olive cake, use of olive cake up to 20% in lambs and 10% in kids is recommended.

In this research to evaluate the effects of probiotic on the growth and some serum biochemical parameters of growing native kid’s, 24 kid’s, with 19.2± 0.7 kg body weight and 120± 10 days of age were used in a completely randomized design with four treatments and six repeats. These four groups included: 1- The control group was fed on a basal diet (without probiotic or yeast). 2- The second group received basal diet plus one g/day protexin for each kid. 3- The third group was fed on basal diet and two g/day Levocil SC2 yeast, for each kid and 4- The fourth group was fed on basal diet plus one g/day of Levocil SC2 yeast and a half g/day of protexin for each kid. After 14 days adaptation to experimental pens, the kids had free access to experimental diets among 74 days. Daily dry matter intake (DMI), and animal weight changes were recorded. Blood samples were collected from kids. According to the result, there were non-significant differences in treatments concerning, DMI daily gain and feed conversion ratio (P>0.05). Also concentration of some blood parameters such as blood urea nitrogen, total protein, globulin were not affected by probiotics (P>0.05). Glucose, albumin, triglyceride and cholesterol concentration of kid’s serum in group 2 (protexin treatment) were higher than other groups (P

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of summer savory essential oil (SSEO) with Cereals (based on barley or corn) on performance, rumen volatile fatty acid concentrations and some blood parameters of west Azerbaijan native kids. In a randomized complete block design with a 3×2 factorial (0, 200 and 400 mg/d of SSEO × barley or corn grain based diets) arrangement with 6 replications, 36 female Kids with 18 ± 2.62 kg initial live weight were used for 11 weeks. Kids were kept in individual cages and had free access to food and water. Dry matter intake, weight gain and feed conversion ration were not affected by the treatments but total concentration of volatile fatty acids and rumen fluid acetate in group fed 400 mg summer savory essential oil and barley grain were higher than other treatments (p< 0.05). Propionate, butyrate molar ratios, however, and branched fatty acids were not affected by any of the factors tested (p > 0.05). Concentrations ofblood glucose was affected by the essential oil supplementation (p< 0.05). In conclusion, the summer savory essential oil could affect the rumen fermentation butblood parameters did not differ significantly between treatments except for glucose other than glucose did not affected the blood metabolites

In two experimental groups، fattening performance and carcass characteristics of 24 Gray-Shirazi male lambs and 24 native male kids (with equal ages، six months old) were compared using completely randomize design. The rations were formulated according to the nutritional standard Tables. Fattening period was 100 days. At the end of fattening period، lambs and kids were slaughtered and their carcass characteristics were determined. Initial body weights for lambs and kids were 26. 1 and 20 kg (P<0. 01)، final body weights were 48. 2 and 30 kg (P<0. 01)، daily gains were 221 and 96 g (P<0. 01)، daily feed intake were 1501 and 852 g، feed conversion ratios were 6. 78 and 8. 87، respectively. Dressing percentages for lambs and kids were 50. 83 and 44. 76 (P<0. 01)، lean percentages were 61. 22 and 71. 38 (P<0. 01)، fat deposit percentages were 24. 03 and 4. 77 (P<0. 01) and bone percentages were 14. 75 and 23. 85 (P<0. 01)، respectively. Internal fat depots percentages for lambs and kids were 3. 4 and 3. 8 (P>0. 05)، respectively. Backfat thickness for lambs and kids were 6. 21 and 1. 55 mm (P<0. 01) and LD muscle area were 13. 58 and 7. 82 cm2 (P<0. 01)، respectively. Lambs had high daily feed intake، daily gains and better feed conversion efficiency in comparison to kids. Lambs yielded carcass with greater dressing percentage than that of kids. Lambs deposited more fat in the carcass while kids deposited more lean in the carcass. There was better efficiency in economic aspects for fattening of lambs than of kids، but kid’s meat had better quality because of more lean and lower fat deposit.