nano

The low fertility rate of frozen sperm of poultry compared to other species is a serious challenge for artificial insemination in commercial flocks. This challenge may be related to some physiological characteristics of poultry sperm. On the other hand, osmotic, chemical and mechanical stresses during cooling processes are the most important reasons that cause structural, biochemical and functional changes in sperm, which results in a series of cascade phenomena that will lead to a decrease in sperm fertility. Quercetin is a bioactive compound with a plant origin, which has a polyphenolic chemical structure and has antioxidant properties. This composition, as an important flavonoid and a strong antioxidant, eliminates free radicals and reduces oxidative stress in chicken spermatogonia. The purpose of this study is to use quercetin in nano form in the diluent of rooster sperm during storage at 4 degrees.

Immediately after collecting semen from roosters, initial evaluations were done. Semen collected from all 15 roosters were mixed together and added to the dilution medium in order to eliminate individual effects. Different concentrations of quercetin (10, 15 and 20 μM) in three forms (unprotected and inside liposomal and NLC structures) added to base diluent composition. Then the diluted semen samples were gradually cooled at 4°C for 3 hours. Then, at time zero (immediately after the samples reach the temperature of 4°C), 24 and 48, the motility parameters, membrane integrity, lipid peroxidation, the percentage of abnormal sperms and the percentage of viability of the samples were evaluated.

The results indicated that the experimental treatments did not have a significant effect on the evaluated parameters at zero time. During 24 hours of storage at 4 degrees, 15 μM of quercetin loaded in NLC significantly improved the parameters of sperm total motility, progressive motility, viability and integrity of sperm membrane compared to the control group. During 48 hours of storage at 4 degrees, the treatment of 15 μM quercetin loaded in NLC caused a significant improvement in the parameters of sperm total motility, progressive motility, viability and integrity of sperm membrane compared to the control group. Also, the results showed that the experimental treatments did not have a significant effect on the abnormality percentage of rooster sperm during storage at 4 degrees in three times of 0, 24 and 48 hours. During 24 and 48 hours of storage at 4 degrees, the treatment of 15 μM quercetin loaded in NLC caused a significant decrease in sperm MDA compared to the control group.

The results of this experiment show that the treatment of 15 μM quercetin loaded in NLC improves many evaluated parameters and therefore it is recommended for use in rooster sperm diluent.

The purpose of this study was to investgate resveratrol nano-protected antioxidant on rooster sperm. In this study, resveratrol was used in the forms of nano-protected (liposome and NLC) and plain in the semen extender. Immediately after the semen collection and for primary evaluations, for eliminating of individual effects the semen collected from 15 roosterswere pooled and added to the extender. Extending was done at 37 °C at a dilution ratio of 1:20. Different concentarions of resveratrol (20, 40 or 60 μM) were added to the extender in three forms of plain, NLC, and liposome. After diluting the semen, gradual cooling was carried out for 3 h at 4 °C. After the cooling process, the kinetic parameters (CASA), membrane integrity (HOST), viability, lipid peroxidation (MDA), abnormal sperm, were evaluated. The results at 24 and 48 hours at a temperature of 4°C indicate that the use of 40 μM resveratrol, resveratrol loaded in the liposome, and resveratrol loaded in the NLC improved the motility, progressive sperm motility, viability, and membrane integrity compared to the control group. The results of this experiment indicated that 40 μM resveratrol, resveratrol loaded in liposome and resveratrol loaded in NLC improved most of the evaluated parameters.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate dietary supplementation of different levels of sulfate, chelate and nano sources of zinc on growth performance, tissue zinc reserves and meat quality of male growing Japanese quails. The experiment was carried out using 400 Japanese quails in a completely randomized design with 10 experimental treatments and four replicates. The experimental treatments consisted of: basal diet (control group, without zinc supplement) containing 41.25 mg/kg zinc and basal diet supplemented with different sources of zinc (sulfate, chelate and nano zinc) each at three levels of 15, 25 and 35 mg/kg of diet. Birds fed basal diet + 25 mg chelate zinc/kg of diet showed lower feed intake, higher weight gain and improved feed conversion ratio compared to the control group (P< 0.05). Zinc content in serum, liver, breast meat and tibia of birds fed basal diet + 35 mg nano zinc/kg of diet were higher than the control group (P< 0.05). Malondialdehyde levels and drip losses in meat of birds fed diets supplemented with different sources of zinc were lower than the control (P<0.05). According to the results of the current study, supplementation of corn–soybean meal-based diet of Japanese quails with 25 mg zinc chelate/kg improved growth rate and feed conversion ratio compared to the control group.

