ارتفاع بوته

 Despite the high importance of corn seeds in various uses like green cobs, baby cobs, sweet corn, and popcorn, the production of oil, starch, dextrose, and syrup, less than ten percent of corn grains consumed in the country is supplied through domestic production. Deficiencies in the absorbable form of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) exist in most agricultural lands worldwide. This deficiency severely reduces the quantity and quality of crop yields such as maize. Lack of micronutrients in most agricultural soils of arid and semi-arid regions, such as most farming regions of Iran, is due to low absorbable form of micronutrients, imbalance with NPK fertilizers, high pH and low percentage of organic matters in soil and high bicarbonate content in irrigation water. By eliminating the lack of micronutrients through foliar spraying, it is possible to increase the grain yield of agricultural plants. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of traditional and nanoparticle forms of iron and zinc on some single cross-600 popcorn agronomic traits. This research was conducted as a completely randomized block design with three replications in the research farm of Razi University, located in Kermanshah city at 1319 meters above sea level in the crop year 2019-2020. This research investigated popcorn (single cross 600) with maternal line K1533 and paternal line ZK4722AA. In each block, there are 13 foliar treatments, including traditional and nanoparticle forms of iron and zinc (zero, 4, and 8 g lit-1) and combined nanoparticle treatments of iron4 × zinc4, iron4 × zinc8, iron8 × zinc4, and iron8× zinc8. The foliar spraying treatments were applied twice at the beginning of vegetative growth and the beginning of flowering. The data were subjected to analysis of variance by SAS, and means Fisher’s Protected method (LSD 5%) was used for mean separation. The results showed that all fertilizer concentrations and fertilizer groups (traditional iron, nanoparticle iron, traditional zinc, nanoparticle zinc, and combined forms) caused a significant increase in grain yield, dry forage yield, harvest index, the number of cobs per plant, the number of seeds in cobs and the number of rows in cob compared to the control treatment. However, they had no significant effect on the weight of 1000 seeds. The highest increase in grain yield compared to the control treatment (3590 kg ha-1) was related to the two treatment groups of traditional iron and nanoparticle iron×nanoparticle zinc with 81%. The treatment of iron nanoparticle8×zinc nanoparticle4 caused the most significant increase in grain yield (132%) compared to the control treatment. The number of seeds per plant was affected by fertilizer treatments more than the trait of the 1000 seed weight. The 1000 seed weight is probably controlled under the influence of genetic factors. It seems that the foliar application of micronutrients by eliminating their deficiency and their nutritional effect probably increases the balance in the growth and regulation of plant development processes and ultimately causes a significant increase in grain yield. Different concentrations of iron and zinc nanoparticle fertilizers were significantly more effective in increasing grain yield than different concentrations of iron and zinc common fertilizers. This result may be due to the characteristics of shape, size, distribution, and nanoparticle fertilizers compared to common fertilizers. The significant increase in grain yield under the influence of foliar spraying treatments indicated a significant lack of absorbable forms of iron and zinc elements and their critical role in the formation of corn grain yield in similar areas (arid and semiarid regions). Nanoparticle forms of iron and zinc fertilizers increase grain yield more effectively than traditional forms.

The percentage and rate of seed germination are critical factors leading to high yield in agriculture, but it has a diminishing effect on environmental stress. Seed pretreatment is one of the ways to increase the strength and velocity of seed germination to deal with salt stress. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of seed pretreatment by peppermint (0.5, 1, and 2%) and seaweed extract (0.5, 1, and 2%) with control on the growth and biochemical traits of Thymus daenensis seedling under salinity stress (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl) conditions. This experiment was conducted as a factorial as a completely randomized design in four replications at the seedling growth stage. The results showed that seed pretreatment with peppermint and seaweed extract increased the percentage, velocity, and time of germination as well as the number of germinated seeds, in the absence of salinity stress. In seedling growth characteristics, although they were better in the absence of salinity stress, the pretreatment of the seeds significantly reduced the effects of salinity stress compared to the control conditions. The highest amount of chlorophyll in this condition was obtained in seeds treated with 2% seaweed extract. The highest activity of catalase enzyme and polyphenol oxidase enzyme was obtained in 100 and 150 mM salinity stress conditions and seeds treated with 1 and 2% seaweed extract, respectively. Salinity stress had caused a decrease in growth parameters, but seaweed extract pretreatment had improved the conditions.

