information

the general purpose of the present research is to investigate and analyze the effects of information and communication technology on the development of rural entrepreneurship. The current research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive-survey in terms of data collection, and quantitative in terms of approach. The statistical population of the research includes all the villagers of Dezej village of Dahaqan County in Isfahan province (N=1858). A sample size of318 villagers was selected using the Cochran formula and simple random sampling. The data collection tool was a questionnaire, the face and content validity of which were confirmed by the relevant professors and experts in university of Shahrekord, and its reliability established using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.88). Data analysis was done using structural equation modeling method and Smart PLS software. The results showed that the impact of information and communication technology, and specifically it’s educational, economic, service and social effects, on the development of rural entrepreneurship is positive and significant; while the effect of awareness and information on the development of rural entrepreneurship was not significant. Based on the findings of this research, it can also be seen that the social effect of information and communication technology on the development of rural entrepreneurship has a higher rank than other factors, and the service, economic and educational effects come next in order.

Currently, ICT has a tremendous impact on the efficiency of the educational system, and its usage is aimed at continuously training users in educational programs. The continuity of this education depends on the teachers' willingness to continue using ICT. Therefore, the present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the factors that affect the utilization of ICT by educators in the winter of2022. To achieve this objective, the GETAMEL model was utilized to explain the factors that predict Jihad Agricultural Organization teachers' behavior. Within this model, the constructs of enjoyment, subjective norms, self-efficacy, and anxiety are external factors that influence the constructs of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of the TAM theory. The statistical population of this research was the experts of agricultural jihad of Fars province who were the instructors of training courses and were selected using the multi-stage random cluster sampling method. The data collection tool was a questionnaire which content validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by the Ordinal theta coefficient (θ˃0.8). The data were analyzed using frequency, mean, SEM and, SPSS24 and, Smart-PLS3 software. The GETAMEL model successfully predicted 64% of the variance of ICT usage behavior. Additionally, the results indicated that perceived usefulness had a direct effect on self-efficacy, enjoyment, and subjective norms. Moreover, perceived ease of use directly influences subjective norms and inversely affects anxiety. The results of this research can be valuable in formulating policies to sustain educator's motivation to use ICT within agricultural education.

The most important issue regarding the impact of information and communication technologies on rural development is its acceptance by local communities, which is influenced by various factors such as its compatibility with local conditions, the level of awareness of communities about the role of information and communication, and the level of efficiency. Shandiz district is one of the districts of Torghabe Shandiz County, which has witnessed the expansion of access to information and communication technology services in recent years. Considering the functional position of this region in the field of tourism and its related businesses, the development and access to information and communication technologies and improving the level of awareness of how to use it, can provide the economic and social development of the villagers of this region. In this regard, the present research aims to evaluate the level of acceptance of information and communication technologies in the villages of this district and also to explain the factors affecting the acceptance of information and communication technologies by the villagers in order to develop its effects in the region.

The current research is an applied study that was conducted in the field. Data collection methods include documentary studies, observation, interviews and completing a researcher-made questionnaire in a rural community in Torghabe Shandiz county. The statistical population of the research was randomly selected 12 villages. Also, the sample size of the research includes 196 households, which was determined by Cochran's formula with an error of 0.07, and by correcting the samples of less than 10 households in some villages, the number of samples increased to 234 people. In order to check the reliability of the questionnaire and indicators made from Cronbach's alpha, and to check the validity of the questionnaire, the opinions of university professors and experts in the field of information and communication technology and rural studies were considered. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the collected data.

Chi-square test was used to check the variable status of information and communication technology acceptance level. Using the chi-square test, the significance value for all indicators was calculated to be less than 0.05. All indicators of acceptance of information and communication technology are meaningful and can be generalized to the whole society.Examining the relationship between individual variables (age, education and income) with the acceptance of information and communication technology shows that there is no relationship between the level of income and the acceptance of information and communication technology. But there is a direct and positive relationship between education level and technology adoption. Also, there is an inverse relationship between age and acceptance of technology.In order to measure and compare the average level of acceptance of information and communication technology among the users of communication technologies, the t-test with two independent groups was used. According to the results, people who do not believe in the use of information and communication technologies have a lower level of acceptance than people who consider the use of these technologies useful and effective. Also, single people have a higher level of acceptance than married people, and people who have gardens and handicrafts use communication and information technologies more. Having a computer and having access to the Internet also increase the level of acceptance.In the following, exploratory factor analysis was used to extract factors affecting acceptance. A total of 4 factors (education and facilities, cultural and religious, economic and individual) were extracted and named according to the nature of the variables.In order to investigate the influence of factors affecting the acceptance of information and communication technology on the villagers' acceptance of these technologies, the simultaneous regression model (Enter Method) has been used. The coefficient of determination that shows the degree of explanation of the variance and changes of the dependent variable i.e. the degree of acceptance of information and communication technologies by the 4 independent variables i.e. education and facilities, cultural and religious factors, economic and individual factors, is equal to 0.84 which shows that the indicators of the independent variable explain 84% of the changes related to the dependent variable.Among the independent variables, the "cultural and religious" variable has the greatest role in predicting changes in the dependent variable. After that, there is the variable of education and facilities, and finally, the economic variable is able to predict the changes of the dependent variable by 0.35%.

