آنتوسیانین

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is one of the most important leafy vegetable. Due to importance and high demand the greenhouse and hydroponically growing of lettuce is increasing. One of the key points in effectiveness of hydroponic production is the formulation of suitable nutrient solution. Nitrogen as an essential element could be provided by two form in nutrient solution, ammonium and nitrate. Although both form provide the nitrogen for plants but they can affect the growth and physiological aspects differentiatly. In other side open systems of hydroponic in addition to to high cost for nutrient solution preparation can cause soil and water pollution, so its need to use hydroponic systems that decrease the amount of nutrient solution consumation. In this study we assessed the effect of three different NH4+:NO3- ratio in nutrient solution in an easy and very low cost closed hydroponic system so called Kratky method on lettuce production.

The experiment was conducted in hydroponic greenhouse as a factorial based on completely randomized design. Three nutrient solutions with the same level of total nitrogen but with different ammonium to nitrate ratio (0.5:8, 1:8 and 2:8) were used for growing the three lettuce cultivars (Local Romain, French red and Salinas) in closed hydroponic system without the exchange of nutrient solution during the growing cycle and just water were added to substition the of the consumed solution. The seeds of lettuce cultivars at first were planted in cell try that were filled with coco peat-perlite with 1:1 ratio and after emergence and until reaching to suitable size for transplating seedling were fertigated with hoglnd nutrient solution. Two lettuce seedlings were transplanted via the small plastic small baskets and styrofom plate in pots with seven liters volum until the end of growing period. The characters like leaf and root fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll, carotenoid and anthocyanin content were assessed.

The results indicate that the ammonium:nitrate ratio had significant effect on the lettuce leaf and roots fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll index and anthocyanin contents. The cultivars had significantly difference effects on leaf and roots fresh and dry weight, collorophyl index, carotenoid and anthocyanin content. But the interaction between the ammonium:nitrate ratio and lettuce cultivars were not significant on the investigated characters. Between the cultivars Salinas and locally Romaine respectively had the highest and lowest yield. The highest and lowest root fresh and dry weights also were obtained from the 2:8 and 0.5:8 ammonium to nitrate ratios respectively while the 0.5:8 and 1:8 ammonium to nitrate ratio were not the significantly different from each other on the leaf fresh wight. The same rule also was for the leaf dry weight. The Salinas and French red had the highest dry weight and the localy romain significantly leaf lowest dry weight. On the roots fresh and dry weight characters there was significantly difference between the cultivars that was close to the results on leaf fresh and dry weight. So that Salinas withought the significantly difference with the French red had the highest root fresh weight and lowest root fresh weight belongs to locally romain. Result showed that lettuce being a vegetative crop satisfied by increasing the ammonium:nitrate ratio in nutrient solution. This is close to the results that previously has been reported by some authors.

The highest fresh and dry weights of lettuce were obtained by the solution with the 2:8 ammoniums:nitrate ratio, which indicate the superiority of the lettuce simultaneously feeding with nitrate and ammonium. In addition to quatitative characteristic like the yield the yield, simoultaneously feeding with ammonium and nitrate affected the qualitative characteristics like the anthocyanin and cartenoeid contents. Also providing the some parts of Nitrogen needs of plant as ammonium can reduce the nitrate accumulation. All of three nutrient solution with different ammonium to nitrate ratio but with the same level of total nitrogene and without any need to aeration also without the change of nutrient solution and only by substitution of consumed water were able to feed the lettuce plants without any visible disorders. This kind of hydroponic due to the drastic decrease of production costs would be suitable method specially for small scale hydroponic vegtable production greenhouse.

Plants produce compounds through several metabolic pathways that can quickly and effectively react to biotic and abiotic stress factors. Some of these compounds meet the ever-increasing human needs for substances such as drugs, nutrients, and agricultural chemicals. Obtaining valuable plant compounds through agricultural operations is very difficult and time-consuming, and the synthesis of plant-derived compounds is often not economical due to their complex molecular structure and properties. Therefore, the production of secondary metabolites in plants through tissue culture is an attractive solution for their production. One of the ways to produce secondary metabolites is to use elicitors or stimulants. Elicitors include chemicals or biofactors that can stimulate the production of secondary metabolites in living organisms. In order to produce the phenolic compound anthraquinone, special conditions and two years of time are needed, but by using tissue culture, the maximum production of this compound can be achieved within four weeks. In other cases, the production of shikonin and taxol through tissue culture has been successfully carried out industrially and its commercial application has also been made. Therefore, the use of tissue culture technology can be effective in the production of secondary metabolites regardless of the geographical origin of the plant.