The growth and development of crops are permanently affected by various environmental factors, and environmental stress is one of the most important factors that reduce the yield of crops in the world. Drought is one of the most important abiotic stresses in plants. Drought stress also aggravates the effect of other stresses or causes them to appear. Considering that Iran is one of the dry and semi-arid regions, water management in the agricultural sector is of particular importance. In this regard, the aim of this research was to investigate the effect of deficit irrigation and foliar application of amino acid on some morphological traits and grain yield of soybean.

The experiment was carried out in the two years of 2018 and 2019 in the farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Tarbiat Modares University. This research was designed and implemented as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental factors include three irrigation levels (full irrigation, moderate deficit irrigation and severe deficit irrigation), which were placed in the main plots, and foliar spraying of amino acids with five levels (leucine, valine, cysteine, commercial amino acids, without foliar spraying) as sub-plots were considered. The number of experimental plots was 54. In each repetition, three main plots were created at a distance of one meter from each other and 6 sub-plots were created inside each main plot. The distance between the plants on the cultivated rows was 8 cm. Some morphological traits and grain yield of soybean were measured.

Based on the results of the interaction of the year in the irrigation regime, the height of the plant decreased in each year with the decrease in irrigation, but this decrease was not significant in the first year. The results showed that by spraying the plants with amino acids, the height of the soybean plant increased significantly compared to the control, and among the amino acids, commercial amino acid (91.77 cm) and cysteine (91.06 cm) had the greatest effect on the height of the plant, although there was no significant difference with other amino acids. The highest leaf area was related to the plants sprayed by valin in the second year. The results showed that in each year, with the application of amino acids, the leaf area of the soybean plant increased significantly compared to the control. Valine amino acid with the greatest effect on leaf dry weight increased it by 29.57% compared to the control treatment. The results showed that foliar spraying of all four types of amino acids had a significant increasing effect on the dry weight of the stem compared to the control, and cysteine had a 34.6% increase in the dry weight of the stem compared to the control, although there was no significant difference with other amino acid treatments. The results showed that in both years, with the application of amino acids, the wet weight of pods increased compared to the control, and it was significant in the second year. The three interaction effects of the year in the irrigation regime in amino acids had a significant effect only on the characteristics of stem wet weight and pod dry weight.

The results indicated that foliar spraying of amino acids had a positive increasing effect on morphological traits. Valine and cysteine amino acids had the most significant positive effect on grain yield of soybean.