According to the objectives of the research, the findings of the research confirm that the acceptance of new technologies among the villagers depends on many individual and general factors such as their education level, age, etc. Also, the research findings show that single people have a higher level of acceptance than married people. Also, according to the results, the use of information and communication technology has been more among the villagers who own gardens or produce handicrafts, and the reason for this was the use of this tool for selling and marketing processed products and increasing the income of this group of villagers. The findings of the field investigations showed that Virani village, being in a short distance from the city of Mashhad and having furniture production workshops, generally has got more connections with the city dwellers and tourists, and also has more modern technologies for selling and marketing of its products and, therefore, the level of acceptance and use of information and communication technologies is higher among the residents of this village.Considering the increase in the use of information and communication technologies in rural areas, as well as the youth-oriented nature of the users of these technologies, in order to guide the correct use and reduce the challenges in this area such as corruption and fraud, the need to strengthen and provide educational and cultural background for adequate acceptance of technologies is one of the most important requirements. According to the results obtained, training and creating the right facilities, removing religious misconceptions and cultural doubts, increasing transparency in the field of different dimensions of technologies in different groups, highlighting the advantages and desirable uses of technologies to villagers and controlled and guided access to it can greatly help the basic and correct acceptance of technologies in rural areas. In this regard, educational and cultural institutions, media and families play an important role.

Food safety is considered a serious challenge due to the increase in the world population and efforts to increase agricultural activities. Good agricultural practices are one of the recognized standards for achieving high-quality food safety. The purpose of this descriptive research was to analyze the effects of using information and communication resources on the implementation of Good Agriculture Practices (GAPs). The statistical population of the study was strawberry growers in Marivan and SarvAbad counties (N=241). The sample size was determined via the Krejcie and Morgan table (n=174). The sampling was carried out using proportional stratified random sampling process. The research instrument was a questionnaire. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was evaluated and verified by the panel of experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by calculating Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability (CR) coefficients. For data analysis, AMOS23 and SPSS23 software were employed. Research findings showed that oral (path coefficient: 0.30) and written (path coefficient: 0.28) resources had positive and significant effects on applying GAPs by strawberry growers; so that these resources could explain about 35% variance in the implementation of GAPs. Based on the results, it is suggested to consider the possibility of more use of information resources by strawberry growers by using face-to-face and applicable communication channels.

the present descriptive-correlation research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between information and communication technology and the job performance of teachers in conservatories and agricultural training centers in Kermanshah province through the mediating role of organizational agility. The participants in this research were 267 teachers of conservatories and agricultural education Centers in Kermanshah province (N=267), who were counted according to their number. To collect data from three standard information and communication technology questionnaires of Mahmoudi (2012); Patterson's job performance questionnaire (1990) and Sharifi and Zhang's organizational agility questionnaire (2002) were used.The convergent validity of the questionnaire was also calculated through AVE, which was obtained as 0.78.The research tool was checked through the ordinal theta coefficient (0.83-0.87) using R software, and the ordinal theta rate was 0.83 for information and communication technology, 0.86 for job performance, and 0.86 for organizational agility. 0.85 And overall 0.87 was obtained.SPSSwin22 and Smart PLSwin3 software were used for data analysis.Based on the results of the Pearson correlation coefficient, there was a positive and significant relationship between the development of information and communication technology and organizational agility, as well as between organizational agility and the job performance of agricultural educators.. Information and communication technology as an independent variable had a significant effect on two dependent variables, i.e. job performance and organizational agility. So that information and communication technology accounted for 57% of the total variance of job performance and 34% of the total variance of organizational agility explains.

