silymarin

The need for artificial insemination in the ewe is to access fresh and frozen sperm. Cryopreservation is a suitable method for long-term storage of semen and sperm, but may cause a minor irreversible damage to the sperm cell, especially its membrane region (Khorramabadi et al., 2017). The oxidation of fatty acids leads to the production of free oxygen radicals (ROS). These radicals are necessary in normal conditions for certain physiological activities and sperm processes, but excessive production of ROS in the sperm can reduce membrane fluidity, DNA fracture, damage to proteins, and ultimately reduced sperm motility and fertility. (Bakhshayesh et al., 2017). Silymarin, the scientific name of Silbum marianum, is the English name Milk Thistle and is a potent inhibitor of oxidative stress as a potent antioxidant. Due to the nature of its friend fat, silymarin is firmly attached to the plasmid membrane compounds, thus preventing fracture and its collapse by increasing membrane strength. Increasing the amount of active oxygen species and lipid peroxidation disrupts mitochondrial membrane, decreases ATP and damage to sperm acesomes, which ultimately reduces the progression of sperm motility. (Kvasnikova et al., 2003). The mechanism of action of salimarin is through stimulation of the ribosomal RNA and protects the membrane from oxidative damage. They also stated that silymarin stimulates the activity of the antioxidant enzymes of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (Wellington and Jarvis, 2001) . Silymarin improves the sperm motility and survival, sperm abnormalities, and preservation of the sperm membrane after freezing-thawing. Improvement of semen quality in both freezing and cooling is due to the strong silicomain antioxidant capacity (Fakorzai et al., 2008; Longpyram et al., 2013). .

Regarding the anti-oxidant effects of silymarin, this study aimed to investigate the effect of silymarin on storage of ram sperm.

In this research, four rams of pure ghee were used 2-3 years old and each ram was 6 times sperm. Sperm was performed twice a week by artificial vagina. After the sample was transferred to the laboratory, a series of preliminary evaluations including sample size, sample color, wave motion, total mobility, in-situ motion, progressive motion and live weight, and abnormal sperm and density were performed. If standards were met, Necessary (scaling over 2.5 billion sperm and progressive movement above 70%) dilution was performed with treatments. The diluents were prepared prior to sampling and placed in a bin Marie temperature of 37 ° C. Tris-based diluent was used to contain 2.73 g of tries, 1.4 g of fructose, 1 g of citric acid and 100 mg streptomycin in 100 ml sterile distilled water. To prepare the diluent, 73% of the prepared solution will be mixed with 20% egg yolk and 7% glycerol. In order to dilute the sprays from trace based diluent, egg yolk, semen collected with diluent without antioxidants (control) and silymarin 5 and 10 μg / ml mix After cooling for 90 minutes in the refrigerator and reaching 5 ° C, it was placed in 4 cm above the liquid nitrogen for 8-10 minutes and then immersed in liquid nitrogen. The post-mortem examinations of sperm quality properties included liveliness, total motion, progressive motion, integrity of the plasma membrane (tests) on days 0, 15, 30 of the experiment.

According to the results of the experiment, the diluents containing the levels of silymarin significantly increased the total motion, progressive, live survival of ram sperm after the freeze-thawing process compared to the control group Were opened. Addition of different concentrations of silymarin was 5 and 10 μg with mean of 74.45% and 67.33%, respectively, compared to the control group, significantly increased the total sperm motility with mean of 68.07 and 60.95%, significantly Progressive motility of frozen ram sperm were frozen (p <0.01). According to the results, the in situ movement in the control group (5.92 ± 0.92) was lower than that of the 5 and 10 μg silymarin (6.38 ± 0.92) and (8.9 ± 0.92) respectively In the least amount.

Application of silymarin as an antioxidant in the ram sperm diluent system reduces oxidative damage and improves sperm quality properties such as mobility, viability and the health of acrosome and plasma membrane during freezing process. Was opened. Adding 5 μg of silymarin to diluted ram minus 10 μg and control group reduced fat peroxidation and also improved the structure and performance of sperm during storage.