The world population is increasing daily, while the scope for expansion and development of agricultural land is very narrow due to limited water resources. All of this can affect agriculture indirectly or directly. Quinoa is a pseudo-cereal, belongs to the Amaranthaceae family, and is native to South America. This crop is important for human and animal nutrition due to its medicinal and agro-industrial properties. Water and nitrogen (N) are two major challenges in quinoa cultivation that can be addressed by better understanding related agronomic features. Under water deficit conditions, selecting and cultivating crop species tolerant to drought stress is an approach to maintaining and/or increasing crop production levels. Although it is widely reported that quinoa is a highly drought-tolerant crop, its growth has been significantly suppressed under severe drought stress conditions. The experiment was conducted as a split factorial arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included four irrigation regimes (100, 80, 60, and 40% of crop water requirement) as the main factor, three quinoa cultivars (TITICACA, Q29, and GIZA1), and three nitrogen fertilizer rates (0, 100, and 200 kg ha1 from urea sources) as subfactorial. The field preparation operations prior to planting included plowing and disc Planting was done on March 22, 2021. The net amount of nitrogen-based nitrogen fertilizer treatments of 100 and 200 kg ha-1 was equal to 46 and 92 kg, respectively. According to the soil test results, the soil was not poor regarding phosphorus and potassium elements, so only urea fertilizer was used. The distance between two rows and between plants on the row in quinoa cultivation was 50 cm and 10 cm, respectively. There was a significant interaction effect between irrigation, N, and cultivar on root traits and grain yield. The effects of irrigation regimes, N rates, and their interactions were significant on plant height at the level of one percent, and the highest (109 cm) and lowest (50 cm) plant heights were obtained with normal irrigation and 100% N application in the GIZA1 cultivar and 40% of the water requirement of 100 kg ha-1 N application in cultivar Q29, respectively. The highest 1000-seed weight was obtained with the normal irrigation (2.93 g) regime to meet 80% of the water requirement (2.91 g) in the GIZA1 cultivar. The lowest 1000-seed weight was obtained with 40% of the plant water requirement in all three cultivars. Thousand-grain weight in Q29 and TITICACA cultivars is the same in all irrigation regimes. Two treatments of the normal irrigation, N application and GIZA1 cultivar; and 40% of water requirement, 200 to 100 kg ha-1 of N rate and Q29 cultivar obtained the highest (3326 kg ha-1) and lowest (686 kg ha-1) seed yield, respectively. The N addition reduced seed yield in quinoa cultivars under water -deficit conditions. In water deficit conditions, the application of nitrogen fertilizer decreased the biological yield of quinoa cultivars, and increasing the irrigation water and using urea fertilizer significantly increased the biological yield of quinoa. Also, in 60, 80, and 100 % of water requirement treatments, the amount of biological yield in the cultivar GIZA1 was higher than the other two cultivars. This research showed that the quinoa plant has a high drought tolerance. In such a way, it could complete its growth period and have acceptable performance in conditions of intense stress. With the higher N application, the GIAZ1 cultivar performed better than the others. Although the TITICACA cultivar recorded a lower grain yield under optimum irrigation conditions, it showed a higher grain yield under severe stress conditions than others. It can be concluded that under the conditions of 100% water requirement and the application of 200 N kg ha-1, GIAZ1 variety is suitable for the growth of quinoa in the ecological conditions of the Ilam region.

The increasing use of medicinal plants and their products has elevated the importance of these plants in the global economy. The global consumption of these plants is rising rapidly. The guar plant (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) is an annual herbaceous and medicinal plant. This plant is suitable for arid and semiarid climates, including Iran, due to its short life cycle. This plant's extracts are used in the cosmetics and health industries to create moisturizing creams. In addition, this plant's products are utilized in the medical, food, and petrochemical industries. In Iran's arid and semiarid regions, the optimal use of water in the production of agricultural and pharmaceutical products is one of the foremost concerns of researchers. In Iran's arid and semiarid regions, the optimal use of water in the production of agricultural and pharmaceutical products is one of the foremost concerns of researchers. Utilizing compounds that reduce the effects of stress, such as salicylic acid, is one of the suitable agricultural practices during drought conditions. In these conditions, it is also advised to plant at a suitable density for optimal use of light and other resources, and to avoid interplant competition. This research was conducted to determine the impact of irrigation and salicylic acid at various densities on guar yield and some of its characteristics.

In order to investigate the effect of irrigation, plant density, and salicylic acid on guar, an experiment was conducted in 2018 in Mashhad as a factorial split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plot consisted of irrigation levels (25, 50, 75, and 100% evapotranspiration of the reference plant), while the sub-plot consisted of factorial levels of density (4.4, 6.7, and 13.3 plants per square meter) and salicylic acid (non-application and application).

