اسید چرب

This research aims to determine the physiological effects of the natural antioxidants of olive oil and the synthetic antioxidant of butyl hydroxytoluene (BHT) by studying the fatty acids of the diet and carcass and determining the food shelf life indicators (TVN and peroxide) in Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) breeding was done. For this purpose, 315 juvenile fish with an initial weight of 108 ± 0.02 gr were selected and stored in seven treatments after acclimatization to the brackish water of the Caspian Sea. Three dietary treatments with concentrations of 1, 3, and 5% of olive oil and three other treatments with concentrations of 100, 150, and 200 mg/kg of diet from BHT and the control treatment without olive oil and BHT were fed to the fish, and each treatment with three repetitions for two months. The results showed that the fatty acids levels of diets containing olive oil and fish carcasses that used these diets had significant differences compared to diets containing BHT. The results of food shelf-life indicators showed that the shelf life of diets containing 1% and 3% olive oil increased. Based on the results, the amount of TVN decreased in all treatments compared to the control. However, the lowest increase in TVN was observed in treatments 1 and 2 (56.9 ± 0.38 and 59.8 ± 0.23 meq/100 g), respectively; which was significantly lower than the control and other treatments. The amount of peroxide in the control and treatments 3 and 6 was significantly higher than other treatments; But the lowest amount of peroxide was observed in treatments 4 and 1 (6.8 ± 0.17 and 7.23 ± 0.21 meq/1000 g), respectively, which was significantly less than the control and other treatments. In general, adding the natural antioxidant of olive oil 1 and 3% to the diet increased the shelf life of the diet and preserved the carcass quality of juvenile Persian sturgeon, and its addition to the diet is recommended.

Blood parameters and fatty acid profile have been studied in various cultured fish due to their structural and physiological importance. This study aims to investigate blood parameters and the fatty acid profile of Caspian kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum) fry in different rearing densities. This experiment was carried out on 300 pieces of R. frisii (2 g) in five density treatments (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 pieces in a 60 L of water) with three replications at a feeding rate of 8% of body weight for 56 days. The results obtained from this study did not show significant differences in the amounts of red blood cells and hemoglobin among different densities (P>0.05), but there was a significant difference in the values of white blood cells and hematocrit among different treatments (P<0.05). The highest levels of cortisol and glucose hormones were obtained in two high densities (20 and 25), which were significantly different from the first three treatments (P<0.05). At densities of 5 and 15 fish, the levels of palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) among saturated fatty acids (SFAs) showed the highest values at densities of 10, 20, and 25 fish (P<0.05). Gammalinoleic acid (C18:3n6) was the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid in all treatments (P<0.05). In general, higher SFAs were estimated than unsaturated fatty acids in different rearing densities. The high rearing density of R. frisii caused chronic stress and changes in the levels of some indicators, especially cortisol and glucose.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary fatty acid composition on growth performance and some hepatopancreatic enzymes under temperature stress and hypoxia in western white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). For this purpose, 27 tanks with a volume of 300 liters, the density of 15 shrimps with 3 types of diets under 3 stress treatments (1: no challenge to environmental stresses; 2: with hypoxic stress (2±1 ppm); 3: with increasing temperature stress (36±2 °C). After the end of the experimental period, the highest survival rates in treatments 1 and 3 were 91.11 and 86.67%, respectively. The obtained results showed that the consumption of diet 1 compared to diet 2 shows a 90% survival rate. There was a significant difference in specific growth rate between treatments so that the highest rate was obtained in treatment 1 and the lowest in treatment 2 (p<0.05). The results of the physical and chemical parameters of water on different days showed that there was no significant difference between different treatments (p<0.05).The results of aspartate amino transferase (AST) in different treatments showed that there is a significant difference between the amount of AST in different diets before and after environmental stress (p>0.05). In shrimp fed with diet 2, the amount of enzyme during temperature stress (285.83±17.7 IUL) showed the highest increase in the amount of enzyme titer, which was more than 3 times the amount of enzyme in pre-stress conditions. Based on the results, the amount of alanine amino transferase (ALT) in shrimp fed with diets 2 and 3 increased sharply. Also, the measurement results of this enzyme in different treatments were significantly different (p>0.05). Generally, it can be concluded that shrimp fed a diet with 7.02% of total fat, total saturated fatty acids (5 g per 100 g of food), and total unsaturated fatty acids (13 g per 100 g of food) had the highest survival rate and higher specific growth under adverse environmental conditions.