Generally, most feeds used in livestock nutrition are deficient in some nutrients, and require nutritional supplements. Among the supplements, micro and macro minerals are particular importance. Selenium (Se) plays an important role in the reproductive function and immune system and is known as an antioxidant and catalyst for the production of thyroid hormone. It is believed that low selenium absorption in ruminants is due to the deficiency of selenium in ration and its conversion into insoluble form. Nano-particles are smaller and more active than larger particles. The importance of Selenium for rumen microorganisms are not entirely clear. Also, selenium is an essential trace element, and its importance for animal health and productivity has been well confirmed. Selenium has known to be involved in enzyme activity and preventing oxidative damage to body tissue.  Selenium plays important roles in antioxidant systems, prevents cell damage and is necessary for growth, fertility, and immune system in farm animals. Recently, nano -elemental Se has attracted wide spread attention due to its high bioavailability and low toxicity, because nanometer particulates exhibit novel characteristics, such as great specific surface area, high surface activity, a lot of surface active centers, high catalytic efficiency and strong adsorbing ability and over and above the character of low toxicity of Se0. Dietary selenium is an essential trace element for animals and humans with a variety of biological functions. It plays important roles in the regulation of thyroid hormone metabolism, cell growth and antioxidant systems thus, together with alpha-tocopherol prevents cells against oxidative stress damage, also these compounds are necessary for growth, fertility, and immune system health in animals and humans. The objective of this research was to investigation the effects of different sources of selenium on digestion characteristics of concentrate mixture of diets in high producing lactating dairy cows using in vitro gas production technique.

Four male ruminally fistulated sheep, average 43±4.8 kg of BW, were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square experiment. Sheep were fed twice daily (08:00 and 18:00 h) at maintenance nutrition requirements with a basal diet consisting of 400 g/kg (dry matter) DM of basal concentrates and 600 g/kg DM of forage. Sheep were placed in metabolic cages individually and fresh water was freely available during the experimental period. This experiment was conducted in four periods of 28 days with 21 d adaptation period and 7 d for data tacking. Treatments were: 1. Basal diet 2. Basal diet + 0.3 ppm nano selenium, 3. Basal diet + 0.3 ppm seleno methionine, 4. Basal diet + 0.3 ppm selenite sodium. The rumen fluid was mixed with artificial saliva (1:2 ratio, respectively) in lab, and then nano-Selevels and seleno methionine added to it. In gas production method, 300 mg of each treatment weighted and incubated for 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96 hours.  In order to determine the effects of different forms of selenium on rumen parameters, concentrations of VFA and NH4, value of pH and population of protozoa were examined. Samples of rumen fluid were collected through the cannula at 4 h after feeding on days 19 and 20 of each collection period for pH, NH3-N, and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) determination. Ruminal pH was immediately measured using an electric pH meter. The samples were subsequently stored frozen at −20 ◦C until analyses.

 Potential of gas production (fraction A) of nano, organic and inorganic treatments were higher (201.9, 344.0, 321.7 and 319.8 ml in control, nano, organic and mineral treatments, respectively) compared to control treatment (P<0.05). The nano selenium treatment had higher VFA concentration (109.83, 98.00 and 89.83 mmol/l in nano, organic and mineral treatments, respectively) when compared with organic and inorganic treatments (P<0.05). Rumen NH4 concentration was not effected by treatments. The organic treatment caused a significant increase in total protozoa population when compared with nano and inorganic treatments (P<0.05).

 The results indicated that selenium supplementation in ruminant diet improves ruminal nutrients degradability's compared to control. Therefore, the use of nano-Se resulted to increase digestibility and fermentation of nutrients resulted improved rumen microorganisms activities. Although nano and organic selenium was better than inorganic treatment in ruminal degradability and rumen parameters, however there was not any significant differences between these two treatments.