The comparison of means revealed that the application of salicylic acid resulted in a 6.9% increase in plant height. Salicylic acid regulates various physiological processes, such as plant growth and development, through the synthesis of special proteins called protein kinase, which regulates cell division, differentiation, and morphogenesis, and has a significant impact on plant height. The full irrigation treatment produced the highest leaf area index (6.1) and plant density per square meter (13.3) compared to all other treatments. Under conditions of water stress, the decrease in photosynthetic capacity of the plant due to stomatal closure and the decrease in cell turgor and cell division cause the plant to have small and underdeveloped leaves, resulting in a decrease in the leaf area index in the field. Results indicated that providing 100% of the reference plant's evapotranspiration resulted in the highest average grain yield of 937.28 kg ha-1. By decreasing plant density at 100 and 75% of the reference plant's evapotranspiration, seed production in pods increased significantly, whereas increasing plant density decreased grain yield. The highest number of pods per plant, number of pods per square meter, 1000-seed weight, and biological yield were obtained under conditions of providing 100% evapotranspiration and application of salicylic acid. Additionally,, poor irrigation practices in the absence of salicylic acid application decreased guar's biological yield.

Due to limited water resources, it is recommended that this plant receive irrigation equivalent to 75% of the evapotranspiration of the reference plant in Mashhad conditions. In addition, intensive cultivation of this plant is not advised due to the impact of high densities on reproductive processes. Due to the lack of effect of salicylic acid on grain yield, its use in this plant, is not recommended.

Orzuiyeh city (one of Kerman province's warm regions) is known as the center of wheat production in Kerman province. Wheat is one of the main crops in the region, which plays an important role in providing food for the people and the economy of the region. The high area under wheat cultivation in this city is the most important source of income for farmers. Wheat is primarily sown in Orzuiyeh for bread production using the Chamran cultivar and durum wheat production using the Yavaros cultivar. Due to the introduction of new cultivars, additional cultivars must be introduced to farmers if they outperform conventional cultivars.

The yield of 11 bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. Durum) cultivars (Chamran, Shoosh, Parsi, Sivand, Sirvan, Chamran-2, Shabrang, Aflak, Behrang, Baharan, and Mehregan) was evaluated in the hot zone Orzuiyeh in this experiment. The cultivars were compared on yield and performance components over a two-year period using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Each cultivar was planted in six 6-meter lines with a line spacing of 20 cm and the distance between replicates was considered one meter. The amount of fertilizer used was done according to the experiments and according to the needs of the farm soil based on the recommendations of the soil and water department. The first irrigation was done immediately after planting by sprinkling method and according to the custom of the field. Operations and weed control were performed manually (weeding) in the same way on all plots. After physiological maturation of cultivars, harvest was performed in each plot from four middle lines and after removing half a meter from both sides of each line. Grain yield for each treatment was calculated based on the total area of plot harvest and after threshing. Then, based on the obtained data, the analysis of variance of the data was performed in the year. After Bartlett test results, composite analysis of variance was performed by SAS software and mean comparison was performed by LSD method and the results were interpreted.

There was a positive correlation between grain yield, 1000- Grain weight, and Grain per spike. Shabrang, for example, had a higher Grain density per spike and 1000- Grain weight. Additionally, the 1000- Grain weight correlated negatively and statistically significantly with the number of Grains per spike and spike length. At the 1% level, there was also a positive and significant correlation between the number of Grains per spike and the spike length. Additionally, Shabrang cultivar produced the most grain per hectare (8.04 tons), while Chamran cultivar produced the least grain per hectare (6.32 tons). A thousand Behrang cultivar Grains weighed 46 g. Shabrang cultivars typically had 57 se Grains per spike, while Behrang cultivars typically had 39 Grains per spike. Parsi, Shoosh, and Sirvan cultivars, on the other hand, had the longest spikes at 10.7 and 10.4 cm, respectively, while Behrang cultivar had the shortest spikes at an average of 8.1 cm. The Parsi and Aflak cultivars grew to the greatest heights of 101.3 and 99.3 cm, respectively, while the Behrang and Baharan cultivars grew to the smallest heights of 92 and 91.6 cm, respectively.

The Durum Shabrang cultivar should be used in place of the conventional Durum (Yavaros) cultivars, according to the findings of this study. Additionally, Mehregan and Parsi bread wheat cultivars are recommended for use in the Orzuiyeh region in place of Chamran bread wheat cultivars.