A comparison of fatty acid levels of rainbow trout reared in brackish water and freshwater in the southern region of the Caspian Sea was done using four types of commercial feed. The fish with equal density and biomass were reared for 90 days. The fish weight was 500 g at the first of rearing, and they reached more than 1700 g at the end of the breeding period. To determine the fatty acid profile, 5 samples from each farm were taken from the dorsal muscle of the edible tissue of fish at the end of the rearing period. The results showed that the rearing environment, in addition to affecting fish growth and feed efficiency, also affected the meat composition of the fatty acid profile of fish meat. The maximum weight gain of the fish in freshwater was 1025 g, and in brackish water was 1291 g with a food conversion ratio of 1.27-1.32 and 0.97-1, respectively (p<0.05). The feed efficiency rate was obtained in fresh water 1.07-1.97 and in brackish water 2.29-2.59 (p<0.05). The total saturated fatty acids of fish in freshwater (22.24±1.07%) was lower than in brackish water (25.69±0.22 %) (p<0.05). The total of monounsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids differed in farms independent of diet and rearing environment (p<0.05). However, the amount of omega-6 fatty acid was optimal (17.52-31.26%), and omega-3 fatty acid (0.10-0.12%) was far less than similar studies outside Iran. As a result, a small amount of omega-3 unsaturated fatty acid was used in the composition of the primary ingredients of the feed. Generally, the growth process, feed efficiency, and meat of rainbow trout raised in brackish water in a sea cage environment has relatively better quality than fish raised in freshwater.

Coenzyme Q10, as an antioxidant compound, has a role in the electron transport chain of the animal cell. To study the effects of this natural antioxidant on the quality and composition of the fish carcass; rainbow trout were fed by five dietary treatments containing 0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/Kg of coenzyme Q10 during an 8-week feeding trial. The results showed that coenzyme Q10 increased the pH and decreased the peroxide value of carcass fish on the first day of keeping in the refrigerator. The carcass thiobarbituric acid index was not affected by coenzyme Q10 at different refrigerator storage times (P< 0.05). Dietary levels of coenzyme Q10 significantly improved the organoleptic properties of fish flesh. Feeding the fish with various diet levels of coenzyme Q10 elevated the total omega-3, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the carcass compared to the control group. Overall, the results of this study showed that using coenzyme Q10 in the levels of 100-200 mg/kg of diet improve rainbow trout carcass quality.

This study was designed to determine the influence of both free and nanoencapsulated quercetin on fatty acid profile of zebrafish (Danio rerio) muscle and eggs. To this end, a total of 120 fish were divided into 4 experimental groups and fed with following diets: control, without additive; chitosan, 400 mg nanochitosan per kg diet; Qu, 400 mg free quercetin per kg diet; Qu-chi, 400 mg nanoencapsulated quercetin per kg diet. To assess fatty acid profile, the muscle and eggs was dissected after feeding trial. No significant difference was recorded for fatty acid profile of muscle and eggs in the chitosan group. Considering muscle tissue, however, the fish treated with free quercetin significantly elevated the levels of ARA, DHA, ∑HUFA, and ∑n-3 when compared to control group, whereas the fish received nanoencapsulated quercetin showed a significant increase in DHA, EPA, ARA, ∑n-3, and ∑HUFA levels in comparison to the other groups. Concerning eggs fatty acids, the fish received free quercetin increased the percentage of EPA, yet the animals treated with nanoencapsulated quercetin did the levels of EPA, DHA, ∑HUFA, n3/n6, and ∑n-3. Together, quercetin could enhance the fatty acid profile of zebrafish muscle and eggs, and nanoencapsulation process could enhance the performance of free quercetin.

