zeolite

The indirect application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in controlling the common fungal infection during the incubation period of Persian sturgeon -saprolegniasis - was investigated in this research. Filters containing 0.2%, 0.5% and 1% of AgNPs in two states without agent and with aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) coupling agent along with the control treatment (without filter) were the treatments investigated in the present study. The results showed that in the first 48 hours of incubation, which corresponds to embryonic growth before the start of neurulation, despite the start of contaminating the water in the incubators with Saprolegnia fungus, fungal infection was not seen in any of the investigated treatments. The results of measuring the amount of silver released from the studied filters at the end of the first 12 hours of incubation showed that the amounts of silver released in the water in the treatments of 1% AgNP filters without APTES and with APTES were significantly higher than other filters containing AgNPs. This trend was repeated at the next sampling rounds (48 and 96 hours) with the difference that the release rate was significantly higher only in the 1% AgNP-APTES filter treatment. In the treatment of AgNP-APTES filters, the percentage of hatching showed a significant increase compared to the control filter treatment.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of using basalt in reducing the nitrogen content of water and the growth performance of goldfish (Carassius auratus) for 60 days.

For this purpose, 245 pieces of goldfish with a mean weight of 9.42 ± 0.15 g and a longitudinal mean of 3 ±0.02 cm were purchased and after adaptation for one week in distribution experimental treatments. Were. Experimental treatments included control treatment (without filter), zeolite with 10 g/l, basalt with different amounts of 10, 20 and 30 g/l and for each level of filter, fish density during the experiment, two densities of 1.5 And 3 cm per liter were considered, which were randomly distributed to 25 pieces of fish for a density of 1.5 and 50 pieces for a density of 3 in 50 liter aquariums.

The results of this study showed that the presence of filtration had a positive effect on fish growth rate and fish had better growth factors in treatments of both densities that had filters compared to the control group (p<0.05). Ammonia, nitrite and nitrate levels in the eighth week of the study in treatments containing filters of both densities were significantly lower than the control treatment and did not exceed the toxic range (p<0.05).

According to the studies, it was found that basalt volcanic rock has a very high ability to absorb nitrogen compounds in water and 10 g/l basalt can be treated as a substitute for 10 g/l zeolite with a long reduction time more suggested.

Nowadays, due to the overuse of antibacterial substances, some strains of bacteria showed a resistance to them. Hence, it is necessary to use new effective methods to control diseases caused by these strains. Yersiniosis that occur in some aquatic species, is caused by Yersinia ruckeri, a Gram-negative rod-shaped enterobacterium. In recent decade, a new approach developed to control pathogen using synthetic polymers with antibacterial properties, one of this synthetic polymer is Polyethyleneimine (PEI) that many studies reported its antimicrobial properties in aquaculture activities. Thus, the purpose of this study was to control Yersinia ruckeri by impregnating the zeolite with Polyethyleneimine and install it as an antibacterial filter in the fish tank. In this study, clinoptilolite zeolites with two concentrations were used, the first sheet(I) containing 15g of zeolite activated by 30 ml of toluene and then added it 1ml of EPO and 1ml of PEI, for the second sheet(II), the same procedure was run, but 2ml of EPO and 2ml of PEI were used, after that both sheets stirred under heat to give the desired agent and then transferred to the zeolite to produce the substrates treatments as two kinds of filters. Then ability of two anti-bacterial substrates tested to remove Yersinia ruckeri in the presence of the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The growth inhibition zone also tested at concentrations of 1.8×108 to 1.8×101 CFU/ml-1 and 1.8×104 CFU/ml-1. The results showed that zeolite coated with two concentrations of PEI polymer have the potential to remove Yersinia ruckeri at 1.8×103 to 1.8× 101 CFU/ ml-1. The bacterial concentration decreased by 54% and 70% at the bacterial concentration of 1.8×103 CFU/ml-1 for zeolite coated with concentrations of I and II, respectively. Also, the growth zone diameter positively correlated with zeolite weight, the growth zone diameter for 0.05g zeolite by concentration I and II were 10.7,11.3 mm, and for 0.1 g were 15.23, 15.88 mm and for 0.15g were 18.75, 19.11 mm respectively. Finally, it was concluded that the PEI polymer-impregnated zeolite, as an antibacterial substrate, exhibits its best appliance at the bacterial concentration of 1.8× 103 CFU/ ml-1.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of dietary nano-structured zeolite (NZ) levels on reduction of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the diet of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) for 56 days. For this purpose, 270 fish (23 ± 3.7 g) were randomly distributed into 6 groups including C (control), NZ0.5 (basic ration 0.5 % nano-structure zeolite), NZ1 (basic ration 1 % nano-structure zeolite), AF5 (basic ration 5 mg aflatoxin B1), AF5NZ0.5 (basic ration 5 mg aflatoxin B1 0.5 % nano-structure zeolite), AF5NZ1 (basic ration 5 mg aflatoxin B1 1 % nano-structure zeolite) each with three replicates. Juveniles were fed satiated 4 times a day. At the end of the experiment, there was no significant difference among the treatments in growth indices. The hepatosomatic index, number of white blood cells and neutrophil decreased significantly in treatment AF5NZ0.5 and lymphocyte level increased in comparison to NZ0.5 treatment. On the other hand, eosinophil level increased significantly in treatment NZ0.5 compared with AF5 treatment. Other hematological parameters showed no significant differences among the treatments. Total protein and albumin concentrations in the treatments containing aflatoxin had a significant decrease compared with the other treatments. Also globulin level in treatment AF5 decreased significantly compared to the control group. Phosphorus content in serum was significantly higher in group NZ0.5 compared with C group, but other biochemical parameters such as sodium, calcium and cholesterol were not significantly different among the specimens that were fed different diets. According to the present study, it can be suggested that 0.5 % of zeolite nano-structure in the diet can reduce the harmful impacts of aflatoxin B1 and improve health status of trout.