In order to study of relationships between some agronomic characteristics and their influences on grain yield of barley, two experiments based on randomized complete block carried out under different irrigation regimes (without drought stress and with terminal drought stress) using fifteen genotypes at Ahar region in East Azarbaijan province. Results showed that there were significant differences between genotypes in all studied traits (spike length, maturity days, plant height, 1000 kernel weight, number of seeds per spike, fertile spike number per 1 m2 and grain yield). Results based on characteristics means under two environments and using stepwise regression, with grain yield as the dependent variable, plant height and number of seeds in spike entered in the model that 76% of variations in grain yield were justified by them. Path coefficients analysis for grain yield using characteristics means under two environments showed that, plant height and number of seeds per spike were the most important and effective traits on the grain yield. Therefore and according to the results, noticing to these traits recommended for selecting genotypes with high yielding potential in barley.

In order to evaluate the effect of hydropriming on germination and seedling growth of Chickpea cultivars under drought stress this study was conducted in two separate experiments. In the first experiment the effect of hydropriming on the germination of two chickpea cultivars ILC6266 and MCC510 were studied in physiology laboratory. The second experiment was conducted in research greenhouse in same location. Drought treatments were 70, 50 and 30 percent of field capacity. Analysis of variance showed that increasing the duration of soaking in water to 24 hours, the germination percentage and germination rate increased 8 % and 25 % respectively. Seed priming increased radicle and plumule length of both cultivars, but the MCC 510 has a length of radicle and plumule was higher than the ILC 6266. Also with increasing duration of hydro to 24 hours seed length vigor of MCC 510 and ILC 6266 was increased 41% and 52% compared control condition. Based on the results of glasshouse drought severely reduced germination percentage of both cultivars, although somewhat priming could reduce the damaging effects of water stress as a priming for 24 hours could caused 100% percentage of emergence in the MCC 510. Both cultivars under drought stress in seedling death was caused without priming but The hydropriming for 24 hours could increase 74 percent dry matter chickpea cultivars compared control condition. In conjunction with plant weight vigor also increase drought stress caused a significant reduction of both cultivars in all levels of hydropriming.

The effects of sowing date and plant density on yield and yield components of mung bean cv were studied in a split-plot experiment, based on a randomized complete block design in three replications, which was performed at the research farm of Islamic Azad University of Jiroft in 2010-2011. The main-plots were devoted to sowing date at four levels (June 29, July 6, July 12 and July 20) and the sub-plots were devoted to density at three levels (10, 20 and 30 plants m-2). Analysis of variance revealed that sowing date significantly influenced plant height at the 1% level of probability and the number of pods per plant, the number of grains per pod, grain yield and biomass at the 5% level of probability. The effect of plant density was significant on the number of pods per plant and biomass at the 5 and 1% probability levels, respectively. The interaction of sowing date and plant density was significant only for plant height and biomass yield. The highest grain yield (1001 kg ha-1) was obtained from July 6 and the lowest one (714.3 kg ha-1) from July 20. Although the effect of plant density was not statistically significant on grain yield, the highest grain yield (907.98 kg ha-1) was related to the density of 30 plants m-2. Considering the one-year results, the best sowing date can be regarded as to be July 6 with the density of 10 plants m-2 under the regional conditions of Jiroft.

Due to role that plays in determining rangeland capacity, production has been used in most assessment studies of rangeland. Clipping and weighing are the most precise and prevalent methods to estimate production, for which other methods have been replaced because it is time consuming and expensive. Estimating of production by area and diameter of canopy cover and volume and height of shrub is one of the appropriate methods to estimate production. The mentioned methods were used in about 50 bases of Atriplex lentiformis of different ages in. Chaparghoimeh, Ghonbad Kavoos. For each base we measured area, small and large diameter of canopy cover and volume and height. Result of this study shows that there is a suitable linear relationship between real weight, area and diameter of canopy cover and volume and estimation weight. Real weight has the highest correlation coefficient with area of canopy cover (R2 = 74%). But the real weight has the lowest correlation coefficient with estimated height (R2=42%).