In order to evaluate the effects of different levels of mineral salts, chelates and nano iron resources supplementation to diet on performance, tissue iron reserves and meat quality of Japanese quails, an experiment was carried out using 400 Japanese quails in a completely randomized design with 10 experimental treatments and 4 replicates. The experimental treatments consisted of one basal diet without iron supplement (control) and basal diets supplemented with levels of 60, 90 and 120 mg/kg of sulfate, chelate and nano iron. Birds fed 120 mg chelate of iron had more weight gain than control, 60 and 120 mg sulfate (P<0.05). Nutrition of 90 and 120 mg Nano iron improved feed conversion ratio compared to controls, sulfate and 60 mg chelate iron. Birds fed with diet containing 90 and 120  mg chelate and 120  mg nano iron had more iron accumulation in breast meat than sulfate and control groups (P<0.05). The group of 120 mg chelate iron had higher water holding capacity than control, 60 mg and 90 mg sulfate, 60 mg chelate and 90 mg nano iron treatments, and lower amount of malondialdehyde than control and 60 mg sulfate iron groups. The group of 120 mg nano iron had higher iron in the liver and blood serum, and lower cooking loss compared to the control (P<0.05). Effect of experimental treatments on feed cost were not significant. In this study, various forms and levels of iron had a variable effect on the studied parameters.

The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of dietary nano-selenium supplementation on the glutathione peroxidase activity and sperm quality and quantity parameters of Arabian rams. In this experiment, twelve Arabian rams with an average weight of 73±3 kg and age of two to four years were used. Animals were divided into three groups: the control group (without -nano Selenium) and two experimental groups that received 0.4 and 0.8 mg nano-selenium per kg dry matter, respectively. The results showed that significant increase in semen selenium concentration and semen glutathione peroxidase activity in group 0.8 mg nano-selenium compared with the control group (P

An experiment was conducted on 240 one-day old Ross 308 broiler chicks using a completely randomized design in a 2×3 factorial arrangement with two levels of nano-adjuvant (with and without) and three levels of dietary protein (low, medium and high) during a 42 d experimental period. The main effect of protein density on feed intake was significant during the starter and grower periods (P

Effect of natural zeolites and nano-zeolite on gut flora, tibia bone characteristics, blood parameters and performance of broilers investigated with 336 male Ross 308 broilers chicks allocated to seven treatments with four replicates and 12 chicks per each. Experimental treatments were control (no zeolite supplemented), natural zeolite (0.5, 1 and 1.5 percent) and nano-zeolite (0.5, 1 and 1.5 percent). Experimental diets had no significant effect on relative weight of breast, thights, liver, abdominal fat, gizzard and carcass efficiency. Zeolite and nano-zeolite supplementation led to significant decrease of total bacteria and E. Coli population (P