Cottonseed meal (CSM) is a by-product of the separation of oil from cottonseed, which is limited in poultry feed due to its gossypol, cyclopropenoid fatty acids, high fiber and low protein quality. For this purpose, in the present study, the effect of different levels of cottonseed meal with silymarin on the performance and some blood parameters of broilers was investigated.

Treatments consisted of different levels of CSM (0, 12 and 24 percentage of diet) and 2 levels of silymarin (0 and 600 ppm) that was performed in completely randomized design with 2×3 factorial arrangement with 240 broiler chicks. Experimental diets for starter period (1 to 21 days) and grower period (22 to 42 days) were performed based on the requirements of the National Research Council. Feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded weekly. On day 42 of breeding, blood samples were taken to evaluate blood lipid parameters. Breast weight, thighs, abdominal fat, total gastrointestinal tract, liver, spleen and bursa of fabricius were also measured at day 42 and the data were reported as a percentage of live body weight.

The results of this experiment showed that dietary supplementation of silymarin was more effective on increasing FI in birds that consumed 12% CSM at starter period. Supplementation of silymarin to the control diet significantly decreased FI at grower period and whole period of experiment (p<0.05). Improved BWG and FCR was related to the birds fed silymarin at 2 levels (0 and 600 ppm) without cottonseed meal (p<0.05). Highest relative weight of thigh was related to the birds that consumed diet without cottonseed meal and silymarin. Highest value of relative weight of breast was recorded for the birds that received diet with silymarin and without CSM that had significant difference to the diet contains cottonseed meal (with or without silymarin). Also, highest value of relative weight of gastro-intestinal tract was recorded for the birds that received diet with 12% CSM and silymarin. The plasma LDL level of birds fed diet with silymarin and without CSM were lowest that had significant difference to the other treatments (p<0.05). Also, dietary supplementation of silymarin at the lack of CSM increased but in CSM diets decreased significantly plasma triglyceride concentration (p<0.05).

The results of this experiment showed that supplementation of silymarin at 600 ppm to the CSM diets could not reduce negative effects of gossypol in broiler chickens.

The sperm used in the current study was collected from the testis epidydim of slaughtered Farahani's ram and divided to four groups. There are 106 sperms in each sample. The experimental treatments included sperm at 0 hour, sperm at 180 minutes (control), sperm treated with cadmium chloride (10μM) for 180 minutes and sperm treated with silymarin (5 μM) and cadmium chloride (10 μM) for 180 minutes. Diff-Quick staining was used to investigate the apoptosis morphological features in sperm nucleus. Also, acridine orange staining and sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) test were used for estimation of sperm DNA fragmentation. Data were analyzed using one way ANOVA. Comparison of treatment means was done by Tukey's test at 0.05 confidence level.In this research, the sperm nucleus diameter was significantly (P

This research was conducted to study the effects of the milk thistle powder on growth performance, blood parameters and liver enzymes in the 360 male broiler chicks (Ross 308). The studied factors were milk thistle powder at 0, 0.3 and 3% levels and antibiotic Cotrimoxazole at 0 and 0.2% per kg diet, which was a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 3 replications. Growth performance traits, blood parameters and liver enzymes were measured at the end of the experimental period (42-day). The different levels of milk thistle powder caused a decrease in the mean of feed intake and body weight in the whole period (P

