urmia

Sarcocystis is an obligate intracellular parasitic protozoan that can cause digestive disorders in patients. It also causes huge financial losses in the livestock industry. Studying the prevalence of this parasite in livestock can lead to increased awareness and the possibility of timely prevention in preventing livestock losses. The present study was conducted to study the changes in the biochemical parameters of adenosine deaminase, visfatin, and sphingosine-1-phosphate due to sarcocyst infection in sheep and goats.

During a period of 6 months (from January 2018 to June 2019), blood was drawn from 160 samples (80 sheep carcasses and 80 goat carcasses) that were examined macroscopically and microscopically. The sample size was determined by assuming the average possible prevalence of contamination to be around 90% and a confidence interval of 95%. The carcasses were observed and examined for the presence of rice grain cysts, and after separating the plasma samples, the parameters of adenosine deaminase, visfatin, and sphingosine-1-phosphate were evaluated.

Based on the results of this study, all the mentioned parameters in the study patient's goats and sheep had a statistically significant increase compared to the control group (P<0.05).Discussion and

In general, sarcocysts can cause changes in the plasma levels of adenosine deaminase, visfatin, and sphingosine-1-phosphate. Therefore, it can be used in the biochemical diagnosis (biomarker) of sarcocyst in ruminants with wider studies of the aforementioned parameters along with other plasma parameters.

The aim of the present study was to detect Hepatozoon canis infection in dogs in Urmia municipality, northwestern Iran. The effects of age, sex, lifestyle, and tick infestation as risk factors in the incidence of the disease were studied. During years 2018 and 2019, a total of 246 whole blood samples were taken from the jugular vein of each examined dog (103 stray dogs, 99 shelter dogs, and 44 pets) and subjected to microscopic and molecular examinations. Ixodid ticks were also collected from the body surface and identified. Microscopically, infected neutrophils with Hepatozoon spp. were detected in 5 of 246 (2/03%) thin stained blood smears. Molecularly, 23 out of 246 (9.34%) blood samples were found to be infected with H. canis. There was no significant difference in different age groups and the sex of sampled dogs. However, stray dogs had a higher significant infection rate than pets and shelter ones. In body inspection, all ticks were belonging to the specie of Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The obtained sequence was transferred to GenBank/NCBI (samples accession numbers MT001887). BLAST analysis of obtaining sequences isolated from dogs indicated a 100% similarity with H. canis 18S rRNA gene sequences in GenBank. Based on our results canine hepatozoonosis was common in dogs in the study area.

Leptospirosis is one of the bacterial zoonotic diseases among human and animals which determines by fever, jaundice and haemoglobinuria. Disease is common in north and southwest of Iran where buffaloes breeding widely called as Khozestan and Azarbyjan buffaloes.
Determination of the percentage of seropositive to leptospira infection in buffaloes. Age and gender relationships in leptospirosis. 3- Determination of serum titer and predominant leptospira antigens in Urmia buffaloes.
130 blood samples were collected in Urmia abattoir in 2011. Sera were separated and serological reaction to leptospira spp was assessed by microscopic agglutination test using live antigens representing leptospira interrogans serogroups: pomona, grippotyphosa, canicola, hardjo, icterrohaemoragia, and ballum. Overall, 25.4% including 26.9% males and 23.8% females with titer of 1:100 had positive reaction to one of the leptospira serovars. Among positive serovars the greatest was pomona (16.2%) and the lowest was icterohaemorrhagiae (1.52%). The most prevalent titer of leptospira was 1:100 included 20% (26 samples) and the highest was 1:200 included 10% (13 samples) of buffaloes. The age distribution in seropositive buffaloes with The seropositive to leptospira in Urmia buffaloes must be considered as an important disease and special attention is necessary due to the probable transmission of disease to other buffaloes and human. Thus, in the lack of vaccination programs for animals, the administration of hygienic methods, rodenticides and preventive procedures must be applied by farmers and veterinary organization.

Macro-minerals in diet and water are the main sources of milk minerals in cows.
1) Determination of macro-mineral concentrations and their local variations 2) Relationships among minerals in cow's milk and water consumption.
A 110 water and milk samples were prepared in north, south, west and east of Urmia, Iran. A 10 ml water and milk from each cow collected and analyzed for minerals. Data were assessed by case summaries, ANOVA and correlation methods.
Milk calcium, magnesium and potassium were higher than in water and water sodium was higher than in milk. The lowest and highest mineral concentrations in water were phosphorus and sodium and in milk were potassium and calcium, respectively. The mean sodium and potassium in water and milk and chloride in water were different among locations (P The concentrations of milk calcium and water sodium were the greatest elements. Milk and water sodium and potassium levels were different among Urmia distinct with the greatest in the east. Water minerals were not correlated with each other but milk calcium, phosphorus and magnesium did. Water and milk calcium and magnesium showed positive correlations with each other, thus, calcium and magnesium could provide the mineral necessities in milk yield.

Myiasis is the infestation of live vertebrale animals with dipterous larvae, which for at least a certain period feed on the host. The aim of this study was a consideration infection to cutaneous and subcutaneous myiasis of cattle in Urmia region. The examination was performed in Urmia slaughterhouse and 47(2.14%) carcases out of 2194 examined were infectioned by Hypoderma spp. The results indicated that the infestation to H. bovis, H. lineatum and mixed infestation were seen in 27(1.23 %), 6(0.27 %) and 14(0.64 %), respectively. The results showed that there was not any infestation to cutaneous myiasis in the region. Due to presence of infestation to Hypoderma spp in the region more attention was done on treatment and prevent of the parasite.

Gastroenteritis, which makes about 15% of food borne infections in such countries as the United States, commonly occurs followed by drinking contaminated water. Raw feedstuffs of animal origin, esp. meat and eggs, play an important role in the transmission of the disease. Considering the important role of eggs in the transmission of salmonellosis and the high consumption rate of eggs produced by small-scale local producers in the region, 100 eggs were acquired from street vendors in Urmia and examined at Urmia Islamic Azad University microbiology laboratory. The isolation of Salmonella only from the yolk was performed by using the methods described in Harrigan and BAM. Six out of 100 examined eggs (6%) showed Salmonella contamination. The contaminated samples were then undergone serotyping using a polyvalent antiserum which finally showed that all isolated Salmonellae were motile and belonged to serogroup D (S. enteritidis). According to the high rate of infection in the eggs and consequently occurrence of the disease in case of consumption, making the public aware of the consequences of consuming such products and avoiding consumption of unpasteurized food of animal origin is recommended.