The research in the spring of 1392 in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecological Research was carried out for 15 days. In this case the density of the white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in the 300 larvae Plper 15 litres of water was considered.Physical and chemical factors of water temperature, salinity, oxygen and pH were measured and recorded daily. 10% of the tank water was replaced daily. Aerated with a core aerator during the day was done. Western white leg shrimp larvae was 4 times daily feeding who concentrate twice a day and twice was used for enrichment of Artemia. The five treatments were used in this experiment. Order: 1 - control treatment (without zeolite) 2-1 g of zeolite L 3-2 grams of zeolite L 4-3 grams of zeolite L and 54 g of zeolite per litre will be three replications for each treatment considered. The results of the statistical analysis of the data showed that with increasing zeolite treatments, growth parameters such as mean weight gain and relative growth rate and survival rate, show a significant difference (P <0.05).

Nitrogenous compounds are the main anionic pollutants in recirculating aquaculture systems. Ion exchangers are vastly applied in waste water industry. Negative surface charge? of the zeolites and clays enable them for cation absorptions, however, they do not have any tendency for absorbing anion absorptions. Meanwhile, by modifying surface structure??, they can absorb anions. In the present study, modifications of superficial and layered structures of clays were carried out using the organic compound, tetradecyltrimethylammonium and heat treatment to enable the ion exchangers to absorb the nitrogenous anions from rearing system. Three different ambient temperatures (10, 15 and 20 °C) and different pHs (6, 6.5, 7, 7.5 and 8) were used. Results showed that environmental conditions influenced anionic adsorption. Nitrate and nitrite absorption from aquaculture effluent and nitrate from standard solution by two absorbent had significant effect by ambient temperature (P< 0.05). In aquaculture effluent, pH did not show any regular effect on nitrite absorption. It was inferred that environmental factors such as temperature, pH, anion concentration, presence of other ions and counter ions are effective on absorptive capability of a given ion. Results showed that modified ion exchangers might be useful for harmful anion absorption from recirculating aquaculture system.

The main concern in fish transportation is about minimizing stress during transportation. In this study, the effects of zeolite and clove essence on rainbow trout survival and stress were investigated during transportation. 4 treatments (each one includes 3 replicates) consisting of control, clove essence (25 mg/l), zeolite (14g/l) and clove essence (25mg/l) (14g/l) were considered. 156 fish (an average weight about 80 ± 4. g) with a density of 130 kg/m3 were distributed randomly. Survival rates, cortisol and glucose levels were measured and analyzed (as indicators of stress) at zero, 6, 12 and 18 hours after the beginning of transportation. In the end, the results showed a significant difference in the survival rates as the control group had the lowest rates (P

We evaluated Zeolite efficiency in absorbtion of ammonia from sea water. Three phases including ammonia movement through Zeolite column, application of Zeolite powder and granule in closed containers filled with ammonia solution and dispersion of Zeolite in shrimp culture tanks were implemented in the study. For the first phase, ammonia solution in two concentrations (4.8 and 2.42mg/lit) and a water salinity of 42 ppt (sea water) was passed through the Zeolite column (400g of granule Clinoptilolite) in three replications.
Concentration of ammonia in outlet solution was between 0.2-5.4mg/lit in the first replication and 0.0 to 5.5, 0.0 to 2.6mg/lit in the 2nd and 3rd replication, respectively. At the second phase, volume and levels of ammonia concentration left in the closed jug of ammonia solution was different. The concentration of ammonia was measured at various time periods in four replications. The results showed that ion exchange in seawater is not a one way process, so that ammonia concentrations in the jugs with Zeolite fluctuated with time, contrary to its stable concentration in control treatments. At the third phase, Zeolite in granule and powder forms was added to culture tanks of shrimp juveniles (Penaeus indicus) weighting on average 0.2g each for 79 days of culture period and a stoking density of 16 individuals per square meter. Thus, we provided three treatments, using Zeolite granules, powder and one control. A Duncan's test of the growth and survival rate of the cultured shrimps showed no significant difference among the treatments (P>0.01).