To determine the morphological and qualitative characteristics of five (Stachys inflate Benth) populations, a study was conducted according completely randomized design layout with three replications in 2021 season. In each growth habitat, plant samples collected from ground surface in 1×1 quadrate size. Each Stachys inflate Benth population belongs to a habitat including Yam, Bonab, Aralan, Zonozag and Galajar. Result showed that measured traits among populations had great variation. Altitude compare to soil traits had a maximum effect on percentage of essential oil, chlorophyll content and anthocyanin. Percentage of essential oil was more than 37% in Aralan population (0.186%) compare to Yam population (0.116%). The greatest accumulation of chlorophyll and anthocyanin amounts was observed in maximum altitude in Yam population. The chlorophyll content was more than 44 percent in Yam population compare to Aralan population. Generally, Aralan and Yam populations were identified as best treatments due to the highest essential oil content as well as high anthocyanin amount and using these populations can be cause to produce cultivars with desirable crop traits.

An experiment was conducted in the research field of Shahroud University as a factorial based on completely randomized blocks in three replications to study the effects of marjoram extract on some qualitative characteristics and grain yield of soybean. The first factor was foliar application of extract in three levels (distilled water spraying, extract spraying of 40 and 60%) and the second factor was marjoram extract in five levels (no pretreatment, pretreatment with extract of 40 and 60% each for 6 and 9 hours). Foliar applications of 40% and 60% marjoram extract increased leaf anthocyanin by 11.2 and 6.5%, respectively, when compared to the control. The highest grain number per pod and grain yield were observed after a 6-hour pre-treatment with concentrations of 40 and 60% extract, followed by a foliar application of 40% extract. Pre-treatment with concentrations of 40% and 60% for 9 hours increased relative water content by 34% when compared to the control. Foliar application of 40 and 60% marjoram extract increased leaf flavonoid content by 1.56 and 1.71%, respectively, when compared to the control. According to the findings, a pre-treatment with a 40% concentration for 6 hours followed by a foliar application of a 40% extract is the best treatment combination for improving the quality characteristics and grain yield of soybean.

Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) is a drought- and salt-tolerant shrub cultivated extensively in South Khorasan Province. This was a factorial experiment with a randomized complete block design and four replications. In this study, five levels (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg/L) of gibberellic acid (GA3) and 6-benzyl adenine (6-BA) were sprayed on the barberry alone and in combination with each other (GA3+BA). According to the results, the fruit length significantly increased after the treatment at all levels of GA3 and GA3+BA, and 200 mg of BA compared to the control. GA3 (100 mg/L) and control solutions caused the highest (12.09 mm) and lowest (9.84 mm) increase in the fruit length, respectively. The use of GA3 and GA3+BA significantly increased the fruit diameter and weight compared to the BA. The highest fruit diameter (7.33 mm) and weight (0.37 g) were observed in the GA3 and GA3+BA treatments, respectively. All concentrations of GA3 and GA3+BA, and 100 and 200 mg/L of BA significantly increased the total soluble solids (TSS) compared to the control. All concentrations of GA3+BA, 200 mg/L of GA3, and 200 mg/L of BA significantly increased anthocyanin as compared to the control. Therefore concluded GA3 is the best plant growth regulator to increase quantity and quality of barberry fruit.

Embryogenesis is a technique in which bipolar structures are formed from somatic cells. During the cell differentiation process, the explant responds to endogenous stimuli and, as a result, directs the cell program. In the present study, the effect of osmotic conditions was investigated on embryo number, relative growth rate, photosynthetic pigments and proline of octoploid asparagus embryogenesis. B5 liquid medium containing 2 mgL-1 2,4-D was used For induction of embryogenesis. Sucrose with two concentrations of 40 and 60 gL-1, polyethylene glycol (PEG) with three concentrations of 30, 15 and 60 gL-1, abscisic acid (ABA) of 5 and 10 μM, 4 and 6dS of salinity using NaCl were used to apply osmotic stress to asparagus embryos. According to the results, the highest number of spherical embryos (3.16) was related to PEG60 g, which was not statistically significantly different from 6 dS NaCl (2.16). The highest number of bipolar embryos (13.16) was related to 6 dS NaCl. PEG 60 g with 6.16 showed the highest number of bipolar embryos. The highest relative growth rate was observed in PEG 15 g (11.37 mg/day) and 4 dS of NaCl (11.23 mg/day). The lowest relative growth rate was recorded in 10 μM ABA (3.47 mg/day). Based on the comparison results, the highest mean of chlorophyll a (0.077 mg/FW) was related to 60 g PEG and the lowest (0.028 mg/FW) was related to sucrose 60 g.