extensional media develop extensional activities and have a high impact on audiences in different target groups. The media can be used in different production structures and be used collectively, massively, and individually according to the level of literacy, age, climatic characteristics, product characteristics, as well as culture and religious and belief values. According to these characteristics, after the establishment of the new system of agricultural extension, the views on the media became deeper and more practical in such a way that while trying to develop the existing media quantitatively and qualitatively, moving towards the use of new media and technology. New media has doubled in speed. This narrative review article was written with the aim of explaining the role of the new extensional system in the development of extensional media. In this article, the state of promotion media before and after the implementation of the new promotion system has been reviewed and investigated, with emphasis on the elements of the knowledge management system. The findings of the research show that after the implementation of the new promotion system, appropriate developments in the production of some media that were already used It was created from this category of media, we can refer to written media and audio-visual media In addition to that, new media such as based media it and ict agricultural applications, agricultural knowledge and techniques extension hall, agricultural education and extension messenger, agricultural app system, national and provincial barekat network were formed as the largest extensional virtual network.

One of the primary and most important goals of the agricultural knowledge and information system is to focus on the welfare of stakeholders. This study investigates the factors affecting the agricultural knowledge and information system from the perspective of extension experts in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Provinces. In terms of the purpose of applied research and based on the nature of the research data, it is descriptive-survey research. The study's statistical population was the extension experts of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Agricultural Jihad Organization, which according to the report of this organization, is 260. Krejcie and Morgan's table was used to determine the sample size. Based on this table, the sample size was estimated at 152 people. The data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts, and its reliability was estimated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for different parts of the questionnaire. Data were analysed by SPSS21 and Smart PLS software and various statistical tests. The results showed that leadership and management with a standard operating load of 0.621, manpower with a standard operating load of 0.569, planning with a high standard load of 0.365, Structural factors with a standard factor load of 0.353 have the most significant impact on the agricultural knowledge and information system of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces, respectively.

Today, entrepreneurship education is needed in universities for progress, production and development. In recent years, the growing unemployment of educated people in the fields of agriculture and natural resources has caused great concern for individuals and society. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting entrepreneurship education of agricultural and natural resources students at Shahrekord University. This research is a descriptive-correlational research. The statistical population of this study included all incoming students of the faculties of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Earth Sciences of Shahrekord University in the academic years 2014-18 (N = 2000). To determine the statistical sample size using Cochranchr('39')s formula, 322 students were selected as the sample. Data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity was reviewed and confirmed by the professor of the management department of Payame Noor University of Khansar. To measure the reliability of the questionnaire, the method of calculating Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficients was calculated using SPSS software version 23 and showed an acceptable Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient (a= 0.70-0.86). Inferential statistics and structural equations were used to analyze the data using Amos software. Findings showed that empirical learning, information and communication technology, risk-taking and entrepreneurial characteristics of the learner directly and indirectly affect entrepreneurship education. Therefore, universities should pay attention to the importance of factors affecting entrepreneurship education and make more use of experiential learning and information and communication technology in entrepreneurship education.

The purpose of this descriptive-correlational research was to explain the role of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the formation of the apricot value chain in Mahneshan Township. The statistical population of the study was apricot growers of central region in Mahneshan connty (N=320). The sample size determined via the Cochran formula (n=118). The sampling method was simple random sampling. The research instrument was a researcher-designed questionnaire. Content validity of the questionnaire verified by the panel of experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by calculating the Cronbach’s alpha coefficients in the desirable range (greater than 0.7). Descriptive results showed that the mean for components of the ICTs including information resources, resource usage level, and accessibility level were 1.687, 1.188, and 1.957, respectively. Furthermore, the calculated mean value for apricot value chain was obtained 1.957 out of 6. Findings of structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that this variable could explain about 67% of the variation of apricot value chain formation in Mahneshan county. The two components of access rate and the use of resources with the values of 0.37 and 0.25, had the highest and lowest effect on the formation of apricot value chain, respectivel.

Aquaculture is one of the agricultural sub-sectors, whose development is of great importance. In the sustainable aquaculture management, social and ecological dimensions are interdependent, and should be considered as a system. In present study, management activities in the form of information exchange, coordination and participation networks among 27 organizations, which are active in aquaculture in Alborz watershed in Mazandaran province are studied using social network analysis. The needed data for social network analysis was gathered through a questionnaire. The data were analyzed by using Ucinet6 which is one of the popular software for analyzing social network data. Based on the results, organizations such as the Mazandaran Fishery Department, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center and Governor had suitable situation in receiving and delivering information and knowledge, cooperation and participation with other organizations, which indicate mentioned organizations are active and dynamic in the network. In addition, the results showed that governmental organizations have more power and centrality (authority) in information exchange, cooperation and participation networks compared to Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). In the other side, investigating the NGOs’ out-degree (Social influence) and in-degree (reputation and authority) centralities showed that out-degree centrality is more than in-degree centrality, which indicate that responsible organizations haven’t paid attention to local and NGOs’ knowledge and information related to aquaculture. The results of the role of network activators and analysis of the effect size on restrictions represented that Mazandaran Fishery Department could be considered as a powerful knowledge and information producer with attracting participation and cooperation of other organizations in the network.