The main focus for this study was to compare and evaluate the quality changes and to determine the shelf life of frozen Scomberomorus commerson fillet using quick and slow freezing methods. Scomberomorus commerson fillets were frozen by slow and quick freezing methods and kept in the freezer at -18°C for 180 days. Then proximate analysis, chemical test (Total volatile base nitrogen; TVN, Thiobarbituric acid; TBA), drip loss, fatty acids profile and sensory analysis were assessed. Generally, Ash content, TBA, and TVN, drip loss, SFA values were significantly increased during storage time where as the moisture, protein, fat, PUFA and MUFA were significantly decreased (P<0.05). The ratio of TVN, TBA and drip loss was found to be higher in slowly as against quickly frozen fish. The PUFA (19.71), MUFA (23.40) and ω3 (14.69) of the quick samples was higher than that of the slow samples (16.99, 22.64, 12.34%, respectively). Regarding sensory analysis, both samples were in acceptable condition but the quality of quick samples was better than slow frozen samples. The quick freezing method was generally much more influent on quality parameters than slow freezing method.

In this study, the textual properties and changes in the composition of fatty acid of Metapenaeus affinis muscle were evaluated under the influence of light and moisture drying methods. For this purpose, shrimp samples were cooked after washing and rinsing at 31 ° C with 5-10% salt solution for 30 minutes and then by sunlight (29 ° C for 2 days) and oven (61 ° C for 24 hours) and stored in a polyethylene package at room temperature (average 27 ° C) for six months. The total amount of saturated fatty acids of shrimp muscle dried by sunlight and oven method showed a constant and incremental trend during the maintenance period. The total amount of unsaturated fatty acids of crude shrimp muscle was not significantly different from that of dried shrimp in both methods. Dry shrimps did not show any significant difference at zero time with both methods. The total amount of fatty acids with a double bond of shrimp muscle dried by sunlight and oven method during the maintenance period showed an incremental and constant trend, respectively. Total fatty acids with multiple dendrites' of shrimp muscle showed a significant decrease compared to dried shrimp in both methods. However, dried shrimp did not show any significant difference in both methods at zero time. The total amount of unsaturated fatty acids of muscle shrimp dried with sunlight showed a decreasing trend during the maintenance period. In the case of omega-3 fatty acids, the fresh samples showed a higher value compared to the dry specimen of zero and dry specimens in the sun and dried specimens in the oven in the 6th month. In general, the present research proposes both methods to maintain the composition of beneficial fatty acids and muscle tissue properties of shrimp.

Rainbow trout farms released always a large amount of organic matter into the environment, resulting in environmental contamination. If these waste can be used as a food source for the production of a secondary organism such as Nereis diversicolor, in addition to increasing production, it will reduce the volume of contamination originating from fish farms. In this regard, determining the nutritional value of the faeces produced and its effect on the growth performance of the worms feeding them compared with a standard commercial feed provides the possibility of better management to achieve maximum productivity and sustainable aquaculture. In this research, two treatments in three replicates with the density of 1000 worm/m2 were examined during 60 days under the same conditions (temperature 17.71 ± 0.6°C, oxygen 7.77 ± 0.16 mg / L, pH 7.96 ± 0.09). The first treatment was fed with faeces produced by rainbow trout and the second treatment was fed with a commercial feed of trout (Faradaneh). The results showed that worms fed with fish food had better conditions in terms of growth performance during 60 days in all growth and survival factors than worms fed with fish faeces. The main fatty acids in both groups of worms were Palmitic acid (C16: 0), Oleic acid (C18: 1 n9c), and Linoleic acid (C18: 2 n6c). Also, the ratio of DHA / EPA in both groups of worms was less than one (the first treatment was 0.40 ± 0.22% and the second treatment was 0.59 ± 0.18%). In general, the amount of main fatty acids, DHA, EPA and DHA / EPA ratio in worm samples fed with fish food were higher than those fed with fish faeces. Therefore, there is the possibility of breeding polychaete Nereis diversicolor by rainbow trout faeces, but they need more time for breeding to achieve proper growth. It is important because there is no cost for feeding.