Beans play an important role in the nutrition and health of the community due to their antioxidant properties. Recently, MYB family genes have been shown to be strongly associated with anthocyanin levels as gene-controlling seed coating. The physiological and molecular diversity of the genes involved in seed coat coating of 12 bean cultivars was conducted in the randomized complete block design. The results showed that there was a significant difference between different bean genotypes in terms of anthocyanin content, so that the highest amount of anthocyanin was observed in black beans. Molecular analysis of the MYB and AF genes showed that the this two genes were amplified in some samples, while the MYB gene was amplified in Vigna ungicolata 1, 2 and mutant and Phaseolus lunatus cultivars, while AF gene only amplification in V. ungicolata 1,2 and mutant culativars. Bioinformatics analyzes showed that the sequences from these two genes were very similar to those in the NCBI, with two new alleles being identified in the AF gene compared to the sequences used to control seed coatings in beans. Also, the phylogenetic diagram of the samples using the UPGMA method showed that the samples can be separated based on the color of the seed coat. The overall results showed that V.ungicolata mutant cultivar, due to their MYB and AF genes, as well as their high levels of anthocyanins and high performance compared to other cultivars, could be a good option for further study and introduction to farmers in the future.

In order to study the effects of calcium and light duration on growth and quality of lettuce, this experiment was conducted as split plot based on the randomized complete design with three replications, in research greenhouse of University of Zanjan during 2020. The main plot consisted of light treatments at two levels included natural light duration (an average 7000-8000 lux) and natural light in addition four hourse complementary light (600 lux) and the subplot was consisted of three levels of calcium lactate (0.5, 1 and 1.5 g L-1(, calcium chlorid (3, 6 and 9 g L-1) and distilled water as a control. The results showed that increasing light duration significantly increased leaves number, plant fresh weight, total chlorophyll, phenols and flavonoids, vitamin C and anthocyanin contents. Application of calcium chlorid (6 and 9 g L-1) and calcium lactate (1.5 g L-1 ( increased plant fresh weight (10.3, 10.5 and 11.6 g) and Ca concentration of internal leaves (12.8, 12.9 and 12.2%) lettuce, and inhibiet tip burn disorder in lettuce lives. The highest tip burn leaf number (3.5) was observed in plants whitout Ca teated under complementary ligh treatment. Also the highest amount of plant fresh weight, anthocyanin, total phenol and flavonoids and antioxidant capacity was obtained by using calcium lactate 1.5 and calcium chloride 3 and 6 g L-1 with increasing light duration. According to the results, application of calcium lactate 1.5 g L-1 and calcium chlorid 6 and 9 g L-1 with increasing light duration can be preposed to improve growth and quality of lettuce.

Due high flavonoids, including anthocyanins and flavonols, the table grape has a high nutritional and medicinal value, and the type and percentage of these compounds are affected by genotype and environmental conditions. For this reason, biochemical and antioxidant properties of 15 genotypes and commercial cultivars of table grapes (Shahani, Mecca Ozumi, Film Seedless, Malai Red, Google, Red Currant, White Currant, Sharshira, Orumi, Kralua, Yazdanudai, White Currant, Yadidi C. Birghari , Large white beans and Asgari) from Khorramdareh (Zanjan province) were prepared and evaluated. In this study, the amount of soluble solids, titratable acids, taste and flavor index, pectin, total phenol and flavonoids contents, antioxidant activity, and chlorophyll, carotenoids and anthocyanins contents were measured. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the studied cultivars and genotypes in terms of evaluated traits. The highest amount of soluble solids (23.7%), taste index, total phenolics, and antioxidant activity (88.66%) was observed in Shahani cultivar. In cluster analysis based on antioxidant activity, Shahani cultivar showed the greatest difference compared to other genotypes and cultivars and belonged to a separate group. Based on the results of correlation analysis, a high correlation between total phenolics, flavonoids and anthocyanins with antioxidant activity was observed, 0.873, 0.530 and 0.762, respectively. Overall, the highest amount of soluble solids, taste index, total phenols and antioxidant activity compared was observed in Shahani cultivar.