Many scholars and experts have a special emphasis on an appropriate understanding of information resources as well as the suitable use of them which means having a desirable information seeking behavior due to the importance of the knowledge and information as the main effective factors of agricultural development. Investigating the information seeking behavior of the wheat farmers in order to determine its affecting factors was the main purpose of the study. All of the wheat farmers of central district of Zanjan township (N=5705) were the statistical population of the study in which 250 individuals were selected as a sample through multistage sampling method. Data were collected through a questionnaire. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. The reliability was also confirmed through a pretest which the Cronbach`s alpha of the variables were calculated in an acceptable level (0.784 to 0.888). The results showed that about 50 and 46 percent of the wheat farmers used the communication and information resources and channels at moderate and low levels, respectively; whereas, only 4 percent of them used the resources and channels at high level. Furthermore, the results revealed that among the interpersonal information sources, family members and local authorities; multimedia information sources, television and radio programs; electronic media, educational films and CDs; and printed information sources, scientific books and newsletters and research reports of organizations had the highest ranks in terms of application, respectively. The results of a regression analysis indicated that 65.7 percent of the variance of dependent, use of communication and information resources and channels, were explained by the six variables including access to the resources and channels, communication skills, information needs, trust to resources and channels, information seeking attitude and the wheat yield.

This study aimed at investigating the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) on changes in lifestyle of rural women in Qarnabad village in Golestan province (as the first internet village of Iran).The study was conducted in a descriptive-analytic method and the required information was gathered through a researcher-designed questionnaire, containing 38 questions with five choices in Likert scale, as well as library and internet searches.The study findings showed that the use of ICT affected rural women's lifestyle in various components including body management pattern, home economics, nutrition, health, cultural consumption, purchasing, employment, and marriage, resulting in considerable changes; however, it did not show any significant impacts on the patterns of religious practice, personal communications, and residence (migration to cities). There was also found a significant relationship between the use of ICT and the changes in the lifestyle in terms of age, education and marital status. The rural ICT had its most impacts on health patterns and its least impacts on residence pattern (migration to cities). Equipping the Iranian villages with technologies necessary for the rural women's training, awareness, promotion of scientific base, and participation in information society was among the primary recommendations presented.

E-readiness is the ability of an organization to successfully adopt, use and benefit from ICTs such as e-commerce. The importance of ICTs, which assist organizations in management decision-making, succeeding and gaining competitive advantages, has already been underscored. The goal of this research was to assess e-readiness of rural and agricultural cooperative's managers and specialistsin province of Ilam. Based on target goal, this study was an applied research, while based on data collection it was a descriptive-correlative method. The statistical population of study included managers and experts of rural and agricultural cooperatives; out of which115 respondents were selected using stratified samplings. Data were collected using researcher-made questionnaires and Digital Literacy version of Washington University. Content validity of the questionnaire was tested by a panel of experts. Cronbach’s alpha was used to estimate reliability of the questionnaire, the low range of it was 0.9 and the high range of it was 0.98. Findings revealed that the mean application of ICTs by managers and specialists was 2.19, lower than the average value. Variables of familiarity with the Web, Web2 and social pressure explained around 55% of the variance of ICTs application. Thus, we suggest that managers and specialists should be provided with computer training courses and Internet workshops as well as the necessary social preconditions for successful application of ICTs in such units.

This study aimed to identify experts’ viewpoint toward web-based design and implementation of agricultural extension services in Iran. The methodological approach was a descriptive and survey study. The statistical population of the study consisted of agricultural experts and active website managers in this field, of whom 310 people were randomly selected using the stratified sampling method. The data were collected by Questionnair and its content and face validity was evaluated by experts and its reliability measured using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The results showed that according to the respondents’ view, the prioritized expected activities from an agricultural service-extension website were providing online and accurate meteorological information along with appropriate extension messages, expressing farmers’ problems and dealing with them, providing information regarding latest news and introducing new research achievements. Prioritized structural and appearance properties of an agricultural extension services website were respectively, the easy use of website facilities, comprehensibility and understanding of messages, full subject coverage and offering comprehensive and specialized information. Compare mean results showed that the respondents who were web managers and believed to present the website content through a provincial form and emphasized the necessity of taking the advice of academic members for updating the website, assessed the importance of the structural and appearance properties of and agricultural extension service website with a higher priority. This study recommended developing the website content based on target audience needs and providing its services to all Iranian farmers and rural through a regional, free and online scope.