Introduction Lithium as a toxic and heavy metal and environmental contaminant could be a risk factor for male fertility. Lithium can induce male reproductive toxicity through damage in testes structure, sex hormones imbalance and decrease in testes and accessory sex organ weights as well as reduction in epididymal sperm count, normal morphology, viability and motility. Lithium is proposed to exert its cytotoxicity by free radicals generation and the activation of oxidative sensitive signaling pathways. Oxidative stress is metabolic and physiologic status caused by imbalance between free radical production and antioxidant defense of body. Therefore, the use of natural antioxidants could be a possible strategy for reducing oxidative stress in body. Silymarin is extracted from milk thistle (Silybum marianum) seeds. This compound is a polyphenolic flavonoid with a potent antioxidant property which not only acts as free radical scavenger but also increases the capacity of cell antioxidant enzymes. This study aimed to evaluate the harmful effects of lithium on sperm of Farahani’s ram and to know the protective effect of silymarin on protection against to toxic effects of lithium.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, Farahani's ram testes were received from Arak slaughterhouse and transferred to the research laboratory under standard conditions. The experiment funding was approved by the ethical committee at Arak University. A few incisions were made in the caudal epididymis and spermatozoa were then washed into a sterile Falcon tube by Ham's F10 medium (Sigma, USA). Firstly sperm number and sperm motility were determined, according to World Health Organization protocol (WHO), to estimate sperm quality. High quality sperm samples were then used for experiments. The sperm samples were separated in eppendorf tubes as each tube contained 5×106 spermatozoa and divided into four groups to assess sperm viability. The MTT, 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay was used to assess viability. In brief, 10 μl of MTT (Sigma, USA) stock solution (5 mg/ml ham's F10) was added to each tube containing sperm suspension and incubated at 37PoPC in COR2R incubator for 1 hr. The tubes centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 6 min and the precipitate was dissolved in 200 μl dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The solution was then centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 4 min. 100 μl of the purple solution were transferred into a 96-well plate and absorbance was measured using ELISA reader (SCO diagnostic, Germany) at 505 nm. Optical density of sample was then used for calculating sperm viability percentage Evaluation of sperm motility was done according to WHO guidelines. Minimum of five microscopic fields was evaluated to estimate sperm motility on at least 200 spermatozoa for each sample. The percentage of sperm motility was evaluated for following motion patterns: progressive motile sperm (PMS), non-progressive motile sperm (NPMS) and non-motile sperm (NMS). Evaluation of sperm motility was done according to WHO guidelines. In brief, 10 μl of sperm suspension was placed on semen analysis chamber. Minimum of five microscopic fields was evaluated to estimate sperm motility on at least 200 spermatozoa for each sample. The percentage of sperm motility was evaluated for following motion patterns: progressive motile sperm (PMS), non-progressive motile sperm (NPMS) and non-motile sperm (NMS). One-Way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's test was used to assess data statistical significance. p

Silymarin is a polyphenol, which has scavenging ability of reactive oxygen species, and it can improve spermatozoa storage.
Experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of silymarin on rooster sperm storage at 4 C.
Semen collection was performed twice a week in 5 times by using 15 mature roosters. In each session, ejaculates were pooled and split into five parts. The amount of 0 (S0), 50 (S50), 100 (S100), 150 (S150) and 200 (S200) µg/mL silymarin were added to each part. After that, samples were chilled to 4 OC and kept until 72 h. Sperm viability (by staining Hoechst 33258), motility and functional membrane integrity were evaluated at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h. To assay lipid peroxidation, the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) was determined by 300106 spermatozoa at 48 h.
There was interaction between silymarin and storage time on sperm motility, viability and functional membrane integrity (P The addition of 100 µg/mL silymarin to semen improves longevity of rooster spermatozoa at 4C.