Optimal management of environmental factors, especially sunlight, in the trellis type cultivation of raspberry is one of the ways to increase the yield and quality of the crop. In order to investigate the effect of planting distance and number of vegetative branches on photosynthetic parameters and yield of Thornless blackberry, a factorial randomized complete block experiment with 4 replications was conducted in the four-year-old commercial garden of blackberry, located in Sari. . Treatments were row spacing at two levels of 1.5 and 2.5 meters and the number of vegetative branches per plant at two levels of 4 and 6 branches. The results of mean comparison showed that the highest area of ​​five leaves (140.6 cm) was belonging to the planting distance of 2.5 m and four branches. The highest production of branches and plants was observed in planting distance of 2.5 m (1.74 and 8.65 kg), respectively. Fruits harvested from plants with planting distance of 1.5 m had the highest amount of total anthocyanins, antioxidant activity, fruit size and the highest rate of photosynthesis (with an average of 5.58 μmol /m2.s). Also, the lowest leaf temperature (32.5°C) was recorded in this treatment. According to the results of his study, by reducing the distance between the raspberry plants, reducing the leaf temperature leads to an increase in photosynthesis rate and potential yield per branch. Conversely, at greater planting intervals, an increase in the number of branches is necessary to compensate the density and thus increase the total yield per hectare.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is one of the most important native sub-tropical fruits in Iran. Because high economic importance of the pomegranates, it is very important to maintain the fruit quality after harvest. In this research, the effects of post-harvest treatment with calcium chloride and Nano packaging on physicochemical properties of pomegranate fruit including aril and seed weight, peel color, pH, total soluble solids, vitamin C, antioxidant activity, anthocyanin and total phenolics content of Shishe kab pomegranate were studied in a factorial completely randomized design with four replications. The first factor was immersion in calcium chloride at different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1 and 2%) and the second factor was a Dekco Nano-based polyethylene packaging with non-packaging as control. After two months of storage at 5 ±1˚С, the results showed a reduction in aril weight in control, but it was not decreased in CaCl2 treated fruit. Moreover, CaCl2 decreased the pH, and enhanced the peel color indices and antioxidant activity of the fruit. The highest antioxidant activity and color index was observed in fruit treated with 2% and 0.5 % CaCl2, respectively. The highest amounts of vitamin C content (8700 mg/ 100gr fresh weight) and anthocyanins (377 mg/L) were observed in fruit treated with 2 and 0.5% CaCl2, respectively. The interaction effects of of calcium chloride and nano packaging on the amount of total soluble solids was significant and the highest total soluble solids content was recorded in control fruit (17.40 brix).

The production of active ingredients in medicinal plants is controlled by genetic processes, but is also strongly influenced by environmental factors. Hairy St. Jonh’s wort (Hypericum hirsutum L.)is an important medicinal plant that often grown in highlands. Since the intensity of ultraviolet in these areas is high,Therefore, in this study was investigated the effect of different levels of ultraviolet on growth and some secondary metabolites and compounds of this plant.The experiment was conducted as a pot culture with five treatments and each treatment with four repetitions.The plants were exposed to four different levels of ultraviolet including 3,5,15 and 25 Kj m-2day, and a set was considered as a control. After 51days of planting the plants that had been treated for 21days, the measurements were performed. Increasing the intensity of ultraviolet reduced the shoot fresh and dry weight, shoot length, internodes length, the content of chlorophylla and total chlorophyll and soluble sugars, each at the intensities of 25 kJm-2day.The concentrations of phenols, flavonoids and malondialdehyde significantly increased with increasing of ultraviolet radiation intensity and highest concentrations were detected at25 kJ m-2day.The concentrations of anthocyanins and hydrogen peroxide in plants treated by 5and15 kJ m-2day; and the concentrations of carotenoids in plants treated by 3and 5kJ m-2day showed a significant difference with the control.The results of this study showed that the collection of seeds of Hypericum hirsutum from a height of about 2110 meters due to the presence of ultraviolet rays caused a change in the biochemical composition of the plant .

In order to study the effects of manure and different intercropping patterns on quantitative and qualitative yield of roselle and cowpea, an experiment was conducted as split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Center of Zabol University in 2013. The treetments included 0, 20 and 30 t.ha-1 manure to main plots and different intercropping patterns (sole roselle, sole cowpea, %75 roselle + 25% cowpea, %50 roselle + %50 cowpea, and %25 roselle + %75 cowpea) in sub plots. Results revealed that in roselle the most plant height, number of fruits per plant, economic yield, biological yield and in cowpea the maximum number of pod per plant, economical yield, biologinal yield and percent seed protein of sole cropping along with application of 30 t.ha-1 manure were obtained. The highest amount anthocyanins and carbohydrates sour tea were obtained from the application of 30 t.ha-1 of manure and intercropping % 25 hibiscus + % 75 cowpea. The highest harvest index in roselle of %75 roselle + %25 cowpea and in cowpea of pure cultures along with application of 30 t.ha-1 manure were obtained.

Alternate bearing is one of the most important physiological phenomenon that in addition to uneven production during different years, reduces the yield and quality of the olive. In this study, the effect of alternate bearing on some fruit and oil parametrs was investigated. According to the results of this study, some of the olive fruit parameters including mean weight and meane fresh and dry weight of fruit, fruit length and diameter and fruit volume and quality parameters such as phenolics, anthocyanin, carotenoids and flavonoids contents are affected by alternate bearing. Considering the fact that olive is a dual purpose product, the qualitative parameters (free fatty acid (FFA), peroxide and spectrophotometric indices) of olive oil was also studied. The results showed that free fatty acid content was affected by alternate bearing and  was higher in off tresss, but peroxide was not affected by alternate bearing.