This descriptive-correlation study was comdmcted to investigate factors influencing the statistical information technology by agricultural and natural resources students of Nahavand Payame Noor University. the population study was 318, from whom 175 students were selected by stratified random sampling Technique. Data were collected by questionnaire That’s validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was measured through ordinal alpha coefficient (α=0.86).According to findings, agricultural student had Medium attitudes towards the adoption of information technology in general. The result of path analysis showed that the variable of students’ attitudes towards using information technology had the most significant effect on the adoption of information technology (β= 0.56).
Furthermore, the other variables like: working experience with internet and computers (β= 0.53), Participate in training courses(β=0.46), students’ perception of easy application (β=0.39), usefulness (β=0.28) and their proficiency in English language (β= 0.20), had the most effects on the adoption of information technology and respectively ranked in other priorities.
It suggested that necessary condition to provid positive attitudes for the students and more use of information enhancing literacy and experience using of computers and other information in students through their participation in computer training classes and courses.

The purpose of present research was to analyze the influence of information and communication technology on Agricultural supply products chain. In this regard, About 220 Farmers of the central district of Falavarjan County were selected as research sample by using Cochran sampling technique. After confirming the face validity of the questionnaire by faculty members of the Rural Development, its reliability was assessed using Cronbach's Alpha from 0.82 to 0.94. The results showed that there were significant differences in the use of agricultural supply chain among different groups of farmers based on their age, income and education. Also, according to the results, there were positive and significant relationships between farmer's income and educational level as independent variables and adoption of ICT as dependent variable. Moreover, there was a negative and significant relationship between respondent's age and dependent variable. On the other hand, the results of multiple regression analysis showed that variables such as educational level and adoption of ICT had positive and significant effects on agricultural supply chain as these variables could explain 34.6 percent of the variances of the supposed dependent variable.

Adequate knowledge about the information needs and seeking behavior of users is vital for developing library collections, services and facilities to meet their information needs effectively. So, the purpose of this descriptive study was to investigate information-seeking behavior of educators in education-research activities. The research instrument was structural questionnaire with close-ended questions, which its validity and reliability was confirmed. The target population of this study consisted of educators (including teachers, instructors and faculty members) of agricultural-jihad educational center of Fars province (N=180) out of which, a number of 101 people were selected as statistical sample in a stratified sampling method by using Israel’s table (n=101). The result of research indicated that improving skills of teaching was the main educator's motivation of searching information. In addition, Persian books and internet were the main information sources using in teaching and research activities by educators, respectively. On the other hand, these results showed that the more than four fifth of respondents was using Google explorer engine to utilize web-based Persian journals. Furthermore reliable sources were the main criteria for using information sources. Low speed in being connected to internet, being scattered of libraries, and lack of accessing to full text of papers in journals were three top barriers in searching information stated by educators. Inferential results show there were statistical differences between the educator's use amount of information sources on the research activities regarding their education level and employment status.

The main objective of the research is to design the suitable knowledge transfer in agricultural research centers through distance education. The research method was a combinational one. The primary information was collected through Delphi method by knowledge transfer experts. After extraction of main criteria’s and determination of validity and reliability, the questionnaire was given to test givers. The data collection method was a field (questionnaire) and documentary one. The statistical population included 1930 people ; scientific staff ,the educators ,the educational trainers of agriculture research institutions and centers.According to Morgan table the sample volume was calculated on groups separation and to their population were 641 people ,which were selected as random classification.The data analysis was performed by descriptive and interventional statistics (the subjective /explorative analysis of first Bartlett and approval analysis )through application of SPSS and LISREL software .The results of the variance of each of the index and average variance of 37/61 percent indicator of knowledge production, technology, distance education, financial resources, technological content production. Information and communication, psychological, organizational culture and policies have a significant positive impact on knowledge transfer. And the explanatory model of knowledge transfer. Analysis of the rating factors indicator more effective knowledge creation in knowledge transfer. In addition Goodness of fit test results indicate the model is.