Marine diatoms are important sources of fat and fatty acids that are considered for aquaculture and alternative energy sources, and under varying environmental conditions in algae. In order to influence the nitrogen deficiency and light intensity of the medium culture on the C.calcitrans fatty acid composition, algae was exposed to 4 nitrogen treatments (25,50,75 and 100% nitrogen) and light intensity (80, 160, 240 µmol m-2 s-1) in 1 liter Erlenmeyer was cultured. Sampling to determine fatty acid composition was done by harvesting in stationary phase and by Gas-chromatography. The results showed that total saturated fatty acids, C14:0  (Myristic acid), C16:0 (Palmitic acid), and mono unsaturated fatty acids, C16: 1n-7(Palmitoleic acid), C16: 1n-9(Hexadecenoic acid) and C18: 1n-9 (Oleic acid) were decreased by enhancing media nitrogen concentration (P≤0.05). Poly unsaturated fatty acids and also EPA and DHA fatty acids by enhancing nitrogen concentration were increased. Saturated fatty acids, C16:0 (Palmitic acid), C18:0 (Stearic acid), mono unsaturated fatty acids and C16: 1n-7 increased significantly with light intensity enhancement (P≤0.05). Poly unsaturated fatty acids did not show significant difference with light intensity enhancement. Also, the amount of DHA fatty acids did not show significant changes with light intensity, but the EPA increased significantly in the treatment of (240 µmol m-2 s-1) compared to 2 showed another light intensity (80 and 160 m-2 s-1). The overall results showed that unsaturated fatty acids increased with increasing nitrogen concentration in the medium culture, but did not increase fatty acids with increasing light intensity. Conversely, with increasing nitrogen concentration, saturated fatty acids decreased and with increasing light intensity saturated fatty acids increased.

Fish is a potential source of vitamins and minerals and the cooking method play an important role in the final content of nutrients of it. The aim of the present study was to the effects of different cooking methods on the heavy metals, fillet proximate composition and fatty acid composition of Roach (Rutilus rutilus) fillet.

Four cooking methods such as deep frying, baking, steaming, and microwave cooking were applied on the fillet. Determination of the remaining heavy metals of the samples was carried out using atomic absorption. The proximate composition was assessed using the standard methods. To measure the composition of fatty acids, Gas Chromatography method (GC) was applied.

All treated samples had a significant decrease in moisture (frying) and ash (microwave) and a significant increase in fat (frying) and protein (baking). The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), ω‐3 fatty acids as well as EPA/DHA content increased in baked samples in comparison to raw fish fillets and other cooked. The frying process caused a significant increase in lead concentration content. While the steaming significantly decreased heavy metals concentration in comparison to raw fish fillets and other cooked.

Considering the increasing of EPA, DHA, and ω‐3/ω‐6 ratio in baked‐cooked and losses of heavy metals in steamed, these two cooking methods are the best cooking method for this type of fish and healthy diet.

The Caspian roach, Rutilus caspicus, is considered a new species for sustainable development and increasing the variety of cultured fish species in Iran. The aim of the present research was to study the effect of different levels of gammridae extracts on feed acceptability, utilization, growth performance and salinity stress resistance of Caspian roach. For this purpose, after evaluation of amino acids and fatty acids profiles, extract of gammaridae of Caspian sea shorelines was mixed with distilled water at two concentrations of (1:25 and 1:50) and sprayed on formulated feed by 2% before each feeding. Each concentration was tested in three replicates with a control. The experiment was carried out in 100-liter tanks which were filled by 80%. Twenty fingerlings of the Caspian roach weighted 4.3±0.5 g were introduced to each tank. Fish were fed to apparent satiation 3 times a day for 8 weeks. The speed of feed intake and effect of extract on feed acceptability were calculated in the first 15 minutes of feeding. At the end of the trial, growth parameters (final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, condition factor, and feed conversion ratio) and resistance against salinity stress (15 mg/l or ppt) were measured. The results indicated that growth parameters significantly improved in fingerlings fed with diets containing gammaridae extract (P < 0.05), although no significant difference was found between two concentrations of extract (P> 0.05). In addition, the study findings showed that survival of fingerlings to salinity stress significantly increased after 72 hours (P< 0.05). The findings of the present study revealed that gammarus extract can increase feed acceptability and improve the growth in the Caspian roach due to its suitable amino acid and fatty acid profile.