Feed constitutes 70 to 75 percent of poultry flock costs which vitamins constitute 0.08 % of diet and 2 % of feed costs. Vitamins as a group of complex organic compounds are needed in small amounts for normal metabolism of the body. Researches have shown that vitamins with smaller particles as vitamin supplements, were more effective and showed higher bioavailability. Nano form of supplementation increases the surface area which possibly could increase absorption and thereby utilization of vitamins leading to reduction in the quantity of supplements and through higher bioavailability. Their greater bioavailability shows that nano-particulate vitamin compositions can be given in smaller doses with less amount of that vitamins passing through the body unabsorbed. Most vitamins and other substances that are insoluble in water when formulated as nanoparticles, can be easily solved in water and even can penetrate to the body parts that are impervious to the macro particles. this study was conducted to compare the efficacy of Nano-multivitamin (NMV) with common vitamins premix (CVP) on performance, some blood parameters and immune responses of broiler chickens to verify the beneficial effects of nano-vitamins in poultry nutrition,.
The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design for 45 days. A total of 600, 1-d-old male broiler chicks (Ross strain) were randomly assigned to 10 treatments with 5 replicates and 12 chicks each. Mash basal diets were prepared and balanced for energy and all nutrient except vitamins according to the Ross Nutrition manual (2007), for starter (1-10 d), grower (11-24 d) and finisher (25-45 d) periods. Liquid NMV and Powder pure vitamins were added to diets after dilution with wheat bran to achieve weight of 2.5 kg of each premix for each ton of feed (2.5 kg premix/ton diet = 100% of recommended level). The size of NMV particles were 20-400 (nm) and the manufacturer's recommendations were used in feed or drinking water. In order to unify the experimental diets, 8 gr of vitamin C was added to Ross recommended vitamin premix and also 400 gr choline chloride (60%) was added to each 2.5 kg of three vitamin premix. Treatments 1, 2 and 3 respectively consisted basal diet (BD) 50%, 100% and 150% NMV manufacturer recommended levels; treatments 4, 5 and 6 respectively consisted BD CVP with vitamins levels equal to treatments 1, 2 and 3; treatments 7, 8 and 9 respectively consisted BD 50%, 100% and 150% CVP which satisfied the Ross strain vitamins recommended levels; and treatment 10 consisted BD without vitamins premix supplementation, as a negative control. Feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio were measured for each pen at 10, 24 and 45 days of age and feeding the diets were removed 5 hours before slaughter. SRBC (SRBC 1%) and CBH (PHA-P) tests were used to assess the humoral and cellular immunities of two chicks of each replicate, respectively. At the age of 42 days, one bird from each pen was selected and blood samples were collected from the wing vein. At the age of 45, one bird from each pen was selected and slaughtered to determine the carcass characteristics.
Results showed that, treatments 2 and 3 significantly increased average body weight and daily weight gain of the birds in starter period (1-10 d) in comparison with other groups. Treatment 10, significantly decreased feed intake and daily weight gain and increased feed conversion ratio in all periods. This improvement might be due to the higher bioavailability of Nano-vitamins because of particles size reduction or converting fat-soluble vitamins to water-soluble vitamins. Omara et al (2009) demonstrated that nanotechnology can increase the bioavailability of fat-soluble compounds and increase their bioavailability. SRBC test showed no significant differences among the treatments. CBH test revealed that the birds receiving treatment 10 had significantly lower cellular immune response, 24 hours after injection, in comparison with other treatments. Treatment 10 significantly reduced triglyceride levels of serum and breast yield and significantly increased the relative weight of wings in carcasses and relative length of small intestine in comparison with other treatments.
The results of this study showed that using NMV in the diet of broiler chickens may improve growth performance of broiler chickens just in the starter period.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of different concentration of zinc nano-complex on bull spermatozoa quality and percentage of pregnancy after freeze-thawing process. Ejaculates were collected from four Holstein bulls, twice a week during four weeks. semen samples diluted with Bioxcell extender containing 0 (Control), 10-6 nM, 10-5 nM,10-4 nM, 10-3 nM, and 10-2 nM of zinc nano-complex. then, were freezed and thawed after 72 hours. Motility of sperm was analyzed with computer assisted sperm analysis. the highest and lowest concentrations of zinc nano-complex along with control group were analyzed for the DNA fragmentation, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, mitochondrial activity, and pregnancy outcomes. The proportion of the total and progressive motile spermatozoa and the percentage of spermatozoa with fragmented DNA was not different among the groups. . However, the groups containing 10-2 nM and 10-6 nM zinc nano-complex had a lower level of MDA concentration and higher activity of mitochondria. Moreover, the pregnancy outcome was not affected by the treatment with zinc nano-complex. In conclusion, our data revealed that supplementation of bull semen Bioxcell extender with zinc nano-complex can decrease the level of MDA and improve mitochondrial activity, although such an improvement was not reflected in results of fertility rates.

The effect of zinc Nano-particles (Zn- nano- complex) on bull sperm quality after freeze-thawing process studied. Ejaculates collected from four Holstein bulls twice a week. On the day of semen collection, four ejaculates were pooled and diluted with Bioxcell extender containing 0, 0.000001, 0.00001, 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01 molar of zinc Nano-complex and frozen. After thawing, sperm motility and motion parameters, plasma membrane integrity, abnormal morphology, plasma membrane functionality and mitochondrial activity were determined. The proportion of the total and progressive motile sperm, the plasma membrane integrity and proportion of the spermatozoa with abnormal morphology was not different among groups. Zinc Nano-complex groups represented a higher plasma membrane functionality than that of control group. Moreover, our flowcytometric data suggested that spermatozoa in the groups of zinc Nano-complex possessed higher mitochondrial activity as compared with the control group. Mitochondrial activity in 0.01 was higher than the 0.000001 group. In conclusion, supplementation of zn Nano-complex, can improve the plasma membrane functionality and mitochondrial activity of bull spermatozoa in a dose dependent manner without any deleterious effect on motility parameters.