Cadmium, as an environmental pollutant, can exert oxidative stress on spermatogenesis and sperm morphology. This study was performed to investigate not only the effect of cadmium on viability, motility and acrosome integrity of ram sperm but also examine the protective role of silymarin, as an antioxidant, on cadmium toxicity. Epidydimal sperm obtained from Farahaniˊs ram divided into four groups: 1. sperm at 0 hour 2. Sperm incubated for180 minutes (control) 3. sperm treated with cadmium chloride for 180 minutes and 4. sperm treatment with silymarin+cadmiumchloride for 180 minutes. MTT ((3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) method was used to assess sperm viability. Sperm motility was done according to World Health Organization guidelines while acrosome integrity in the sperm was evaluated by comassie brilliant blue staining. Data were analyzed using one way ANOVA followed with Tukeyˊs test. The percentage of sperm viability, motility and acrosome integrity was significantly decreased in cadmium chloride-treated group compared to the control. In silymarin+cadmiumchloride group, silymarin could compensate the adverse effect of cadmium chloride on sperm parameters (except sperm motility) compared to cadmium chloride group. Silymarin as a potent antioxidant prevented adverse effect of cadmium on some ram sperm parameters.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of different levels of silymarin against lead induced oxidative stress in broiler chickens. Therefore، 240 broiler chickens of Ross 308 allocated to 24 experimental units in a completely randomized design with factorial 2x3 arrangements and four replicates of 10 birds. The experimental diets containing silymarin at 3 levels (0، 100، 200 mg/kg) and 2 levels of lead (0، 200 mg/kg) were fed for 6 weeks. Results of this experiment showed that supplementation of 200 mg/kg silymarin attenuated adverse effect of lead on body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in 42 d. Also، addition of 200 mg/kg silymarin in lead-induced oxidative stress improved carcass characteristics. In addition، supplementation of silymarin in lead-induced oxidative stress no significantly decreased blood lipid parameters (cholesterol، triglyceride، LDL). Furthermore، supplementation of 200 mg/kg silymarin significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and decreased malondealdehyde (MDA) and heterophyle /lymphocyte (H/L ratio). These results suggested that supplementation of silymarin in lead induced oxidative stress had a protective role and by improving the antioxidant system improved the performance.

In order to investigate the effect of different levels of silymarin (0، 100 and 200 mg/kg diet) on performance، carcass characteristics، blood parameters and antioxidant status، 120 day old chicks were assigned to 3 treatments with four replicates and 10 birds in each in a completely randomized design. Results showed supplementation of 200 mg silymarin significantly decreased the body weight gain (BWG) in starter (P<0. 05) and whole period of experiment (P<0. 01) and significantly increased feed conversion ratio at starter (P<0. 05)، grower (P<0. 05) and total rearing periods (P 0. 01). Also، addition of 100 mg silymarin significantly increased the carcass relative weight (P<0. 01) and supplementation of 200 mg silymarin significantly increased the breast relative weight (P<0. 05). Furthermore، 200 mg silymarin significantly increased the malondialdehyde and heterophil/ lymphocyte ratio and significantly decreased superoxide dismutase (P<0. 05). These results showed that supplementation of silymarin in diet under normal condition، improved the carcass and breast relative weight، but no had effect on bird’s oxidative status.

The effects of different levels of Silymarin were studied on performance and immune responses in 288 one-day chicks (Cobb 500) in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 4 replicates and 12 observations per replicate. The treatment groups received 0 (Control), 160, 200, 240, 280 and 320 ppm of Silymarin in diet, respectively during days 3 to 42. Daily feed intake, daily body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (performance) were measured. The birds were immunized with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) on days 8 and 22 of age and serum antibody levels produced in response to SRBC were measured on days 21, 28, 35 and 42 by hemagglutination assay. Skin response to phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) injected intradermally on day 16 were measured 24 and 48 h after injection. The results indicated that consumption of 200, 240, 280 and 320 ppm Silymarin reduced feed intake and feed conversion rate (P<0.05), but they did not affect on daily weight gain (P>0.05). The levels of 200, 240, 280 and 320 ppm Silymarin were increased total Anti-SRBC and IgG titer in experimental groups compared to control group (P<0.05), but IgM titer and skin response against PHA-P were not affected by Silymarin (P>0.05). It is concluded that the continuum consumption of 200, 240, 280 and 320 ppm Silymarin improved performance and increased humoral immunity in broilers.