Changes in diet during the recent years have caused a marked increase in consumption of saturated fatty acids and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with a concomitant decrease in the intake of n-3 PUFAs. Increased fish consumption has been shown to be one of the best way to increase dietary intake of long-chain n-3 PUFAs such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and more balanced n-6: n-3 ratios. Our objective in this research was to characterize fatty acid profile of 7 commonly consumed fish species with different prices, from Persian Gulf. Fishes were collected from local market of Bandar abbas. Fatty acid composition of samples was determined using gas chromatography. This analysis revealed that Pomadasys kakkam and Pseudorhombus elevates contained highest concentrations of n-3 PUFA, low saturated fatty acids (42.41%, 35%) and Pampus argennteus, as one of the most expensive among southern marine fishes contained lowest concentrations of n-3 PUFA, higher saturated fatty acids (6.72% , 42%).

In this study, changes in fatty acid composition during embryonic and larval development of Big head carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis were examined. Samples were taken from stages (fertilized eggs, yolk sac larvae, yolk-sac absorption larvae and before entering the pond). Analyses of fatty acid composition were performed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The results showed that saturated fatty acids (SFA) was significantly decreased during the embryonic period (P<0.05). Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were not significantly reduced during larval development. The results showed that omega-3 fatty acids and DHA during embryonic and larval development were increased and decreased processes, respectively. In total, saturated fatty acids in the embryonic period had energetic role and monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids had a structural role during embryonic and larval period.

The present study aimed to assess fatty acid profile in filet of male and female gray mullet from the southern region of the Caspian Sea. A total of 100 fish (55 male and 45 female) were caught from 10 stations in three coastal provinces of the Caspian Sea. Carcasses were analyzed according to the standard AOAC methods, and fatty acids were measured using gas chromatography. Mean protein, fat, moisture, and ash in golden gray mullet were 22.18±1.98, 3.08±1.21, 78.02±2, 1.40±0.43 respectively. A total of 28 fatty acids were identified, including 10 saturated, 8 monounsaturated, and 10 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Total amount of SFA fatty acids were 27.63, 24.95, 36.02 grams per 100 grams fat, respectively in male fish, and 30.39, 30.26, 29.42 grams per 100 grams fat respectively, in female fish, with a significant difference between them. The most prevalent SFA fatty acids included palmitic, oleic, and docosahexaenoic in fish muscles. Omega 3, omega 6, and omega 9 fatty acids in golden gray mullet comprised 29.61, 3.31, 11.17 percentage of total fatty acids respectively, and were significantly higher in the male species. ω-3/ω-6 and PUFA/SFA ratios were 9.22 and 1.2%, respectively. The sum total of two essential fatty acids in gray mullet (DHA and EPA) was 21.64%, which is important to promotion of health and prevention and recovery from illness in humans.

The effect of cold-smoking was studied on the production of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), quality indexes, microbial community and omega-3 fatty acid profile of common carp. Thus, the fresh fish was smoked and stored for 30 days at 4°C. The nutritional values of both fresh and smoked products (protein, lipid, moisture and ash), pH and TVB-N indexes, microbial count including TC, molds and yeasts, were determined and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs, carcinogenic PAH4 compounds and also fatty acids composition were determined using HPLC and GC, respectively. The results showed that microbial community was well controlled and moisture content decreased during smoking, thus protein and lipid content were increased (P0.05).The results also showed that cold-smoking and one month storing at 4°C didnt change the composition of carp fatty acid, and useful series such as ω-3, ω-6, EPA and DHA were well preserved.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of Padina astraulis extract on the growth performances (final weight (FW) and daily growth ratio (DGR)), feed indices (feed conversion rate (FCR), voluntary feed intake (VFI), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lipid efficiency ratio (LER) and body chemical (protein, fat, moisture and ash) and fatty acid profile of Mugil cephalus for 62 days. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 360 of Mugil cephalus larvae (with average weight of 0.82±0.02g) in 4 treatments and 3 replicates (n=30 in each replicate) and included: control group without using algae extract, an another groups (treatment 2, 3 and 4) the amounts of this extract were 5,10 and 15 g/kg food. The results showed that at the end of experiment, the highest FW (4.22±0.11g), DGI (1.77±0.51%), the lowest FCR (0.95±0.05), the highest VFI (2.81±0.12 %), the highest PER (2.91±0.78), the highest LER (3.66±0.54), the highest crude protein (23.51±0.98%), the highest crude lipid (18.95±0.08%) and the highest poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) including C18:2n-6 (6.51±0.04%), C18:3n-3 (4.81±0.09%) and C20:5n-3 (EPA) (5.21±0.10%) were observed in the diet containing 15 g /kg algae extract in all of these parameters, treatment 4 showed a significant difference compared with control group (P

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of Spirulina pletensis powder on the growth performances (final weight (FW), daily growth ratio (DGR), feed indices (feed conversion rate (FCR), voluntary feed intake (VFI), protein efficiency ratio (PER), protein produce value (PPV), body chemical (protein, fat, moisture and ash) and fatty acid composition of Mugil cephalus for 62 days. The experiment was run in a completely randomized design with 450 of grey mullet larvae (with an average weight of 0.72 ± 0.02 g) in 5 treatments with 3 replicates (n = 30 in each replicate). The treatments were control group without algae extract, other groups (treatment 2, 3,4 and 4) with algae extract, i.e 5, 10, 15 and 30 g/kg food. The results showed that at the end of experiment, the highest FW (5.13 ± 0.02g), DGR (3.44 ± 0.20%), the lowest FCR (0.99 ± 0.03), the highest PER (8.61±0.27), the highest PPV (39.48 ± 2.54), the highest crude protein (19.70 ± 0.30%), the highest crude lipid (10.08 ± 0.0%) and the highest poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), including C18:2n-6 (32.60 ± 2.09%) and C18:3n-3 (3.72 ± 1.03%), were observed in the diet containing 15 g/kg algae extract in all of these parameters. The treatment 4 showed a significant difference with control treatment (P

The sensory attributes, chemical indices, microbial load and fatty acid composition of Silver carp were investigated as affected by thermal drying. The samples were dried at 60 °C for 4-24 h using a laboratory dryer, and stored at 4 °C. Temperature and time were recorded until moisture reduced to 35%. The products were packed under atmospheric and vacuum conditions. The results showed that there were no effects on sensory attributes, microbial load, pH and FFA. However drying significantly (p

The present study investigateeffect of different dietary macronutrient composition on fatty acids profile, body fat and pancreatic lipase enzyme activity in Siberian sturgeon. A group of 180 Siberian sturgeons juvenile (initial weight, 30 ± 5 g) were used in this experiment and fed on four isoenergetic diets. Diets were named LP-St (low protein and high carbohydrate: lipid ratio), HP-St (high protein and high carbohydrate: lipid ratio), LP-L (low protein and low carbohydrate: lipid ratio) and HP-L (high protein and low carbohydrate: lipid ratio). Fish were fed apparent satiety for 10 weeks. The samples were obtained from body carcass and juveniles intestine. In this study, the same level of fish oil and sunflower oil were used as a source of diet lipid content. The HUFAs content in HP-St and LP-L diets were showed highest and lowest value, respectively. The results showed the body fatty acidsprofiles was significantly affected by fatty acids composition in diets (P